Lenin's Gold and Jew Instigated Revolutions

[CrackSmokeRepublican]

Found these two apocryphal accounts of Lenin's gold in the Far East and in Turkey in the 1920s.  I can only assume it is either a part of the Tsar's gold, or is from the famous Jew Communist-Revolution sponsors, the Rothschild-Schiff-Warburg Jews, sent from Europe and the USA.  This might be a "rich vein" to mine for facts. I bet most are buried in obscure and largely forgotten first person account books, a lot of which are not on the internet yet. --CSR


The early Korean-Soviet Korean Nationalists reportedly received 200,000 gold rubles.
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Anti-Japan Movement: 1921 - 1935
On Jan. 10, 1921, Gen. Yi Tong Whi reorganized the Korean People's Socialist Party into the Korean Communist Party (Koryo Kong Sang Dang) with Lenin's gold rubles brought by Kim Rip from Moscow.

On Jan. 26, 1921, Shanghai, the Korean Provisional Government split openly. When Rhee's faction learned about Lenin's gold rubles, an open hostility toward Gen. Yi erupted. Rhee Syngman accused Kim Rip of embezzling funds to finance his sex habits. Kim Rip was assassinated and Gen. Yi parted company with the KPG. Three years later, Rhee himself was accused of embezzlements and expelled from the KPG by Kim Ku.

In March 1921, the friction between the Soviet-Koreans (Irkutsk group) and Gen. Yi's nationalists led to an open warfare in which Yi lost nearly half of his followers to Rhee's rightist group and to the Irkutsk group. Lenin decided to back the Irkutsk group and dictated that Yi's followers must take orders from the Soviet-Koreans. Thus, Lenin abandoned his long-time ally Gen. Yi and the Korean nationalists. In effect, the Soviet-Koreans sold out the Korean nationalism to foreign interests.

By April 12, 1921, the Korean military units in Manchuria were defeated in a series of battles with the Japanese and the survivors fled to Siberia. There were at least 36 independent armies; Gen. Yi regrouped them into the Greater Korea Independence Corps (Taehan Tong Lip Dang). The Corps was allied with the Soviet Army and received Soviet equipment and training. At about the same time, the Soviet-Koreans formed their own military unit - the Korean Revolutionary Military Congress - and wanted to absorb Yi's Independence Corps. Gen. Yi realized that the Soviet-Koreans worked for Lenin, not for the Korean independence, and refused to cooperate.

On June 27, 1921, the Soviet Red Army and Soviet-Koreans surrounded in a deceptive move an Independence Army corps of 7,000 men at Alekseyevsk (Siberia) and demanded that they surrender. A battle ensued and several hundred Koreans were killed. Many managed to escape. Some 1,700 captured Koreans were pressed into the Red Army and many officers were jailed or killed. Today, this infamous battle is known as the Free City Incident.

The Soviet version of this Incident differs. According to the Soviet historians, there were some 7,000 armed Koreans at the camp being reorganized into regular Soviet army organizations - divisions, regiments, battalions, companies and squads - and a modern military command structure. The Yi units refused to go along and started to sneak away. Naturally, the other armed Koreans tried to stop them from leaving and unfortunately, there were some shots fired. At any rate, the bulk of Yi's forces managed to escape to Manchuria and join the anti-Communist forces there.

Gen. Yi was much angered at this treachery of the Soviets and set out to see his old friend Lenin in person. On the way to Moscow, Gen. Yi ran into a series of mishaps and it would take him almost a year to reach Moscow. Meanwhile, Lenin had ordered an investigation of the Free City Incident but no clear picture of what had actually happened could be obtained. The best that Lenin could do was to ask both factions to work together from now on. However, these two factions would engage in assassinations and political blackmail up until the end of WW2.

On Jan. 21, 1922, the First Congress of the Toilers of the Far East convened in Moscow and 144 voting delegates from China, Japan and Korea attended - including 52 Koreans from Siberia and China. Gen. Yi Tong Whi led the Korean delegation - including Yo Un Hyon and Park Hyon Yon. The Comintern ordered the Korean factions to merge; all prisoners be released henceforth and restored to their positions prior to the Free City Incident; and the key ring leaders of the Incident be banished.
...........

In June 1924, the Korean People's Delegates Congress convened in Shanghai to form a united front against the Japanese. More than 600 delegates came from Korea, Japan, Russia and Manchuria. In the end, no consensus was reached. Its organizer Kim Rip was assassinated by Kim Ku and the 200,000 rubles Kim Rip received from Lenin in 1922 were confiscated by Kim Ku.

At about this time, the Uiyoldan (the Society) split into three factions - (1) nationalists, (2) anarchists and (3) communists. It had lost most of his terrorist commandos for not much to show for. The Uiyoldan popularity had diminished and few new recruits joined.

In 1925, the Korean Provisional Government KPG expelled its president Rhee Syngman for embezzlement and Kim Ku took over the presidency. Rhee returned to Hawaii in disgrace. The KPG split into two factions: Pro-American Christians led by Rhee and pro-military group led by Kim Ku and communists. Gen. Yi parted company with Kim Ku and returned to his home in Siberia.

In May 1925, the Manchurian warlord, Chang Tso-lin, signed an agreement with the governor-general of Korea concerning Korean nationalists in Manchuria. Chang considered that more than 90% of the Korean immigrants in Manchuria worked for the Japanese and only about 10% hostile to Japan. The Japanese considered Koreans as Japanese citizens and so did many Chinese. Chang agreed to arrest and turn over Korean nationalists to the Japanese police and Japan would pay Chang so many dollars per head. Chang's bandits would use this as a pretext to attack and plunder Korean farms throughout Manchuria. Japan was forced to station a large number of police in order to protect the pro-Japanese Koreans. In addition, Korean self-defense militias were formed.

http://www.tparents.org/library/religio ... ewit03.htm

Ataturk in Turkey is said to have received over 10,000,000 gold rubles from the Jewish Communists:

Kemal's "genius" and Lenin's gold

Submitted by Ianus (Poland), May 30, 2008 at 15:44
(sims02 wrote : It's far from the Turkish myth of Kemal's "genius" )

When Ataturk started doing what he did, No anachronisms , please. His name was Mustafa Kemal Pasha at that time, a bit later Gazi Mustafa Kemal Pasha. He became "Ataturk" only in 1934. < more than half of our country was either under occupation or to be occupied by five different nations, most of the victors of the war. Turkey had no allies, beaten down, worn out by more than a decade of war.

The sultan himself was not only against him, he actually fought against Ataturk. Five years later, we had our country back, had peace treaty signed with every nation on our borders as well as other powers (and former adversaries). If that is not genius, I don't know what is. I noticed you don't know many things. So dream on, ignoramus! The story told in brief is as follows. On 20.04.1920 - three days after opening the Grand National Assembly - Kemal wrote a letter in the name of his government to Lenin asking for establishing diplomatic relations and military aid to "fight imperialist governments" together. On 2.06.1920 Chicherin responded officially to this letter.

The Soviets agreed to play the role of intermediary in delineating the frontiers between Turkey and Armenia and Iran. The following Armenian-Turkish war with its Soviet-Armenian counterpart and the destruction of the anti-Soviet Dashnak government was a common Turkish-Soviet effort, the new atrocities being the Turkish prerogative though. On 19.07.1920 the Turkish delegation with foreign minister Bekir Sami arrived at Mosow. On 4.10. 1920 the Soviet diplomatic and military mission came to Ancara. Its head was Y.Y. Upmal-Angarskiy who was immediatel;y received by Kemal. 3 days later the Soviet embassy was officially opened. It was the only foreign embassy in Ancara at that time. Military aid followed including uniforms, rifles, machine-guns, radios, shells.

On 16.03.1921 the solemn treaty of "Soviet-Turkish Friendship and Brotherhood" was signed. Kemal got Kars, Ardagan and Artvin and 10,000,000 gold rubles were transferred to Kemal in installments. He used the Soviet money to buy French and Italian military supplies and favor. In teh critical days of August 1921 General M.V. Frunze was appointed the Soviet ambassador in Turkey. He became Kemal's close military advisor. His successor S.I. Aralov and Soviet military advisor K.K. Zvonarev used to visit the front and distribute gifts with dedications "To the Turkish soldier from the Red Army".

At that time over Novorossiyski, Tuapse and Batumi Kemal got 39 000 rifles, 327 heavy machine guns, 54 big cannons, 63 mln bullets, 147 000 artillery shells and more. The former tsarist military equipment left in Eastern provinces was given for free to the Turks together with an army of former Turkish POWs in Russia. In 1921 two Russian destroyers ("Zhyvoy" and "Zhutkiy") were turned over to Turkey. The Russians transported a complete powder and bullet factory to Ancara together with all the necessary raw materials, expertise and instructors. More gold followed to keep the Kemalist regime alive. Upmal-Angarskiy bestowed upon Kemal 200,6 kg of pure gold promised earlier.

Frunze gave the Turks in Trapezountas further 100 000 gold rubles. In April 1922 Aralov gave 20,000 to make the Kemalist propaganda machinery (cinema and printing) work smoothly. The first Kemalist film "Liberation" is in fact a Soviet production. On 3.05.1922 Aralov's generosity was shown again with 3 500 000 gold rubles given in Ancara . It was the last installment of 10 000 000 promised a year before. In Laussane Soviet Russia was the power that made Kemal's diplomatic success a reality. Lenin was not only a true friend in need but also a useful scarecrow. It is what stands behind the pious self-glorifying Turkish myth of Kemal's genius.

http://www.danielpipes.org/comments/130577

[CrackSmokeRepublican]

Look like the NeoCons had an interest in this subject as the JewScamTeams raped Russia economically back in the 1990s.
Looks like they point to "German" gold as the source, but this makes me think it was Warburg-Rothschild.  A lot of Tsarist Gold was likely dumped in Lake Baikal so it makes one wonder where exactly did the Jewish Revolutionaries "get" the Gold via Mason and Jew Agent Parvus Helphand...

http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/worldne ... -lake.html
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Lenin's mummy and the fraud of the October Revolution
Saturday, 06 March 2010 22:59 administrator

Iwo Cyprian Pogonowski

LENIN

The tragedy of Russian history is that the bloodless revolution in March 8-12, 1917 which caused on March 15, 1917 the abdication of that Tsar Nicholas II (1868-17 July 1918) and ended the rule of the Romanov's Dynasty produced weakened Russia and gave opportunity to Berlin to use paid agents to stage a political takeover of the government in St. Petersburg and secure the withdrawal of Russia, from the war, as well as short-lasting submission of Russia to the status of a vassal of the German Empire.

A strange reminder of these events is located in a place of honor in a mausoleum which is located outside of the fortified wall of the Kremlin and serves as the viewing platform for Russian dignitaries reviewing parades of their military might. A unique in the world the mummy-icon of Vladimir Lenin is located there and it is annually groomed for good looks.

It is a strange ritual that honors a fearful man, who had contempt for working men. He was absent from Russia for 17 years, before the Bolshevik take-over. He became a mummy-icon. Why is he there in violation of his own expressed wishes to be buried in St. Peteresburg next to his mother?

The mummified body of Lenin in the Red Square is a product of a Byzantine tradition of reverence for icons cynically adapted to Soviet politics. Ironically it commemorates the career of a paid German agent, recruited in Switzerland to enable the redeployment of German forces from Russia to France during WWI. The first incontrovertible evidence for Lenin being paid by the government of Germany is documented and discussed in detail in the book "Unknown Lenin" by Richard Pipes, published in June 1999, ISBN- 0300076622.


According to professor Richard Pipes (JEW), Ulyanov's family descended from Moldavians, nomadic Ugro-Finish Chuvashes, Volga Germans, Swedes, and possibly Jews but not Slavs. By a strange turn of history the American entry into WWI precipitated a chain of events that eventually caused Lenin's body to be mummified and displayed to the public as a unique mummy-icon in the world.

It is a fact that in order to face American forces in France, the Germans needed to shift the bulk of their forces from the Russian front west. In long run a very risky German decision to take advantage of the revolution in Russia made possible the extraordinary political career of Vladimir Lenin, an obscure refugee in Switzerland virtually unknown to the Russian public.

Lenin was recruited as a German agent to facilitate the liquidation of the Russian front and was given virtually unlimited German money, to convert a clique of conspirators, into Russian revolutionary power by bribery and by hiring criminal gangs to execute, with the help of Leon Trotsky (1879-1940), a sudden Bolshevik takeover of the government in St. Petersburg on October 17. 1917.

During Lenin's exile in Switzerland with his health problems caused by syphilis his political carrier benefited enormously when an arms dealer, Aleksander Heplhand, who recommended Lenin to the German to be an agent in a scheme to bringing about the surrender of Russia plunged into civil war and terror as is described in detail in the book: "The Merchant of Revolution" by Z. A. Zeman and W. B. Scharlau.

American threat to German forces in France caused the Germans to postpone the plans for a quick expansion of the German Empire by subduing Russia the way Britain once subdued India, as described by Aleksander Guchkov, defense minister in Kerensky's government. The new plans called for elimination of the Eastern Front by crucial German support for revolution in Russia and gave Lenin his chance of a lifetime to become na important figure in history. The proposal is described in the Journal of the German Foreign Ministry on March 9, 1917, after it was first proposed on March 9, 1915, by Aleksander Helphand, who eventually obtained "unlimited German money" for takeover of the Russian government by a clique of conspirators.

On July 18. 1917 Lenin was accused by the Russian Ministry of Justice under Prime Minster A. F. Kerensky (1881-1970) and was declared guilty of high treason. Evidence was produced in court, that Bolsheviks received huge amounts of money from the German Government. Helphand was exposed as a German agent, in a treasonable cooperation between Bolsheviks and the German Government. The total expenditure of the German treasury, is estimated to be about ten tons of gold. Lenin, while crossing German territory, had with him on board of his train some ten million dollars in gold, thanks to German chief banker Max Warburg, whose brother Paul strangely enough, in 1913, was the chief architect of the Federal Reserve System, the central bank of the United States.


Leon Trotsky with an American passport and large amount of money (about 20,000,000 dollars in gold in his hand), departed New York on board of the ship SS. Kristianiafiord, on March 27, 1917 together with 275 Jewish revolutionaries. They were detained in Halifax, Nova Scottia, by the Canadians, who logically thought, that Trotsky may help to stage a revolution in Russia, which would allow a diversion of large number of German soldiers to the Western Front and cause more Canadian soldiers to be killed there.


Obviously the bankers who supported the Bolshevik takeover were not afraid of the proletarian slogans demanding confiscation of their money, because these bankers controlled Lenin's government – a government that have paid back the bank Kuhn and Loeb 100,000,000 dollars  during 1918-1922 according to "Tsardom and the Revolution" by Russian general Arsene de Goulevich .

After five days of detention, Trotsky and company were released upon intervention of Sir William Wiseman, partner of Kuhn and Loeb financial firm, and they continued their voyage to St. Petersburg, where they met Lenin in April 1917 in the Russian capital, then in a state of anarchy.


A few month after Lenin's government's surrender to the Germans on March 3, 1918 and acting on Lenin's personal order cosigned by Swerdlow another German agent and without any court proceedings, on July 17, 1918 an execution squad led by Jewish officer, Yankel Yurovsky, executed in a cellar the Tsar, his wife, five children and servants. This happened in Ekaterinburg as a Czech contingent of the White Army was approaching. Tsar's doctor Botkin said to one of the revolutionaries, evidently a Jew, "The time will come when everyone will believe that it was the Jews who were responsible for this, and they will be the victims."  Yankel Yurovsky, is described as he silenced the wounded and moaning Tsarevich, Alexis, with two revolver shots.


"Anyone who had the misfortune to fall into the hands of the Cheka," wrote Jewish historian Leonard Schapiro, "stood a very good chance of finding himself confronted with, and possibly shot by, a Jewish investigator." In Ukraine, "Jews made up nearly 80 percent of the rank-and-file Cheka agents," reports W. Bruce Lincoln, an American professor of Russian history. (Beginning as the Cheka, or Vecheka) the Soviet secret police was later known as the GPU, OGPU, NKVD, MVD and KGB. In light of all this, it should not be surprising that Yakov M. Yurovsky, the leader of the Bolshevik squad that carried out the murder of the Tsar and his family, was Jewish, as was Sverdlov, the Soviet chief, who co-signed Lenin's execution order. In his 1920 book, British veteran journalist Robert Wilton offered a similarly harsh assessment:

"The whole record of Bolshevism in Russia is indelibly impressed with the stamp of alien invasion. The murder of the Tsar, deliberately planned by the Jew Sverdlov (who came to Russia as a paid agent of Germany) and carried out by the Jews Goloshchekin, Syromolotov, Safarov, Voikov and Yurovsky, is the act not of the Russian people, but of this hostile invader."


The files of the German Foreign Ministry thoroughly document the four stages of the Policy of the Imperial German Government towards the revolution in Russia. The first stage lasted from Janurary 1915, until its outbreak in 1917. The second stage run from March 1917, until the Bolshevik seizure of power. It included the recruitment and shipment by the Germans of Vladimir Lenin and other Russian revolutionaries, first with several million dollars in gold on board of the train from Switzerland and Belgium, through Germany and Scandinavia, to Russia. The third stage covered the German reaction in Nov. and Dec. 1917, to the Bolshevik putsch and seizure of power. It ended with failure of Hephand's plan for a peace conference on a neutral territory for the purpose of bargaining with the Germans about the terms of Russian capitulation. The fourth stage consisted of the opening of the negotiations in Brest-Litovsk, a town under German occupation, in Nov. 1917 and their conclusion on the German terms on March 3, 1918. Lenin's government officially accepted the status of Russia as vassal state within the German Empire.


The treaty of Brest Litovsk was a humiliating capitulation. It recognized Russia as a vassal state of Germany. The capitulation to the Germans was opposed by great majority of Russians. Bolshevik government of Russia surrendered to Germany and Austria 150,000 sq. km of Poland, Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia. The German states occupied a major portion of the Ukraine and Byelorussia following the earlier recommendations by Helphand. The fortunes of Bolshevik Russia improved, when on November 13, 1918 came the defeat of Germany on the western front, and when the Bolshevik government had a chance to declare the treaty of Brest-Litovsk as null and void.

Lenin was considered a traitor by Russians and for this reason he had to use cadres composed of national minorities, mainly Jews, well acquainted with the tradition of thousand years of rabbinic terror, which ended in the XIX century to be revives in revolutionary Russia and later in the form of Israeli Apartheid state in Palestine.  

Irving Kristol (1922-2009) the "godfather of neoconservatism" was a part of a vocal Trotskyte group of New York intellectuals who with the deterioration of communism converted to radical Zionism and believed in adaptation of Trotsky's permanent war for communism into their version of permanent war of democracy. They strongly support the Israeli version of democracy.

Leon Trotsky (Lev Davidovich Trotsky born Lev Davidovich Bronstein) is one of the few Soviet political figures, who were never rehabilitated by the Soviet administration. American Trotskyte, Irving Kristol believed that "the danger facing American Jews today is not that Christians want to persecute them but that Christians want to marry them."


Neokonservative anti-Arab alliance with Christian Zionists is based on the belief of the "America Bible belt" that the second coming of Jesus Christ will be possible only after Jewish defeat of the Arabs and therefore that today it is a duty of Christian Zionists to help Israel defeat the Palestynians.


Neo-conservative revolutionary ideology, formulated on the basis of Trotsky's teachings, made possible the alliance of the neo-conservative followers of Kristol with Chtistian Syionists and became powerful driving force in modern American politics and in the 2000 election, it propelled Bush into the presidency, according to Joan Bokaer, director of "Theocracy Watch,"  a project of the Center for Religion, Ethics, and Social Policy at Cornell University.


Earlier Jabotinsky Centennial Medal was awarded by the State of Israel to Jerry Falwell of Virginia as a part of formal alliance between American Christian-Right and Israel. Reports surfaced that a Learjet had been given by Israeli Prime Minister Begin on behalf of the State of Israel to show appreciation for Falwell support, which became useful to Begin when Israel unilaterally bombed Iraq'a nuclear reactor in 1981. Falwell coined the pro-Israeli slogan that "American Bible belt is Israeli safety Belt."

The Jews of San Antonio B'nai B'rith Council awarded pastor Hagee a supporter of Jewish Apartheid in Palestine, with its "Humanitarian of the Year" award. It was the first time this award was given to a gentile. John Hagee also was presented the Zionist Organization of America's Israel Award, by U.N. Ambassador Jeane Kirkpatrick. The Zionist award was paid for by the Jewish Community, Dallas, Texas. Hagee was also presented the ZOA Service Award by a Texas Governor.  Houston Mayor Kathryn J. Whitmire issued a special proclamation in Hagee's honor, declaring Pastor John C. Hagee Day in Houston.

Hagee has been to Israel 22 times and has met with every Prime Minister of Israel since Menachem Begin. John Hagee Ministries has given more than $8.5 million to bring Soviet Jews from the former Soviet Union to Israel. Hagee is the Founder and Executive Director of "A Night to Honor Israel," a yearly event that expresses solidarity between Zionist Christians and Jews in Jerusalem and in the State of Israel, by citizens of the United States.

On February 7, 2006, Hagee and 400 leaders from the Christian Zionist and Jewish communities formed a new national organization called "Christians United for Israel." This organization addresses members of the US Congress, professing a Biblical justification for the defense of the State of Israel by the Americans. Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu said during a Sunday night speech in San Antonio that the United States and its allies must have a "moral clarity" and be unflinching toward terrorists if the current military campaign in Afghanistan is to be successful. Comparing the present moment in history to the fight against Nazi Germany, Netanyahu made his remarks to about 6,000 people who packed the main building of the cavernous Cornerstone Church of pastor Hagee and participated in the congregation's 20th annual "A Night to Honor Israel."

The death of Lenin brought about a power struggle won by Stalin and lost by Trotsky who not only lost power in Russia but eventually was murdered on Stalin's orders in Mexico, an event described in detail in a book by former general of the NKVD Pavel Sudoplatov in his book "Spacial Tasks."

 According to Robert Paine's "The life and death of Lenin" Lenin died after suffering several strokes. There are indications that Stalin might have ordered Lenin to be poisoned in 1924 and Lenin died on January 21. The autopsy quoted by Paine does not verify that Lenin had neurosyphilis, which was reported by dr. Ivan Pavlov.  


With the death of Lenin Stalin had to defeat other contenders for power, mainly Trotsky the originator of Red Army terror apparatus and the so called "blocking companies" which were to fire on soldiers in case o retreat in combat.

 

Stalin decided to disobey Lenin's wishes to be buried next to his mother in St. Petersburg, and instead ordered the best doctors and scientists to come up with a scheme whereby they could mummify Lenin's body. Thus, with one stroke of genius Stalin combined the idea of Egyptian mummy with Byzantine icon and established a scientific institute for creation and conservation of the mummy-icon in presentable rejuvenated shape, instead of the dilapidated look of Lenin at the moment of his death.

Stalin decided to mummify Lenin's body to serve as a communist icon in Russia and probably created the first in history mummy-icon for public display. As we know the Egyptian mummies were bandages and were not meant to serve as a public exhibits while the mummy of Lenin was conceived for the benefit of continuity of the Bolshevik rule in Russia. Lenin's mummy acquired quasi religious aura and it is shown to public in atmosphere of a pagan cult - the newlyweds visit the mummy-icon mausoleum and often deposit flowers there in honor of the "good" father of Bolshevik Russia.

Lenin's cult was used by Stalin and his successors to mobilize loyalty for Soviet regime.  In process a myth was created of revered father of the Russian Revolution, who created the science of Marxism-Leninism, which "evolved" with political changes in the Kremlin. It is interesting that today the main voice asking to keep Lenin's mummy-icon displayed on the Red Square is that of the head of the Russian Communist Party Gennady Zyuganov.    

    http://www.pogonowski.com

http://polishnews.com/index.php?option= ... Itemid=333

[CrackSmokeRepublican]

This guy says most of it was Stolen by the "Protocolist" Jews and sold off to International Jewry (primarily in London):

History's Greatest Heist - The Looting of Russia by the (Jewish) Bolsheviks

    * Sean McMeekin

Historians have never resolved a central mystery of the Russian Revolution: How did the Bolsheviks, despite facing a world of enemies and leaving nothing but economic ruin in their path, manage to stay in power through five long years of civil war?  In this penetrating book, Sean McMeekin draws on previously undiscovered materials from the Soviet Ministry of Finance and other European and American archives to expose some of the darkest secrets of Russia's early days of communism. Building on one archival revelation after another, the author reveals how the Bolsheviks financed their aggression through astonishingly extensive thievery. Their looting included everything from the cash savings of private citizens to gold, silver, diamonds, jewelry, icons, antiques, and artwork.

By tracking illicit Soviet financial transactions across Europe, McMeekin shows how Lenin's regime accomplished history's greatest heist between 1917 and 1922 and turned centuries of accumulated wealth into the sinews of class war. McMeekin also names names, introducing for the first time the compliant bankers, lawyers, and middlemen who, for a price, helped the Bolsheviks launder their loot, impoverish Russia, and impose their brutal will on millions.

Sean McMeekin is assistant professor of international relations, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey. He is the author of The Red Millionaire: A Political Biography of Willy Münzenberg, Moscow's Secret Propaganda Tsar in the West, published by Yale University Press. He lives in Ankara.

http://yalepress.yale.edu/yupbooks/book ... 0300135589

Warning Jewish Reviewer below. Note the Jew Bankers... :

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History's Greatest Heist: The Looting of Russia by the Bolsheviks
By Sean McMeekin (Yale University Press 288pp £25)

Exclusive from the Literary Review print edition.

This book can be read in three ways. First, it is a work of considerable scholarship and the fruit of much archival probing by a fine scholar of early Bolshevism - and much of it is fresh, exciting and overdue. Secondly, it is a study of how a new, radical and illicit government used all means possible to launder the money and treasures of Russia's tsarist regime, sell them to the capitalists who hated the Bolsheviks, and use the ill-gotten gains to buy arms and fund the nightmarish, blood-spattered experiment of the Soviet Union. Thirdly, it has a contemporary relevance since it is the first study of illegal funding - or, as we would say today, sanctions busting - on a colossal scale.

'The knell of private property sounds', wrote Karl Marx. 'The expropriators are being expropriated.' Nothing could have been more true. From the beginning, the Bolsheviks had embraced violence and terror: 'A revolution without firing squads is meaningless,' said Lenin. But he had also, since the early years of the twentieth century, used 'expropriation' - the Marxist-Bolshevist euphemism for bank robbery - to raise party funds: the planning and execution of a run of violent but daring heists was how the young Stalin had first won Lenin's approval. When a worthy and prim comrade criticised this style of banditry, Lenin just laughed and said, 'That's precisely the type of man we need.' So the use of the racy word 'heist' in this book is appropriate, and it was no surprise that once Lenin and his comrades had seized power in October 1917 they would continue their policy of expropriation on a larger scale. After all, they had to pay an army and fund a war - and they found they possessed the vast treasure trove of Russia itself to achieve this. They used every means of financial skulduggery to do so, and indeed many of the key dealers, traders and middlemen were the very men who had helped organise Stalin's bank robberies and laundered the swag a decade earlier. Sean McMeekin is, as I have said, a scholar and master of the archives, but he rightly revels in this crew of shady capitalists, humbugs, thieves, crooks and assassins. Indeed the scale is eyewatering: more was requisitioned in eighteen months than the amount sent by the Nazis to Switzerland during the entire Second World War.

It begins comically with the inept attempts of the new Bolshevik masters to force Russia's worldly and cosmopolitan bankers to hand over their banks along with the contents of their safes. McMeekin introduces characters like Max Laserson, a top banker and industrialist who threw in his lot with the Reds as a financial expert. But the real anti-hero of the book is a Swedish banker named Olaf Aschberg, who, though a successful banker and arms-dealer during the First World War, was also vaguely sympathetic to the Bolsheviks. This complex and highly intelligent man was to do more to fund the Bolshevik revolution than any other individual, and McMeekin's book does a great service in unveiling his interesting personality.

Next the Bolsheviks managed to seize the tsarist gold bullion - Europe's largest strategic gold reserve, worth $680 million. Meanwhile Lenin ordered the setting up of an organisation - the Gokhran, or State Treasury for the Storage of Valuables - to plunder and collect the private treasures and wealth of the rich nobility. (He himself borrowed the two Rolls-Royces and Delaunay-Belville limousine from the Tsar's garage, though amusingly the latter was actually stolen from him at gunpoint in 1918.) Part of the looting involved the murder of the entire Romanov imperial family: Yurovsky, the organiser of the killings, estimated that the jewellery secured by this slaughter was worth $300,000. The next stage was the nationalisation of all church property. Within weeks, the misguided writer Maxim Gorky, who was a member of the Gokhran, had helped fill countless warehouses with artwork, jewels, cutlery, silver, gold, furniture, books and other artefacts for sale abroad. The members of the committee posed with their swag in heaps - the warehouses sound like giant bandit's treasure troves. By December 1921, the swag was worth $450 million, or $45 billion in today's money.

Yet the Bolsheviks were desperate for guns and food to maintain their new state: all these treasures had to be sold abroad, but secretly, because the foreign capitalists of Britain, America and Western Europe were determined to crush the regime. The Leninist underground swung into action: Aschberg was the leading middleman, but an important figure on the Russian side was Leonid Krasin, a dapper People's Commissar who had managed Lenin and Stalin's campaign of heists and bombings between 1904 and 1907. He was one of those rare characters, a highly cultured and educated bourgeois who was as at home building a new bomb as he was negotiating with hauts banquiers in plush Western hotels. Krasin was assisted by one of the leading launderers of Stalin's bank robberies, Max Wallach, who would become famed as Soviet foreign commissar Litvinov. The foreign trade commissar Anastas Mikoyan was also a key figure. He became one of Stalin's senior magnates and survived at the top of the Soviet hierarchy; he both carried Lenin's coffin and attended JFK's funeral.

Soon Bolshevik operatives, some of them trusted veterans and others shadowy wheeler-dealers, brought back hundreds of millions in cash in suitcases. The climax of the book comes when the Bolsheviks and Ashberg set up a huge gold and treasure sale in Reval (Tallinn), a Baltic city that rapidly assumed 'a wild west atmosphere, becoming a kind of Bolshevik boomtown'. The Hotel Petersburg was the Bolshevik headquarters, where a crew of Leninist ruffians and smooth operatives, Western adventurers and conmen, and the representatives of respectable American, French and British investment banks, bought the treasures of Russia. De Beers purchased £1 million worth of diamonds for £365,000 under Litvinov's negotiations, but he did better later when he sold jewels worth $10 million to an English buyer. In less than two years, Lenin had raised, through gold sales, $353 million (£35 billion in today's money).

The regime had survived the Civil War to oppress its own people and threaten the peace of the world, costing millions of innocent lives in its quest to create a workers' paradise. This book is a superb work, easy to read and filled with new material. It manages to be both important and fascinating, half an adventure and half a tragic political parable. But two stories stay in the mind. In 1922, the Bolsheviks even robbed the grave of Catherine the Great, stealing her necklace. And, of course, American right-wing millionaires were the biggest buyers of the treasures prised from the hands of murdered Russian nobles: Armand Hammer's famous travelling art fair in 1930 was characteristic. But it was the steel magnate Andrew Mellon who bought the best swag: $6.6 million of Old Masters including works by Rembrandt, Van Dyck, Rubens, Raphael and Titian. Ironically, he was also the Treasury Secretary in charge of enforcing America's laws against Soviet dumping of tsarist treasures. This is far from the least of the grotesque ironies in this gripping story of the heist that really was history's greatest.


Simon Sebag Montefiore is the author of the novel 'Sashenka'. His recent history book 'Young Stalin' won the Costa Biography Prize, the LA Times Book Prize for Biography and the Bruno Kreisky Prize for Political Literature.

http://www.literaryreview.co.uk/sebag_12_08.html

[CrackSmokeRepublican]

Criminal Swedish Jew Banker Olof Aschberg:

Olof Aschberg
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia



Olof Aschberg (22 July 1877 – 21 April 1960) was a Swedish banker and businessman. Aschberg was a leftist sympathizer and helped finance the Bolsheviks in Russia. In gratitude, the Bolshevik government allowed Aschberg to do business with Soviet Union during the 1920s. Aschberg became head of Ruskombank, the first Soviet international bank[1].

In 1912 he had founded in Stockholm the first Swedish bank for trade unions and cooperatives (Nya Banken) and became a friend of Hjalmar Branting. When financial operations in favour of the Germans in 1918 caused him trouble with the Allies of World War I, the bank was renamed Svensk Ekonomiebolaget.[2] He was already a successful banker and businessman when he met first Willi Münzenberg who visited the Stockholm Youth Socialist Congress of 1917.[3] Later, during the Bolsheviks aspirations to rebuild the Russian economy, it was Münzenberg's task to expand their modest pool of capital by floating a so called "workers' loan" using his "Workers International Relief" (WIR).[4] By means of this subterfuge the money used for buying machines and goods in the West looked like being the outcome of proletarian support, in reality it came directly from the Kremlin, confiscated from Russia's rich and the Church.[4] Established in Berlin in the 1920s, Aschberg's Guarantee and Credit Bank for the East was charged with repayment of the WIR workers' loan, although he had not been very fond of it from its very beginning on and had even contributed to deep six it soon after the launch. Aschberg had already gained the Soviet leaders' esteem by being one of the main connections in the early years after 1917 in evading the international boycott on gold robbed by the Bolsheviks, which he offered on the Stockholm market after having the bullions melted down and given new markings.[4]

He built up a collection of Russian icons with 245 pieces which he donated to the Swedish Nationalmuseum at Stockholm in 1933.[5] This largest and finest collection of icons outside Russia was supplemented in 1952 and put the Nationalmuseum among the leading museums in this field.

At the end of the 1920s Aschberg moved to France, where he bought Château du Bois du Rocher at Jouy-en-Josas, in 1950 offered to the Unesco and subsequently sold to the Yvelines department.[2] He helped finance the Popular Front during the Spanish Civil War. Again Münzenberg was often invited to Aschberg's Paris townhouse on the place Casimir-Périer and received the funds for launching Die Zukunft (The Future), a weekly political broadsheet.[4] The Left Bank townhouse was gradually transformed into a kind of all-purpose Münzenberg salon, which did attract the attention of the Gestapo, spying on the meetings taking place there.[4] With the outbreak of World War II Aschberg was interned in Camp Vernet by the French authorities.[6] Due to his Jewish background he was endangered when France was invaded by Nazi Germany in 1940 and could not sooner as January 1941 leave Europe via Lisbon when Vichy government gave order to set him free. Aschberg and his family fled to the USA where he immediately started to support the Free World Association. After the war, Aschberg moved back to Sweden. In 1946 he started publishing his memoirs in three volumes (En vandrande jude från Glasbruksgatan, Återkomsten, and Gästboken) and he invited Margarete Buber-Neumann to write there Under Two Dictators: Prisoner of Stalin and Hitler.[2]

AN INVENTORY OF THE SOLOMON ROSOWSKY COLLECTION

Music cataloged and annotated by ELIOTT KAHN, D.M.A.
Papers arranged and described by JULIE MILLER
Edited by NAOMI M. STEINBERGER
The Library of The Jewish Theological Seminary
New York, 1996

This inventory is a joint project of The Library of the Jewish Theological Seminary, and the Joseph and Miriam Ratner Center for the Study of Conservative Judaism, Jewish Theological Seminary of America. This publication was made possible through the generosity of the Arthur Rubloff Residuary Trust.

.......

b. Max M. Laserson Papers, 1924-1951; n.d.:
Box 5, folders 26-31 - box 6, folders 1-6

For reasons which are not clear, Rosowsky's papers contain small but significant groups of papers of two other men, Joseph Achron and Max Laserson, who were presumably Rosowsky's friends, or were associated with him in some other way.

Joseph Achron (1886-1943) was a Russian violinist and composer. Like Rosowsky, he studied at the St. Petersburg Conservatory of Music and was involved with the Society for Jewish Folk Music. After a period in Berlin (1918-1922) Achron went to Palestine in 1924, one year prior to Rosowsky. In 1925 he emigrated to the United States, settling first in New York, and then, in 1934, in Hollywood where he composed music for the movies.

Achron's papers here include letters, in English and Russian, including some written by his wife Marie; programs and lists of works; photographs; and a biographical sketch in Russian. There are additional letters, programs, and other material concerning Joseph Achron throughout the collection.

Max Laserson (1887-1951) was a Latvian lawyer and author who held government positions in minority rights in both Russia and Latvia. In 1917, in Alexander Kerensky's government, Laserson was Deputy Director of National Minorities in the Ministry of the Interior. In 1920 he returned to Latvia, and from 1922-1931 he represented the Socialist Zionist faction in the Latvian parliament. After he was arrested in 1934, Laserson went to Palestine. In 1939 he emigrated to the United States where he settled in New York and taught at Columbia University.

This group of Laserson's papers includes a bibliography of his works; a resume documenting his career; manuscripts of writings or portions of writings including Democracy As It Is, "The International Duty of Saving Democracy," 1938, and Jews and Nationalism; and other notes and documents, including a 1951 letter from his son, Eleazar, in Israel.

http://www.jtsa.edu/prebuilt/archives/m ... wsky.shtml

[CrackSmokeRepublican]

More on Jew Revolutionary Scams in the early 20th century.

Chapter XI

THE ALLIANCE OF BANKERS AND REVOLUTION


    The name Rockefeller does not connote a revolutionary, and my life situation has fostered a careful and cautious attitude that verges on conservatism. I am not given to errant causes...

    John D. Rockefeller III, The Second American Revolution (New York: Harper & Row. 1973)


THE EVIDENCE PRESENTED: A SYNOPSIS

Evidence already published by George Katkov, Stefan Possony, and Michael Futrell has established that the return to Russia of Lenin and his party of exiled Bolsheviks, followed a few weeks later by a party of Mensheviks, was financed and organized by the German government.1 The necessary funds were transferred in part through the Nya Banken in Stockholm, owned by Olof Aschberg, and the dual German objectives were: (a) removal of Russia from the war, and (b) control of the postwar Russian market.2

We have now gone beyond this evidence to establish a continuing working relationship between Bolshevik banker Olof Aschberg and the Morgan-controlled Guaranty Trust Company in New York before, during, and after the Russian Revolution. In tsarist times Aschberg was the Morgan agent in Russia and negotiator for Russian loans in the United States; during 1917 Aschberg was financial intermediary for the revolutionaries; and after the revolution Aschberg became head of Ruskombank, the first Soviet international bank, while Max May, a vice president of the Morgan-controlled Guaranty Trust, became director and chief of the Ruskom-bank foreign department. We have presented documentary evidence of a continuing working relationship between the Guaranty Trust Company and the Bolsheviks. The directors of Guaranty Trust in 1917 are listed in Appendix 1.

Moreover, there is evidence of transfers of funds from Wall Street bankers to international revolutionary activities. For example, there is the statement (substantiated by a cablegram) by William Boyce Thompson — a director of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, a large stockholder in the Rockefeller-controlled Chase Bank, and a financial associate of the Guggenheims and the Morgans — that he (Thompson) contributed $1 million to the Bolshevik Revolution for propaganda purposes. Another example is John Reed, the American member of the Third International executive committee who was financed and supported by Eugene Boissevain, a private New York banker, and who was employed by Harry Payne Whitney's Metropolitan magazine. Whitney was at that time a director of Guaranty Trust. We also established that Ludwig Martens, the first Soviet "ambassador" to the United States, was (according to British Intelligence chief Sir Basil Thompson) backed by funds from Guaranty Trust Company. In tracing Trotsky's funding in the U.S. we arrived at German sources, yet to be identified, in New York. And though we do not know the precise German sources of Trotsky's funds, we do know that Von Pavenstedt, the chief German espionage paymaster in the U.S., was also senior partner of Amsinck & Co. Amsinck was owned by the ever-present American International Corporation — also controlled by the J.P. Morgan firm.

Further, Wall Street firms including Guaranty Trust were involved with Carranza's and Villa's wartime revolutionary activities in Mexico. We also identified documentary evidence concerning. a Wall Street syndicate's financing of the 1912 Sun Yat-sen revolution in China, a revolution that is today hailed by the Chinese Communists as the precursor of Mao's revolution in China. Charles B. Hill, New York attorney negotiating with Sun Yat-sen in behalf of this syndicate, was a director of three Westinghouse subsidiaries, and we have found that Charles R. Crane of Westinghouse in Russia was involved in the Russian Revolution.

Quite apart from finance, we identified other, and possibly more significant, evidence of Wall Street involvement in the Bolshevik cause. The American Red Cross Mission to Russia was a private venture of William B. Thompson, who publicly proffered partisan support to the Bolsheviks. British War Cabinet papers now available record that British policy was diverted towards the Lenin-Trotsky regime by the personal intervention of Thompson with Lloyd George in December 1917. We have reproduced statements by director Thompson and deputy chairman William Lawrence Saunders, both of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, strongly favoring the Bolshevists. John Reed not only was financed from Wall Street, but had consistent support for his activities, even to the extent of intervention with the State Department from William Franklin Sands, executive secretary of American International Corporation. In the sedition case of Robert Minor there are strong indications and some circumstantial evidence that Colonel Edward House intervened to have Minor released. The significance of the Minor case is that William B. Thompson's program for Bolshevik revolution in Germany was the very program Minor was implementing when arrested in Germany.

Some international agents, for example Alexander Gumberg, worked for Wall Street and the Bolsheviks. In 1917 Gumberg was the representative of a U.S. firm in Petrograd, worked for Thompson's American Red Cross Mission, became chief Bolshevik agent in Scandinavia until he was deported from Norway, then became confidential assistant to Reeve Schley of Chase Bank in New York and later to Floyd Odium of Atlas Corporation.

This activity in behalf of the Bolsheviks originated in large part from a single address: 120 Broadway, New York City. The evidence for this observation is outlined but no conclusive reason is given for the unusual concentration of activity at a single address, except to state that it appears to be the foreign counterpart of Carroll Quigley's claim that J.P. Morgan infiltrated the domestic left. Morgan also infiltrated the international left.

The Federal Reserve Bank of New York was at 120 Broadway. The vehicle for this pro-Bolshevik activity was American International Corporation — at 120 Broadway. AIC views on the Bolshevik regime were requested by Secretary of State Robert Lansing only a few weeks after the revolution began, and Sands, executive secretary of AIC, could barely restrain his enthusiasm for the Bolshevik cause. Ludwig Martens, the Soviet's first ambassador, had been vice president of Weinberg & Posner, which was also located at 120-Broadway. Guaranty Trust Company was next door at 140 Broadway but Guaranty Securities Co. was at 120 Broadway. In 1917 Hunt, Hill & Betts was at 120 Broadway, and Charles B. Hill of this firm was the negotiator in the Sun Yat-sen dealings. John MacGregor Grant Co., which was financed by Olof Aschberg in Sweden and Guaranty Trust in the United States, and which was on the Military Intelligence black list, was at 120 Broadway. The Guggenheims and the executive heart of General Electric (also interested in American International) were at 120 Broadway. We find it therefore hardly surprising that the Bankers Club was also at 120 Broadway, on the top floor (the thirty-fourth).

It is significant that support for the Bolsheviks did not cease with consolidation of the revolution; therefore, this support cannot be wholly explained in terms of the war with Germany. The American-Russian syndicate formed in 1918 to obtain concessions in Russia was backed by the White, Guggenheim, and Sinclair interests. Directors of companies controlled by these three financiers included Thomas W. Lamont (Guaranty Trust), William Boyce Thompson (Federal Reserve Bank), and John Reed's employer Harry Payne Whitney (Guaranty Trust). This strongly suggests that the syndicate was formed to cash in on earlier support for the Bolshevik cause in the revolutionary period. And then we found that Guaranty Trust financially backed the Soviet Bureau in New York in 1919.

The first really concrete signal that previous political and financial support was paying off came in 1923 when the Soviets formed their first international bank, Ruskombank. Morgan associate Olof Aschberg became nominal head of this Soviet bank; Max May, a vice president of Guaranty Trust, became a director of Ruskom-bank, and the Ruskombank promptly appointed Guaranty Trust Company its U.S. agent.


THE EXPLANATION FOR THE UNHOLY ALLIANCE

What motive explains this coalition of capitalists and Bolsheviks?

Russia was then — and is today — the largest untapped market in the world. Moreover, Russia, then and now, constituted the greatest potential competitive threat to American industrial and financial supremacy. (A glance at a world map is sufficient to spotlight the geographical difference between the vast land mass of Russia and the smaller United States.) Wall Street must have cold shivers when it visualizes Russia as a second super American industrial giant.

But why allow Russia to become a competitor and a challenge to U.S. supremacy? In the late nineteenth century, Morgan/Rockefeller, and Guggenheim had demonstrated their monopolistic proclivities. In Railroads and Regulation 1877-1916 Gabriel Kolko has demonstrated how the railroad owners, not the farmers, wanted state control of railroads in order to preserve their monopoly and abolish competition. So the simplest explanation of our evidence is that a syndicate of Wall Street financiers enlarged their monopoly ambitions and broadened horizons on a global scale. The gigantic Russian market was to be converted into a captive market and a technical colony to be exploited by a few high-powered American financiers and the corporations under their control. What the Interstate Commerce Commission and the Federal Trade Commission under the thumb of American industry could achieve for that industry at home, a planned socialist government could achieve for it abroad — given suitable support and inducements from Wall Street and Washington, D.C.

Finally, lest this explanation seem too radical, remember that it was Trotsky who appointed tsarist generals to consolidate the Red Army; that it was Trotsky who appealed for American officers to control revolutionary Russia and intervene in behalf of the Soviets; that it was Trotsky who squashed first the libertarian element in the Russian Revolution and then the workers and peasants; and that recorded history totally ignores the 700,000-man Green Army composed of ex-Bolsheviks, angered at betrayal of the revolution, who fought the Whites and the Reds. In other words, we are suggesting that the Bolshevik Revolution was an alliance of statists: statist revolutionaries and statist financiers aligned against the genuine revolutionary libertarian elements in Russia.3

'The question now in the readers' minds must be, were these bankers also secret Bolsheviks? No, of course not. The financiers were without ideology. It would be a gross misinterpretation to assume that assistance for the Bolshevists was ideologically motivated, in any narrow sense. The financiers were power-motivated and therefore assisted any political vehicle that would give them an entree to power: Trotsky, Lenin, the tsar, Kolchak, Denikin — all received aid, more or less. All, that is, but those who wanted a truly free individualist society.

Neither was aid restricted to statist Bolsheviks and statist counter-Bolsheviks. John P. Diggins, in Mussolini and Fascism: The View from America,4 has noted in regard to Thomas Lamont of Guaranty Trust that

Of all American business leaders, the one who most vigorously patronized the cause of Fascism was Thomas W. Lamont. Head of the powerful J.P. Morgan banking network, Lamont served as something of a business consultant for the government of Fascist Italy.

Lamont secured a $100 million loan for Mussolini in 1926 at a particularly crucial time for the Italian dictator. We might remember too that the director of Guaranty Trust was the father of Corliss Lamont, a domestic Communist. This evenhanded approach to the twin totalitarian systems, communism and fascism, was not confined to the Lamont family. For example, Otto Kahn, director of American International Corporation and of Kuhn, Leob & Co., felt sure that "American capital invested in Italy will find safety, encouragement, opportunity and reward."5 This is the same Otto Kahn who lectured the socialist League of Industrial Democracy in 1924 that its objectives were his objectives.6 They differed only — according to Otto Kahn — over the means of achieving these objectives.

Ivy Lee, Rockefeller's public relations man, made similar pronouncements, and was responsible for selling the Soviet regime to the gullible American public in the late 1920s. We also have observed that Basil Miles, in charge of the Russian desk at the State Department and a former associate of William Franklin Sands, was decidedly helpful to the businessmen promoting Bolshevik causes; but in 1923 the same Miles authored a profascist article, "Italy's Black Shirts and Business."7 "Success of the Fascists is an expression of Italy's youth," wrote Miles while glorifying the fascist movement and applauding its esteem for American business.


THE MARBURG PLAN

The Marburg Plan, financed by Andrew Carnegie's ample heritage, was produced in the early years of the twentieth century. It suggests premeditation for this kind of superficial schizophrenia, which in fact masks an integrated program of power acquisition: "What then if Carnegie and his unlimited wealth, the international financiers and the Socialists could be organized in a movement to compel the formation of a league to enforce peace."8

The governments of the world, according to the Marburg Plan, were to be socialized while the ultimate power would remain in the hands of the international financiers "to control its councils and enforce peace [and so] provide a specific for all the political ills of mankind."9

This idea was knit with other elements with similar objectives. Lord Milner in England provides the transatlantic example of banking interests recognizing the virtues and possibilities of Marxism. Milner was a banker, influential in British wartime policy, and pro-Marxist.10 In New York the socialist "X" club was founded in 1903. It counted among its members not only the Communist Lincoln Steffens, the socialist William English Walling, and the Communist banker Morris Hillquit, but also John Dewey, James T. Shotwell, Charles Edward Russell, and Rufus Weeks (vice president of New York Life Insurance Company). The annual meeting of the Economic Club in the Astor Hotel, New York, witnessed socialist speakers. In 1908, when A. Barton Hepburn, president of Chase National Bank, was president of the Economic Club, the main speaker was the aforementioned Morris Hillquit, who "had abundant opportunity to preach socialism to a gathering which represented wealth and financial interests."11

From these unlikely seeds grew the modern internationalist movement, which included not only the financiers Carnegie, Paul Warburg, Otto Kahn, Bernard Baruch, and Herbert Hoover, but also the Carnegie Foundation and its progeny International Conciliation. The trustees of Carnegie were, as we have seen, prominent on the board of American International Corporation. In 1910 Carnegie donated $10 million to found the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, and among those on the board of trustees were Elihu Root (Root Mission to Russia, 1917), Cleveland H. Dodge (a financial backer of President Wilson), George W. Perkins (Morgan partner), G. J. Balch (AIC and Amsinck), R. F. Herrick (AIC), H. W. Pritchett (AIC), and other Wall Street luminaries. Woodrow Wilson came under the powerful influence of — and indeed was financially indebted to — this group of internationalists. As Jennings C. Wise has written, "Historians must never forget that Woodrow Wilson... made it possible for Leon Trotsky to enter Russia with an American passport."12

But Leon Trotsky also declared himself an internationalist. We have remarked with some interest his high-level internationalist connections, or at least friends, in Canada. Trotsky then was not pro-Russian, or pro-Allied, or pro-German, as many have tried to make him out to be. Trotsky was for world revolution, for world dictatorship; he was, in one word, an internationalist.13 Bolshevists and bankers have then this significant common ground — internationalism. Revolution and international finance are not at all inconsistent if the result of revolution is to establish more centralized authority. International finance prefers to deal with central governments. The last thing the banking community wants is laissez-faire economy and decentralized power because these would disperse power.

This, therefore, is an explanation that fits the evidence. This handful of bankers and promoters was not Bolshevik, or Communist, or socialist, or Democrat, or even American. Above all else these men wanted markets, preferably captive international markets — and a monopoly of the captive world market as the ultimate goal. They wanted markets that could be exploited monopolistically without fear of competition from Russians, Germans, or anyone else — including American businessmen outside the charmed circle. This closed group was apolitical and amoral. In 1917, it had a single-minded objective — a captive market in Russia, all presented under, and intellectually protected by, the shelter of a league to enforce the peace.

Wall Street did indeed achieve its goal. American firms controlled by this syndicate were later to go on and build the Soviet Union, and today are well on their way to bringing the Soviet military-industrial complex into the age of the computer.

Today the objective is still alive and well. John D. Rockefeller expounds it in his book The Second American Revolution — which sports a five-pointed star on the title page.14 The book contains a naked plea for humanism, that is, a plea that our first priority is to work for others. In other words, a plea for collectivism. Humanism is collectivism. It is notable that the Rockefellers, who have promoted this humanistic idea for a century, have not turned their OWN property over to others.. Presumably it is implicit in their recommendation that we all work for the Rockefellers. Rockefeller's book promotes collectivism under the guises of "cautious conservatism" and "the public good." It is in effect a plea for the continuation of the earlier Morgan-Rockefeller support of collectivist enterprises and mass subversion of individual rights.

In brief, the public good has been, and is today, used as a device and an excuse for self-aggrandizement by an elitist circle that pleads for world peace and human decency. But so long as the reader looks at world history in terms of an inexorable Marxian conflict between capitalism and communism, the objectives of such an alliance between international finance and international revolution remain elusive. So will the ludicrousness of promotion of the public good by plunderers. If these alliances still elude the reader, then he should ponder the obvious fact that these same international interests and promoters are always willing to determine what other people should do, but are signally unwilling to be first in line to give up their own wealth and power. Their mouths are open, their pockets are closed.

This technique, used by the monopolists to gouge society, was set forth in the early twentieth century by Frederick C. Howe in The Confessions of a Monopolist.15 First, says Howe, politics is a necessary part of business. To control industries it is necessary to control Congress and the regulators and thus make society go to work for you, the monopolist. So, according to Howe, the two principles of a successful monopolist are, "First, let Society work for you; and second, make a business of politics."16 These, wrote Howe, are the basic "rules of big business."

Is there any evidence that this magnificently sweeping objective was also known to Congress and the academic world? Certainly the possibility was known and known publicly. For example, witness the testimony of Albert Rhys Williams, an astute commentator on the revolution, before the Senate Overman Committee:

. . . it is probably true that under the soviet government industrial life will perhaps be much slower in development than under the usual capitalistic system. But why should a great industrial country like America desire the creation and consequent competition of another great industrial rival? Are not the interests of America in this regard in line with the slow tempo of development which soviet Russia projects for herself?

Senator Wolcott: Then your argument is that it would be to the interest of America to have Russia repressed?

MR. WILLIAMS: Not repressed ....

SENATOR WOLCOTT: You say. Why should America desire Russia to become an industrial competitor with her?

MR. WILLIAMS: This is speaking from a capitalistic standpoint. The whole interest of America is not, I think, to have another great industrial rival, like Germany, England, France, and Italy, thrown on the market in competition. I think another government over there besides the Soviet government would perhaps increase the tempo or rate of development of Russia, and we would have another rival. Of course, this is arguing from a capitalistic standpoint.

SENATOR WOLCOTT: So you are presenting an argument here which you think might appeal to the American people, your point being this, that if we recognize the Soviet government of Russia as it is constituted we will be recognizing a government that can not compete with us in industry for a great many years?

MR. WILLIAMS: That is a fact.

SENATOR WOLCOTT: That is an argument that under the Soviet government Russia is in no position, for a great many years at least, to approach America industrially?

MR. WILLIAMS: Absolutely.17

And in that forthright statement by Albert Rhys Williams is the basic clue to the revisionist interpretation of Russian history over the past half century.

Wall Street, or rather the Morgan-Rockefeller complex represented at 120 Broadway and 14 Wall Street, had something very close to Williams' argument in mind. Wall Street went to bat in Washington for the Bolsheviks. It succeeded. The Soviet totalitarian regime survived. In the 1930s foreign firms, mostly of the Morgan-Rockefeller group, built the five-year plans. They have continued to build Russia, economically and militarily.18 On the other hand, Wall Street presumably did not foresee the Korean War and the Vietnam War — in which 100,000 Americans and countless allies lost their lives to Soviet armaments built with this same imported U.S. technology. What seemed a farsighted, and undoubtedly profitable, policy for a Wall Street syndicate, became a nightmare for millions outside the elitist power circle and the ruling class.

 

    Footnotes:

    1Michael Futrell, Northern Underground (London: Faber and Faber, 1963); Stefan Possony, Lenin: The Compulsive Revolutionary (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1966); and George Katkov, "German Foreign Office Documents on Financial Support to the Bolsheviks in 1917," International Affairs 32 (Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1956).

    2Ibid., especially Katkov.

    3See also Voline (V.M. Eichenbaum), Nineteen-Seventeen: The Russian Revolution Betrayed (New York: Libertarian Book Club, n.d.).

    4Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Prss, 1972.

    5Ibid., p. 149.

    6See p. 49.

    7Nation's Business, February 1923, pp. 22-23.

    8Jennings C. Wise, Woodrow Wilson: Disciple of Revolution (New York: Paisley Press, 1938), p.45

    9Ibid., p.46

    10See p. 89.

    11Morris Hillquit, Loose Leaves from a Busy Life (New York: Macmillan, 1934), p. 81.

    12Wise, op. cit., p. 647

    13Leon Trotsky, The Bolsheviki and World Peace (New York: Boni & Liveright, 1918).

    14In May 1973 Chase Manhattan Bank (chairman, David Rockefeller) opened it Moscow office at 1 Karl Marx Square, Moscow. The New York office is at 1 Chase Manhattan Plaza.

    15Chicago: Public Publishin, n.d.

    16Ibid.

    17U.S., Senate, Bolshevik Propaganda, hearings before a subcommittee of the Committee on the Judiciary, 65th Cong., pp. 679-80. See also herein p. 107 for the role of Williams in Radek's Press Bureau.

    18See Antony C. Sutton, Western Technology and Soviet Economic Development, 3 vols. (Stanford, Calif.: Hoover Institution, 1968, 1971, 1973); see also National Suicide: Military Aid to the Soviet Union (New York: Arlington House, 1973).

http://www.reformed-theology.org/html/b ... ter_11.htm

[mchawe]

What I have never been able to understand is that the Communists never looted the Hermitage which stands head and shoulders above any other gallery in the world. I visited in Summer 1993 for a couple of days, but a month wouldn't have been long enough. It is stuffed with treasures and works of art by all the renaissance painters and furnite to die for. There is a Madonna by MichaelAngelo which was just guarded by one old lady back then. The Hermitage was built by Catherine the Great and therefore belonged to the Tsar. But why did the Communists preserve it ?

[CrackSmokeRepublican]

Not the most trustworthy source but I found this on the looting in the 1930s. They probably needed hard cash at that time. I also figure that the Jew-Soviets actually liked all of the art themselves...

However, the fate of the Amber Room is still tragic
-----

After the October Revolution

Immediately after the Revolution of 1917 the Imperial Hermitage and Winter Palace, former Imperial residence, were proclaimed state museums and eventually merged.

The range of the Hermitage's exhibits was further expanded when private art collections from several palaces of the Russian Tsars and numerous private mansions were being nationalized and then redistributed among major Soviet state museums. Particularly notable was the influx of old masters from the Catherine Palace, the Alexander Palace, the Stroganov Palace and the Yusupov Palace as well as from other palaces of Saint Petersburg and suburbs.

In 1922 an important collection of 19th-century European paintings was transferred to the Hermitage from the Academy of Arts. In turn, in 1927 about 500 important paintings were transferred to the Central Museum of old Western art in Moscow at the insistence of the Soviet authorities. In the early 1930s, 70 more paintings were sent there. After 1932 a number of less significant works of art were transferred to new museums all over the Soviet Union.

In 1928, the Soviet government ordered the Hermitage to compile a list of valuable works of art for export. In 1930-1934, over two thousand works of art from the Hermitage collection were clandestinely sold at auctions abroad or directly to foreign officials and businesspeople. The sold items included Raphael's Alba Madonna, Titian's Venus with a Mirror, Botticelli's Adoration of the Magi of 1475, and Jan van Eyck's Annunciation, among other world known masterpieces by Rembrandt, Van Dyck. In 1931, after a series of negotiations, 21 works of art from the Hermitage were acquired by Andrew W. Mellon, who later donated them to form a nucleus of the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C. (See also Soviet sale of Hermitage paintings).
A room in the Winter Palace

With the German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941, before the Siege of Leningrad started, two trains with a considerable part of the collections were evacuated to Sverdlovsk. Two bombs and a number of shells hit the museum buildings during the siege. The museum opened an exhibition in November 1944. In October 1945 the evacuated collections were brought back, and in November 1945 the museum reopened.

In 1948 316 works of Impressionist, post-Impressionist and modern art from the collection of the Museum of New Western Art in Moscow, originating mostly from the nationalized collections of Sergei Shchukin and Ivan Morozov and disestablished before the war, were transferred to the Hermitage, including works by Matisse and Picasso. Beginning in 1967, a number of works by Matisse were donated to the museum by his muse Lydia Delectorskaya.

In 1981, the restored Menshikov Palace became a new branch of the Hermitage museum, displaying Russian culture of the early 18th century.
Danae after restoration

On June 15, 1985, a man later judged insane attacked Rembrandt's painting Danaë, displayed in the museum. He threw sulfuric acid on the canvas and cut it twice with his knife. The restoration of the painting had been accomplished by Hermitage experts by 1997, and Danaë is now on display behind armoured glass.
[edit] The Hermitage since 1991

In 1991 it became known that some paintings looted by the Red Army in Germany in 1945 had been in the Hermitage. Only in October 1994 the Hermitage officially announced that it had been secretly holding a major trove of French Impressionist and Post-Impressionist paintings from German private collections. The exhibition "Hidden Treasures Revealed", where 74 of the paintings were displayed for the first time, was opened on March 30, 1995 in the Nicholas Hall of the Winter Palace and lasted a year. Of the paintings, all but one originated from private rather than state German collections, including 56 paintings from the Otto Krebs collection, as well as the collection of Bernhard Koehler and paintings previously belonging to Otto Gerstenberg and his daughter Margarete Scharf, including world-famous Place de la Concorde by Degas, In the Garden by Renoir, White House at Night by Van Gogh, and some other collections.[14][15][16] Some of the paintings are now on permanent display in several small rooms in the northeastern corner of the Winter Palace on the first floor.[17][18]

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermitage_ ... Revolution

[CrackSmokeRepublican]

Some notes on Helphand who likely shuttled Rothschild money across Europe to all sorts of "Bolshevik-Masonic" Jews... which eventually led to the Deaths of Millions of Christian Europeans in the 20th century.... he was definitely an operative for the "Protocols of the Elders of Zion" plan, note his studies in Basel, Switzerland in the early 1890s when Zionist Ideals were fully formed and made operational.  He in fact likely collaborated with his fellow "Odessa" Jew A. Ginzburg, in writing the Protocols. At least, I'm sure he left notes in the margins...the US NeoCons are still using his gameplan...     --CSR

Biography

Early life

Israel Lazarevich Gelfand, (Russian: Израиль Лазаревич Гельфанд[1] best remembered by his pseudonym, Alexander Parvus, was born of ethnic Jewish parents on September 8 [O.S. August 27] 1867 in the shtetl of Berazino, now part of Belarus. He was raised in Odessa (in today's Ukraine), where he began associating with the Jewish revolutionary (The Bund) circles.[2]

Revolutionary

At age nineteen he left for Basel, where he continued his studies, becoming a doctor of economy in 1891 (his dissertation dealing with "work recovery"). By this time he openly became a Marxist. He moved to Germany, joined the Social Democratic Party and befriended German revolutionary Rosa Luxemburg. In 1900, he met Vladimir Lenin for the first time, in Munich, each admiring the other's theoretical works. Parvus encouraged Lenin to begin publishing his revolutionary paper Iskra.[3]

Parvus' attempts to become a German citizen proved fruitless. He once commented in a letter to his German friend Wilhelm Liebknecht that "I am seeking a government where one can inexpensively acquire a fatherland."[4] Consequently for many years he attempted to immigrate to the United States.[citation needed] His socialist revolutionary compatriots were already busy establishing a network of mostly Jewish revolutionaries in the United States,[citation needed] including Leon Trotsky who briefly moved to New York City.

However, German counter-intelligence had penetrated part of the socialist revolutionary network and upon reading his writing in the socialist press during the Russo-Japanese War, found Parvus had predicted that Russia would lose the war, resulting in unrest and revolution. When this proved to be the case, Parvus' prestige among his socialist and other German comrades increased. Thus, German intelligence soon estimated he would be useful in efforts against the Russian Empire.

During this time he developed the concept of using a foreign war to provoke an internal revolt within a country. It was at this time that Parvus revived, from Marx, the concept-strategy of "permanent revolution". He communicated this philosophy to Trotsky who then further expanded and developed it. Through Trotsky, the method was eventually adopted by Lenin and the Bolsheviks in Lenin's April Theses in 1917.[3]


Russian Revolution of 1905

In 1905, Parvus arrived in St. Petersburg with false Austro-Hungarian papers. Parvus was regarded among European Marxists of the day as an authority on political and financial questions;[5] consequently when he authored a provocative article In December entitled The Financial Manifesto, which described the Russian economy as being on the verge of collapse it received broad play in the press.

In combination with this propaganda, Parvus coordinated an agitation of locals to feign a run on the banks. As the news of the article and the subsequent "rush" was spread, the consequent hysteria managed to upset the economy and enrage prime minister Sergei Witte, but did not cause a financial collapse.

In connection with this provocation and Parvus' involvement in the organization of anti-government actions during the 1905 revolution, Parvus (together with other revolutionaries such as Leon Trotsky) was arrested by the Russian police. While in prison he became close with other revolutionaries, and was visited by Rosa Luxemburg.[citation needed] Sentenced to three years exile in Siberia, Parvus escaped and emigrated to Germany, where he published a book about his experiences called In the Russian Bastile during the Revolution.
A. Parvus (left) with Leon Trotsky (center) and Leo Deutsch (right) in prison.

The Maxim Gorky affair

While in Germany, Parvus struck a deal with Russian author Maxim Gorky to produce his play The Lower Depths. According to the agreement, the majority of the play's proceeds were to go to the Russian Social Democratic Party (and approximately 25% to Gorky himself). Parvus' failure to pay (despite the fact that the play had over 500 showings) caused him to be accused of stealing 130,000 German gold marks. Gorky threatened to sue, but Rosa Luxemburg convinced Gorky to keep the quarrel inside the party's own court. Eventually, Parvus paid back Gorky, but his reputation in party circles was scathed.

Istanbul period

Soon afterwards Parvus moved to Istanbul in Turkey, where he lived for five years.[6] There he set up an arms trading company which profited handsomely during the Balkan War. He became the financial and political advisor of the Young Turks. In 1912 he was made editor of Turk Yurdu, their daily newspaper. He worked closely with the triumvirs known as the Three Pashas - Enver, Talat and Cemal - and Finance Minister Djavid Bey. The triumvirs of Three Pashas planned and executed the Armenian Genocide in 1915. His firm dealt with the deliveries of foodstuffs for the Turkish army and he was a business partner of the Krupp concern, of Vickers Limited, and of the famous arms dealer Basil Zaharov.[7] Arms dealings with Vickers Limited at war time gave basis to the theory that Alexander Parvus was also a British intelligence asset.

Russian Revolution

While in Turkey, Parvus became close with German ambassador Baron Hans Freiherr von Wangenheim who was known to be partial to establishing revolutionary fifth columns among the allies. Consequently, Parvus offered his plan via Baron von Wangenheim to the German General Staff: the paralyzing of Russia via general strike, financed by the German government[8] (which, at the time, was at war with Russia and its allies). Von Wagenheim sent Parvus to Berlin where the latter arrived on the 6 March 1915 and presented a 20 page plan titled A preparation of massive political strikes in Russia to the German government. [9]

Parvus' detailed plan recommended the division of Russia by sponsoring the Bolshevik faction of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party, encouraging ethnic separatists in various Russian regions, and supporting various writers whose criticism of Tsarism continued during wartime. Basing himself on his 1905 experiences, Parvus theorised that the division of Russia and its loss in the First World War was the best way to bring about a socialist revolution.

Copenhagen operation

Some accuse Parvus of having funded Lenin while in Switzerland. A biography of Parvus by the authors Scharlau and Zeman have concluded that there was absolute cooperation between the two. It declared that

Austrian intelligence through Parvus gave money to Russian emigre newspapers in Paris. But when the sources of this funding became clear in the beginning of 1915 and more widely understood—Lenin and the emigres in Paris rejected such support. Harold Shukman has concluded, "Funds were plainly not flowing into Lenin's hands" [10]

Parvus placed his bets on Lenin, as the latter was not only a radical but willing to accept the sponsorship of the Tsar's wartime enemy, Germany. The two met in Bern in May 1915 and agreed to collaboration through their organizations, though Lenin remained very careful never to get associated with Parvus in public. There is no certain proof that they ever met face to face again, although there are indications that such a meeting may well have occurred on April 13, 1917 during Lenin's stop-over in Stockholm.[11]

Parvus assiduously worked at keeping Lenin's confidence, however Lenin kept him at arms length to disguise the changing roles of both men, Parvus involvement with German intelligence and his own liaisons with his old ally, who was not respected anymore among the socialists after his years in Turkey and after becoming a millionaire entrepreneur.[12] German intelligence set up Parvus' financial network via offshore operations in Copenhagen, setting up relays for German money to get to Russia via fake financial transactions between front organizations. A large part of the transactions of these companies were genuine, but those served to bury the transfer of money to the Bolsheviks, a strategy made feasible by the weak and overburdened fiscal and customs offices in Scandinavia, which were inadequate for the booming black market in these countries during the war.

It is still debated to the present day whether the money with which this financial network operated was actually of German origin. The evidence published by Kerensky's Government in preparation for a trial scheduled for October (November) 1917 was recently reexamined and found to be either inconclusive or outright forgery[13]. (See also Sisson Documents)

However, setbacks occurred, as Ganetsky's suspicious arms smuggling activities drew unwanted attention from the British Secret Intelligence Service who now traced Ganetsky to Parvus and hence to Baron von Wangenheim. The Baron had long been under surveillance for his support of the Young Turks' revolutionary actions against the British. As a result Ganetsky was forced out of Denmark, while attempts were made by the British and Russians to stamp out the Bolshevik's financial network in Turkey. Additionally, as Lenin became more and more aware of Parvus' relations with German intelligence their relations became increasingly strained. Losing the confidence and/or control of his agents, Parvus began looking for other avenues of operation.

Parvus' reputation with the German ministry of foreign affairs came into question when in the winter of 1916 a Parvus planned financial catastrophe in St. Petersburg (akin to Parvus' provocation against the Russian banks in 1905) failed to produce a massive uprising. As a result, financing for Parvus' operations were frozen. Parvus went for support to the German Navy, briefly working as their advisor. He managed to help prevent Russian naval admiral Kolchak from taking on his offensive against the Turko-German Fleet in the Bosphorus and Dardanelles by planning the sabotage of a major Russian warship. This success gave him more credibility, once again, in the eyes of the Germans.

In March 1917, in a plan strategized together with Parvus, German intelligence sent Vladimir Lenin and a group of 30 of his revolutionary associates from Switzerland through Germany in a train car under supervision of Swiss socialist Fritz Platten.[14]

Leon Trotsky has responded to these allegations in Volume 2 Chapter 4 of his History of the Russian Revolution.

Spartacist uprising

As the depth of Parvus' arrangements with the Germans became known this also ruined relations with the rest of the revolutionary network including Rosa Luxemburg and other German socialists who were engaging in the subversion of Germany. Despite evidence showing the Parvus had never betrayed German socialists to the authorities, his credibility among the revolutionary elite went sour.

As his political activity waned, the war ground to a halt, and he refused to help the new German authorities smash the Spartacist uprising, he retreated to a German island near Berlin. Despite his failure to help the new Weimar Republic regime he was well provided for, living in a well appointed 32-room mansion in Berlin's Peacock Island. He later published his memoirs from this residence.

Death and legacy

Parvus died in Berlin on December 12, 1924. His body was cremated and interred in a Berlin cemetery. After his death Konrad Haenisch wrote in his memoir "This man possessed the ablest brains of the Second International"[15]

During his lifetime Alexander Parvus' reputation among his revolutionary peers suffered as a result of the Maxim Gorky affair and the fact that he was in effect a German government agent. At the same time both his business skills and revolutionary ideas were appreciated and relied upon by Russian and German revolutionaries and Ottoman's Young Turks. After the October Revolution in Russia for obvious political reasons his role was denied and he himself vilified. This continued during Stalin's era and sometimes had anti-semitic overtones to it. In Germany however he was considered favorably.[clarification needed][8] His name is often used in modern political debates in Russia[7]

Surprisingly, Parvus has left no documents after his death and all of his savings disappeared. Both of his surviving sons became great Soviet diplomats, although one died in the gulag and the other disappeared

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Parvus  (Helphand)

Trotsky as a Freemason

Under the Sign of the Scorpion - the Rise and Fall of the Soviet Empire
2005 08 30

By Jüri Lina | TrueDemocracy.net


Lenin and Trotsky, 1917

Excerpt from Under The Sign of the Scorpion by Jüri Lina

Mr. Leiba Bronstein became a freemason in 1897 and later a high-ranking Illuminatus through his friend Alexander Parvus. He also maintained contacts with B'nai B'rith, a Jewish Masonic order, which had previously aided Jewish "revolutionaries" in Russia.

Jacob Schiff, chairman of the banking house Kuhn, Loeb & Co. and a minion of the Rothschilds, took care of the contacts between the "revolutionary movement in Russia" and B'nai B'rith. (Gerald B. Winrod, "Adam Weishaupt - A Human Devil", p. 47.)

Leiba Bronstein began to study freemasonry and the history of the secret societies seriously in 1898, and continued these studies during the two years he spent in prison in Odessa. He took notes amounting to over 1000 pages. "Internationaler Freimaurer-Lexikon" (Vienna/Munich, 1932, p. 204) reluctantly admits that Leiba Bronstein-Trotsky came to Bolshevism through this study of freemasonry.

As a People's Commissary for Military Affairs, Trotsky introduced the pentagram - the five-pointed star - as the symbol of the Red Army. The Cabbalists had taken over this symbol of black magic from the witches in ancient Chaldea. With the aid of Alexander Parvus, Trotsky reached the conclusion that the true purpose of freemasonry was to eliminate the nation states and their cultures and to introduce a Judaised world state.

This is also stated in "The Secret Initiation into the 33rd Degree": "Freemasonry is nothing more and nothing less than revolution in action, continuous conspiracy." Bronstein became a convinced internationalist who, through Parvus, learned that the Jewish people were their own collective Messiah and would reach domination over all peoples through the mixing of the other races and elimination of national boundaries.

An international republic was to be created, where the Jews would be the ruling element, since no others would be able to understand and control the masses. Leiba Bronstein became a member of the French Masonic lodge Art et Travail, to which Lenin also belonged, but in addition joined B'nai B'rith, according to the political scientist Karl Steinhauser ("EG - Die Super-UdSSR von morgen" / "EU - the Super Soviet Union of Tomorrow", Vienna, 1992, p. 162).

Leon Trotsky became a member of the Jewish Masonic order B'nai B'rith in New York, in January 1917. (Yuri Begunov, Secret Forces in the History of Russia, St. Petersburg, 1995, pp. 138-139.) He was already a member of the Misraim-Memphis freemasonry.

Winston Churchill confirmed in 1920 that Trotsky was also an Illuminatus. (Illustrated Sunday Herald, 8 February 1920.) Trotsky eventually reached a very high position within freemasonry, since he belonged to the Shriner Lodge, which only freemasons of the 32nd degree and higher were allowed to join. Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Alexander Kerensky, Béla Kun, and other leading politicians have also been among these select few. (Professor Johan von Leers, The Power behind the President, Stockholm, 1941, p. 148.)

(Under the Sign of the Scorpion, Stockholm, 2002.)

This 447 page book presents shocking new facts about the bloody upheavals in Russia in 1917. The Author reveals the presence of dark Masonic forces behind the scenes (both Lenin and Trotsky were high-ranking freemasons and Illuminati, obeying the International Masonic Council).

The Author pursues the history of the communist ideology from the Illuminati of the 18th century, to Moses Hess and his disciples Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. The Illuminati movement was founded on the 1st of May 1776 in Ingolstadt, Bavaria. The book describes the role of the Illuminati in the French "Revolution." It then goes on to examine the so-called Russian Revolutions in 1917. Jüri Lina shows how the events in Russia between 1917 and 1991 still affect the fate of the world.

The author tries to answer questions like:

*Where did the Communist idea originate and how was it developed?
*Why did powerful international financial circles finance the "Russian revolutionaries" in March and November 1917?
*What was the purpose of the social destruction that followed and in which way did this serve the forces behind the Communists?

"Under the Sign of the Scorpion" will change the reader's perception of reality. After the fall of the Soviet power on 24 August 1991, the official archives have begun to reveal their secrets to amazed Russian historians. There is a constant flow of new shocking information, but only a trickle has as yet reached us in Western Europe and America.

Above all, we lack an overall picture. It is this picture that Jüri Lina attempts to give us in his book, which is largely based on released Russian material.

The author also explains why the Soviet Union was abolished and is currently being recreated under another name - the European Union. The book is illustrated.

International customers may order the book by paying $30 (USA), £20 (UK), 25 euros into Jüri Lina's bank account in the following way:
Swift: HANDSESS 6916 account 374 462 682, Jüri Lina

You may also mail cash directly to:
Jüri Lina,
Friggs väg 6 IV,
145 69 Norsborg (Stockholm),
Sweden

Article from: http://truedemocracy.net/td2_3/99_ads.html

[CrackSmokeRepublican]

Long but good in accounts... found that Princip was a Freemason... it all kind of "clicks" now...

----------------------------------------------

Under the Sign of the Scorpion

HOW THE COMMUNISTS SEIZED POWER


The great Russian author Fiodor Dostoyevsky predicted that Communism would come from Europe and that its introduction would claim tens of millions of victims and that Communism would be a catastrophe for mankind. In the same vein, the exiled Russian philosopher Nikolai Berdyayev, in his book "The Meaning of History" (1923), warned about an ever darker anti-humanist period presaging an apocalyptic horror.

Only now has it become relatively easy to describe the chain of events, which led the Bolsheviks to the seat of power. The material, which has so far been made available, is, in itself, very shocking and it can definitively be shown that there was an international conspiracy behind the "revolutions" in Russia.

In 1915 Alexander Parvus (Israel Helphand) made plans for the Bolsheviks' (i.e. the Illuminati's) seizure of power by the aid of the German secret service. He had written the leading role for Vladimir Ulyanov-Lenin. In the same year, Parvus received 7 million marks from the German Department of Finance "to develop revolutionary propaganda in Russia". Parvus met Lenin in Zurich in May 1915 to discuss his plans. Lenin stubbornly preferred Switzerland as the victim of the conspiracy. According to the American newspaper The New Federalist (11th of September 1987)

Parvus contributed to the First World War with his intrigues. In any case, he was extremely well informed. He predicted in 1904 that the industrial countries would be drawn into a world war, which would be the bloody dawn of great events.

Meanwhile, Lenin could not believe that the Communists would reach power in his lifetime. He said this in a lecture in Bern on the 22nd of January 1917, thus just before the February coup. ("Collected Works", Vol. 19, p. 357.)

Nor did Lenin believe there would be a world war. This, too, shows that he was just a puppet in the hands of the international financial elite.
 
The Background of the First World War

Here I should mention something about the background to the First World War. It was revealed during the trial of Gavrilo Princip and Nedelko Cabrinovic, the assassins of Franz Ferdinand (the heir to the Austrian throne), that the French Masonic organization Grand Orient was behind the assassination plans, and not the Serbian nationalist organization the Black Hand.

This enormous provocation had been planned in Paris in 1912 at 16 Rue Cadets, the headquarters of Grand Orient. Nedelko Cabrinovic revealed in court how the freemasons had sentenced Franz Ferdinand to death. He learned this from the freemason Ziganovic (it was he who gave the Jewish assassin Princip a Browning pistol). Princip was also a freemason.

The sentence was executed on the 28th of June 1914. Everything according to the stenographic report of the court published in Alfred Mousset's book "L'Attentat de Sarajevo", Paris, 1930. This information was later hushed up.


It has also been kept secret that an attempt was made to murder Grigori Rasputin in Pokrovskoye in Siberia at exactly the same time. Rasputin was the magician of the Tsar's court and the Tsarina's favorite and was decidedly against Russia being drawn into a major war. (Colin Wilson "The Occult", London, 1971, p. 500.)

The freemason Prince Felix Yusupov managed to kill Rasputin on December 29, 1916. The Austrian freemason and Bolshevik Karl Radek (Tobiach Sobel-sohn) also knew about this. He had always been well informed. Radek knew Ziganovic personally from his time in Paris. He tried to reveal the secrets about the war during the trial against him in Moscow in 1937, but Stalin's lackeys shut him up. He was not given another chance to speak and carried these secrets with him into the grave (Molodaya Gvardiya, No. 2, 1991, p. 121).

What were the Grand Orient's motives? I do not need to speculate here. It is best to cite Zionist sources. The Zionist newspaper Peiewische Vordle wrote on the 13th of January 1919:

    "The international Jewry... believed it necessary to force Europe into the war so that a new Jewish era could begin throughout the world."

The periodical British Israel Truth stated in 1906:

    "We must prepare our-selves for big changes in a Great War which faces the peoples of Europe."

The Jewish periodical Hammer was unusually forthright just before the February coup:

    "The fate of the Russian empire has been staked upon one card... there is no rescue for the Russian government. The Jewry have decided this and thus it shall be."

Litman Rosenthal explained in the newspaper American Jews' News on the 19th of September 1919 that the First World War was brought about through the intrigues of the Jews and that all this was planned in Basel as early as 1903.


The rabbi Reichhorn in the periodical Le Contemporain proves that those plans were far-reaching on the 1st of July 1880:

    "We shall force the goyim into a war by exploiting their pride, arrogance and stupidity. They will tear each other into pieces. They will force each other out of their countries, which we shall then be able to give to our people."

At the same time, the plan was that the world war would diminish the success of the Germans on the international market, according to the historian Gary Allen.


Karl Heise published the British freemasons' map of Europe from 1888. The map presented the new national borders of Europe, which became reality after the First World War. (Pekka Ervast, "Vapaamuurareiden kadonnut sana" / "The Freemasons' Lost Word", Helsinki, 1965, p. 78.)

 

His interesting book "Entente - Freimaurerei und Weltkrieg", an analysis of the treacherous role of the freemasons in causing the First World War, was published in Basel in 1919.


In the newspaper Truth, December 1890, a map was published that depicted the borders of Europe, which became reality in 1919. Three empires were gone. This was published as a satire:

    "Look what the opponents of the freemasons have come up with!"

But in 1919, nobody was laughing any more.

As I have related earlier, Parvus also found the money for the coup attempts in 1905. Now he took good care of Lenin. He made him editor of the newspaper Iskra as early as 1901, from his home in a Munich suburb, and also organized a printing office in Leipzig. Parvus made sure that the newspaper reached Russia. Parvus even let Lenin live in his flat in Zurich. (Lenin lived in Switzerland between 1914 and 1917.)

Parvus had explained to Lenin that the organisation of the revolution needed money and that even more money was needed to stay in power. Parvus knew what he was talking about, since he acted as a financial adviser to both the Turks and the Bulgarians during the Balkan wars, 1912-13. At the same time he became immensely rich through his own arms deals. Parvus had worked from Salonica in Greece, where he got into contact with the powerful local Masonic organization.

The most important force behind him was Prince Volpi di Misurata -perhaps the most powerful man in Venice - who helped Parvus with finance, deals and Masonic contacts. It was this Volpi who, in October 1922, brought the socialist-fascist Benito Mussolini into power, making the King appoint him prime minister.

He was also behind the founding of Libya in 1934. Mussolini had been especially pleased with the murder of the Russian Prime Minister Stolypin, whom he called "the tyrant by the Neva" in an article. Volpi became minister of finance in Mussolini's government. Volpi had been in the centre of the financial circles that provoked the Balkan War in 1912-13. (The New Federalist, 11th of September 1987.)

In 1916, Alexander Parvus suggested that the German government should finance Lenin and his Party still more intensively. They would be able to make a separate peace with Germany if they reached power in Petrograd. It was also clear to the Germans that the Bolsheviks would be able to efficiently weaken Russia.

The Kaiser's Zionist adviser Walter Rathenau (1867-1922), who was a rich industrialist, also recommended financing the Bolsheviks. Germany's ambassador in Copenhagen, Count Ulrich von Brockdorff-Rantzau, who was a well-known 33rd degree freemason and Illuminatus, was of the same opinion. (Nesta Webster and Kurt Kerlen, "Boche and Bolshevik", New York, 1923, pp. 33-34.) Parvus was close to him and had great influence over him. Parvus himself made 20 million marks from this suggestion.

It was Ulrich Brockdorff-Rantzau's letter on the 14th of August 1915 which finally decided the question of financial support to the Bolsheviks. This letter, addressed to the German vice-state secretary, summarized a discussion between Brockdorff-Rantzau and Helphand-Parvus. The ambassador strongly recommended employing Helphand to undermine Russia since "he is an exceedingly important man, whose unusual power we should be able to utilize during the war".

But the ambassador added a warning:

    "It is probably dangerous to use the forces which are behind Helphand, but if we should refuse to use their services, since we fear that we may not be able to control them, it will surely only demonstrate our weakness."

    (Professor Z. A. B. Zeman, "Germany and the Revolution in Russia, 1915-1918. Documents from the Archives of the German Foreign Ministry", London, 1958, p. 4, Document 5.)

Actually, the first transfer of five million marks from the German Foreign Ministry to the Bolsheviks for "revolutionary propaganda" had already occurred on the 7th of June 1915. The Germans' Estonian agent Aleksander Keskula acted as one of the go-betweens in the transfer. His co-operation with the Germans began on the 12th of September 1914. Keskula met Lenin for the first time on October 6, 1914. Lenin also had demands to make on the Germans. He demanded, among other things, the chance to occupy India.

Some powerful American forces had exactly the same interest in using the "revolutionaries".

It was primarily the American International Corporation, with John Pierpoint Morgan Jr. (1867-1943) at the head, who tried to gain control of those international speculants and adventurers, according to Antony Sutton (doctor in economics). (Antony Sutton, "Wall Street and the Bolshevik Revolution", Morley, 1981, p. 41.) It was above all Jacob and Mortimer Schiff, Felix Warburg, Otto H. Kahn, Max Warburg, Jerome J. Hanauer, Alfred Milner and the copper family Guggenheim who financed the Bolsheviks, according to the Jewish historian David Shub.

A document (861.00/5339) in the archives of the U.S. State Department confirms this. Two further names are mentioned in this document: Max Breitung and Isaac Seligman. All those people were Jews and freemasons. According to the same document, plans to depose the Tsar were made in February 1916. There are always some people who make money out of wars and revolutions.

We must not forget this when we seek to understand history.

The Zionist banker and freemason Max Warburg played an important role in funding the Communist propaganda in Russia. He saw to it that the industrialist Hugo Stinnes agreed to give two million rubles to the Bolsheviks' publishing activity on the 12th of August 1916. (Zeman, "Germany and the Revolution in Russia, 1915-18. Documents from the Archives of the German Foreign Ministry", London, 1958, p. 92.)

Thus there are documents extant which show that Max Warburg and other super-wealthy Jews supported Communism. These statements are not just made up, as certain know-it-alls have claimed. Max Warburg was the richest and most powerful banker in Germany. The periodical Hammer (No. 502, on the 15th of May 1923) called him "the secret emperor".

Max Warburg's brother, Paul, was married to Nina Loeb, daughter of the Jewish banker Salomon Loeb. Kuhn, Loeb & Co. were the most powerful United States bank syndicate. Another of Max Warburg's brothers, Felix, married Frieda Schiff, who was the daughter of Jacob Schiff. The latter was one of the most important men within Kuhn, Loeb & Co.

The Schiff family and the Rothschild family owned a twin company in Frankfurt am Main as early as in the 18th century. Jacob H. Schiff was descended from a distinguished rabbinical family. He came to New York in the 1860s. It was Rothschild who trained him. Schiff began buying himself into Kuhn, Loeb & Co. with Rothschild's money. Both Paul and Felix Warburg became part owners of Kuhn, Loeb & Co.

Even Alexander Parvus began preparing the Bolsheviks' take-over of power in 1916. He made sure that Lenin had all the money he needed. (Igor Bunich, "The Party's Gold", St. Petersburg, 1992, p. 34.) In this way, Lenin and Parvus received a total of six million dollars in gold. (Karl Steinhauser, "EG - Die Super UdSSR von Morgen", Vienna, 1992, p.167.)

Meanwhile, as many extremist Jews as possible were recruited into the "revolutionary" movement. The German Jew Karl Kautsky (1854-1938) emphasized that "the Jews in Russia had only one true friend - the revolutionary movement". The Jews then comprised 30-55 per cent of the Bolshevik Party.

Dostoyevsky predicted that the Jews would enslave the Russians so that these would become pack-mules and that the Jews would drink the people's blood.

The Coup in February 1917
As early as in April 1916, the Russian freemasons had a plan ready, according to which the Tsar would be deposed and replaced by a liberal socialist Masonic government.

Pavel Milyukov revealed in his memoirs how a preliminary list of the people who were to make up the Provisional Government was drawn up in P. Ryabushinsky's flat on the 13th of August 1915. The only person missing from that list was the Jewish lawyer Alexander Kerensky (actually Aaron Kiirbis).
The writer and freemason Mark Aldanov (actually Landau) explained that the final list was finished in 1916 at the hotel Frantsiya. (Boris Nikolayevsky, "The Russian Freemasons and the Russian Revolution", Moscow, 1990, p. 164.)

The list was again re-worked on the 6th of April 1916 at the house of the publicist and freemason Yekaterina Kuskova, a fact evident from a letter written by her on that day. This information, which points to the fact that there was a conspiracy behind the events in Russia in 1917, was published in the exiled Russian historian Sergei Melgunov's book "The Preparations for the Palace Coup" and in Grigori Aronson's book "Russia at the Dawn of the Revolution" (New York, 1962, p. 126).

In 1912, Zionists and Masonic circles had helped the freemason Thomas Woodrow Wilson (1856-1924) to power in the United States. As president he began working diligently to depose the Tsar of Russia. A campaign of slander was started. An agitatory campaign in 1912 led to a bloodbath by the river Lena. There were no widespread troubles, however. Russia had borrowed large amounts of money to be able to go to war. This meant that the country was especially vulnerable.

According to Alexander Solzhenitsyn, the international Jewish finance world handed an ultimatum to the Russian government - the Jews in the Russian society must be allowed to act as Jews. All credit was immediately suspended. Without this credit, Russia could no longer wage war. The Minister for Foreign Affairs, Sergei Sazonov, confirmed that the Allies could not help Russia either, since they too relied upon the Jewish financial elite.

Shcherbatov said during a meeting of the government (according to the minutes):

    "We have fallen into the witches' ring. We are powerless: the money is in the hands of the Jews and without them we cannot get a single kopek..."

    (A. Solzhenitsyn, "Collected Works", Paris, 1984, Vol. 13, pp. 263-267.)

http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/socio ... pion06.htm

[CrackSmokeRepublican]

Interesting connections between Henry Morganthau (Zionist) and Von Wangenheim the German  "Counter-Intelligence agent" that sponsored Parvus and Lenin...

The graphics at the link at the end show that all Zionist sides tied in to the Deaths of Millions in Europe...

================


 Russian Revolution

While in Turkey, Parvus became close with German ambassador Baron Hans Freiherr von Wangenheim who was known to be partial to establishing revolutionary fifth columns among the allies. Consequently, Parvus offered his plan via Baron von Wangenheim to the German General Staff: the paralyzing of Russia via general strike, financed by the German government (which, at the time, was at war with Russia and its allies). Von Wagenheim sent Parvus to Berlin where the latter arrived on the 6th of March, 1915 and presented a 20 page plan titled "A preparation of massive political strikes in Russia" to the German government.ru icon cite web Russian Revolution

While in Turkey, Parvus became close with German ambassador Baron Hans Freiherr von Wangenheim who was known to be partial to establishing revolutionary fifth columns among the allies. Consequently, Parvus offered his plan via Baron von Wangenheim to the German General Staff: the paralyzing of Russia via general strike, financed by the German government (which, at the time, was at war with Russia and its allies). Von Wagenheim sent Parvus to Berlin where the latter arrived on the 6th of March, 1915 and presented a 20 page plan titled "A preparation of massive political strikes in Russia" to the German government.

Formerly American Ambassador to Turkey

ILLUSTRATED


Fig. 1. HENRY I MORGENTHAU,
American Ambassador at Constantinople from 1913 to 1916

GARDEN CITY NEW YORK
DOUBLEDAY, PAGE & COMPANY
1918

.

TO

        WOODROW WILSON
        THE EXPONENT IN AMERICA OF THE ENLIGHTENED PUBLIC OPINION OF THE WORLD, WHICH HAS DECREED THAT THE RIGHTS OF SMALL NATIONS SHALL BE RESPECTED AND THAT SUCH CRIMES AS ARE DESCRIBED IN THIS BOOK SHALL NEVER AGAIN DARKEN THE PAGES OF HISTORY

        .

PREFACE

By this time the American people have probably become convinced that the Germans deliberately planned the conquest of the world. Yet they hesitate to convict on circumstantial evidence and for this reason all eye witnesses to this, the greatest crime in modern history, should volunteer their testimony.

I have therefore laid aside any scruples I had as to the propriety of disclosing to my fellow countrymen the facts which I learned while representing them in Turkey. I acquired this knowledge as the servant of the American people, and it is their property as much as it is mine.

I greatly regret that I have been obliged to omit an account of the splendid activities of the American Missionary and Educational Institutions in Turkey, but to do justice to this subject would require a book by itself. I have had to omit the story of the Jews in Turkey for the same reasons.

My thanks are due to my friend, Mr. Burton J. Hendrick, for the invaluable assistance he has rendered in the preparation of the book.

    HENRY MORGENTHAU.
    October, 1918.

            CONTENTS

I.
    A German superman at Constantinople

II.
    The "Boss System" in the Ottoman Empire and how it proved useful to Germany

III.
    "The personal representative of the Kaiser." Wangenheim opposes the sale of American warships to Greece

IV.
    Germany mobilizes the Turkish army
V.
    Wangenheim smuggles the Goeben and the Breslau through the Dardanelles

VI.
    Wangenheim tells the American Ambassador how the Kaiser started the war

VII.
    Germany's plans for new territories, coaling stations, and indemnities

VIII.
    A classic instance of German propaganda

IX.
    Germany closes the Dardanelles and so separates Russia from her Allies

X.
    Turkey's abrogation of the capitulations. Enver living in a palace, with plenty of money and an imperial bride

XI.
    Germany forces Turkey into the war

XII.
    The Turks attempt to treat alien enemies decently, but the Germans insist on persecuting them

XIII.
    The invasion of the Notre Dame de Sion School

XIV.
    Wangenheim and the Bethlehem Steel Company. A "Holy War" that was made in Germany

XV.
    Djemal, a troublesome Mark Antony. The first German attempt to get a German peace

XVI.
    The Turks prepare to flee from Constantinople and establish a new capital in Asia Minor. The Allied fleet bombarding the Dardanelles

XVII.
    Enver as the man who demonstrated "the vulnerability of the British fleet." Old-fashioned defenses of the Dardanelles

XVIII.
    The Allied armada sails away, though on the brink of victory

XIX.
    A fight for three thousand civilians

XX.
    More adventures of the foreign residents

XXI.
    Bulgaria on the auction block

XXII.
    The Turk reverts to the ancestral type

XXIII.
    The "Revolution" at Van

XXIV.
    The murder of a nation

XXV.
    Talaat tells why he deports the Armenians

XXVI.
    Enver Pasha discusses the Armenians

XXVII
    "I shall do nothing for the Armenians," says the German Ambassador

XXVIII.
    Enver again moves for peace. Farewell to the Sultan and to Turkey

XXIX.
    Von Jagow, Zimmermann, and German-Americans

            LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

1.
    Henry Morgenthau.

2.
    Mrs. Henry Morgenthau with Soeur Jeanne

3.
    Constantinople from the American Embassy

4.
    Beylerbey palace on the Bosphorus

5.
    The American Embassy at Constantinople

6.
    Henry Morgenthau, American Ambassador to Turkey, 1913-1916

7.
    Talaat Pasha, ex-Grand Vizier of Turkey

8a.
    Turkish infantry

8b.
    Turkish cavalry

9.
    Bustány Effendi

10a.
    Mohammed V, late Sultan of Turkey

 10b.
     Sultan's carriage at American Embassy

11.
    Wangenheim, the German Ambassador

12.
    The Sultan, Mohammed V, going to his regular Friday prayers

13.
    Talaat and Enver at a military review

14.
    Baron Von Wangenheim, German Ambassador to Turkey

15.
    Djemal Pasha, Minister of Marine

16.
    The Marquis Garroni, Italian Ambassador to the Sublime Porte in 1914

17.
    M. Tocheff, Bulgarian Minister at Constantinople

18.
    The American summer Embassy on the Bosphorus

19.
    Enver Pasha, Minister of War

20.
    Saïd Halim, Ex-grand Vizier

21.
    Sir Louis Mallet and M. Bompard

22.
    Gen. Liman von Sanders

23.
    German and Turkish officers on board the Goeben

24.
    Bedri Bey, Prefect of Police at Constantinople; Djavid Bey, Minister of Finance in Turkish Cabinet

25.
    The British Embassy

26.
    Robert College at Constantinople

27.
    The American Embassy Staff

28.
    The Modern Turkish soldier

29.
    The Ministry of War

30.
    The Ministry of Marine.

31.
    Halil Bey in Berlin; Talaat and Kühlmann

32.
    General Mertens

33.
    The Red Crescent

34.
    Enver Pasha

35.
    Turkish quarters at the Dardanelles

36.
    Looking north to the city of Gallipoli

37.
    The British ship Albion

38.
    The Dardanelles as it was March 16, 1915

39.
    Tchemenlik and Fort Anadolu Hamidié

40.
    Fort Dardanos

41.
    The American ward of the Turkish hospital

42.
    Students of the Constantinople College

43.
    Abdul Hamid

44.
    A characteristic view of the Armenian country

45.
    Fishing village on Lake Van

46.
    Refugees at Van crowding around a public oven, hoping to get bread

47.
    Kaiser William II, in the uniform of a Turkish Field Marshal

48.
    Interior of the Armenian church at Urfa

49.
    Armenian soldiers

50.
    Those who fell by the wayside . . . . . .

51.
    A view of Harpoot

52.
    View of Urfa

53.
    A relic of the Armenian massacres at Erzingan

54.
    The funeral of Baron von Wangenheim.

http://www.gwpda.org/wwi-www/morgenthau/MorgenTC.htm

[CrackSmokeRepublican]

Comments from Historians226

from Pears, FORTY YEARS IN CONSTANTINOPLE (London, 1916)

p. 344:
'Now let me digress to speak of a somewhat delicate subject. The British Ambassador, Sir Louis Mallet, whose appointment dated from June, 1913, laboured under a series of disadvantages to which his German colleague was not subjected. Baron von Wangenheim had extremely competent interpreters or Dragomans. Nine months before the outbreak of the war we had at the British Embassy a Dragoman, Mr. Fitzmaurice, whose general intelligence, knowledge of Turkey, of its Ministers and people, and especially of the Turkish language, was, to say the least, equal to that of the best Dragoman which Germany ever possessed. His health had run down, and he had been given a holiday but when, I think in the month of February, 1914, Sir Louis Mallet returned to Constantinople, Mr. Fitzmaurice did not return with him, and was never in Constantinople until after the outbreak of war with England. It is said that he did not return because the Turkish Ambassador in London made a request to that effect. I do not know whether the statement is true or not. I think it probable that if such a request were made it was because Mr. Fitzmaurice did not conceal his dislike of the policy which the Young Turks were pursuing. In this respect he and I often differed, and have spent hours in discussing the policy of the Young Turks. But as his ability and loyalty to his chief is beyond question, and as he possesses a quite exceptional knowledge of the Turkish Empire, and had proved himself a most useful public servant, both in his investigation of the massacres in Armenia, at Urfa and other places, and at a later period in acting with the representative of the Indian Government in settling the boundary of the Aden district, it was nothing short of a national misfortune that he did not return with Sir Louis Mallet.
[continues on p. 345]

Some Adverse Criticism

Gerald Henry Fitzmaurice

(Moorehead, Gallipoli, Arrow. 1959 edition, p. 19)

There was one other man who was extremely influential in the Allied camp. This was Fitzmaurice, the Dragoman of the British Embassy.  T. E. Lawrence had met Fitzmaurice in Constantinople before the war and wrote [to Liddell Hart] the following note about him:

"The Ambassadors were Lowther (an utter dud) and Louis Mallet who was pretty good and gave fair warning of the trend of feeling. I blame much of our ineffectiveness upon Fitzmaurice, the Dragoman, an eagle-mind and a personality of iron vigour [high praise from 'Lawrence of Arabia'!]. Fitzmaurice had lived half a lifetime and was the Embassy's official go-between and native authority. He knew everything and was feared from end to end of Turkey. Unfortunately, he was a rabid R.C. and hated Freemasons and Jews with a religious hatred. The Young Turk movement was fifty per cent crypto-Jew and ninety-five per cent Freemason [on this, see the article by Kedourie]. So he regarded it as the devil and threw the whole influence of England over to the unfashionable Sultan and his effete palace clique. Fitzm. was really rabid ... and his prejudices completely blinded his judgment. His prestige, however, was enormous and our Ambassadors and the F.O. staff went down before him like nine-pins. Thanks to him, we rebuffed every friendly advance the Young Turks made."


Note:  The letter quoted above is the only adverse criticism that I have found concerning the long term influence of Gerald Henry Fitzmaurice. Use of the phrase "rabid R.C." tells us more about T. E. Lawrence than it does about G. H. Fitzmaurice. I would expect the Foreign Office, circa 1908, to quickly recognize religious bias in an Irish Catholic and to take such bias into account when evaluating recommendations.

I have found no support for the accusation of anti-Semitism. There was much less anti-Semitism among Irish Catholics than among Catholics in other European countries.

I shall continue my search for well-reasoned disagreement with the views of GHF.

http://www.fitzmaurice.info/dragoman.html

BARON VON WANGENHEIM, GERMAN AMBASSADOR TO TURKEY.

He was personally selected by the Kaiser to bring Turkey into line with Germany and transform that country into an ally of Germany in the forthcoming war---a task at which be succeeded. Wangenheim represented German diplomacy in its most ruthless and most shameless aspects. He believed with Bismarck that a patriotic German must stand ready to sacrifice for Kaiser and Fatherland not only his life, but his honour as well. With wonderful skill be manipulated the desperate adventurers who controlled Turkey in 1914 into instruments of Germany

Thus Wangenheim's manoeuvre accomplished two purposes: it placed Germany before the populace as Turkey's friend, and it also provided a subterfuge for getting the ships through the Dardanelles, and enabling them to remain in Turkish waters. All this beguiled the more ignorant of the Turkish people, and gave the Cabinet a plausible ground for meeting the objection of Entente diplomats, but it did not deceive any intelligent person. The Goeben and Breslau might change their names, and the German sailors might adorn themselves with Turkish fezzes, but we all knew from the beginning that this sale was a sham. Those who understood the financial condition of Turkey could only be amused at the idea that she could purchase these modern vessels. Moreover, the ships were never incorporated in the Turkish navy; on the contrary, what really happened was that the Turkish navy was annexed to these German ships. A handful of Turkish sailors were placed on board at one time for appearance sake, but their German officers and German crews still retained active charge. Wangenheim, in his talks with me, never made any secret of the fact that the ships still remained German property. "I never expected to have such big checks to sign," he remarked one day, referring to his expenditures on the Goeben and the Breslau. He always called them "our" ships. Even Talaat told me in so many words that the cruisers did not belong to Turkey.

"The Germans say they belong to the Turks," he remarked, with his characteristic laugh. "At any rate, it's very comforting for us to have them here. After the war, if the Germans win, they will forget all about it and leave the ships to us. If the Germans lose, they won't be able to take them away from us!"

The German Government made no real pretension that the sale had been bona fide; at least when the Greek Minister at Berlin protested against the transaction as unfriendly to Greece,---naïvely forgetting the American ships which Greece bad recently purchased---the German officials soothed him by admitting, sotto voce, that the ownership still remained with Germany. Yet when the Entente ambassadors constantly protested against the presence of the German vessels, the Turkish officials blandly kept up the pretence that they were integral parts of the Turkish navy!

The German officers and crews greatly enjoyed this farcical pretence that the Goeben and the Breslau were Turkish ships. They took delight in putting on Turkish fezzes, thereby presenting to the world conclusive evidence that these loyal sailors of the Kaiser were now parts of the Sultan's navy. One day the Goeben sailed up the Bosphorus, halted in front of the Russian Embassy, and dropped anchor. Then the officers and men lined the deck in full view of the enemy embassy. All solemnly removed their Turkish fezzes and put on German caps. The band played "Deutschland über Alles," the "Watch on the Rhine," and other German songs, the German sailors singing loudly to the accompaniment. When they had spent an hour or more serenading the Russian Ambassador, the officers and crews removed their German caps and again put on their Turkish fezzes. The Goeben then picked up her anchor and started southward for her station, leaving in the ears of the Russian diplomat the gradually dying strains of German war songs as the cruiser disappeared down stream.

Fig. 15. DJEMAL PASHA, MINISTER OF MARINE. In 1914 DjemaI headed the Police Department; it was his duty to run down citizens who were opposing the political gang then controlling Turkey. Such opponents were commonly assassinated or judicially murdered. Afterward Djemal was Minister of Marine, and as such violently protested against the sale of American warships to Greece. Then he was sent to Palestine as Commander of the Fourth Army Corps, where he distinguished himself as leader in the wholesale persecutions of the non-Moslem population

I have often speculated on what would have happened if the English battle cruisers, which pursued the Breslau and the Goeben up to the mouth of the Dardanelles, had not been too gentlemanly to violate international law. Suppose that they had. entered the Strait, attacked the German cruisers in the Marmora, and sunk them. They could have done this, and, knowing all that we know now, such an action would have been justified. Not improbably the destruction would have kept Turkey out of the war. For the arrival of these cruisers made it inevitable that Turkey, when the proper moment came, should join her forces with Germany. With them the Turkish navy became stronger than the Russian Black Sea Fleet and thus made it certain that Russia could make no attack on Constantinople. The Goeben and the Breslau, therefore, practically gave the Ottoman and German naval forces control of the Black Sea. Moreover, these two ships could easily dominate Constantinople, and thus they furnished the means by which the German navy, if the occasion should arise, could terrorize the Turks. I am convinced that, when the judicious historian reviews this war and its consequences, he will say that the passage of the Strait by these German ships made it inevitable that Turkey should join Germany at the moment that Germany desired her assistance, and that it likewise sealed the doom of the Turkish Empire. There were men in the Turkish Cabinet who perceived this, even then. The story was told in Constantinople---though I do not vouch for it as authentic history---that the cabinet meeting at which this momentous decision had been made had not been altogether harmonious. The Grand Vizier and Djemal, it was said, objected to the fictitious "sale," and demanded that it should not be completed. When the discussion had reached its height Enver, who was playing Germany's game, announced that he had already practically completed the transaction. In the silence that followed his statement this young Napoleon pulled out his pistol and laid it on the table.

"If any one here wishes to question this purchase," he said quietly and icily, "I am ready to meet him."

A few weeks after the Goeben and the Breslau had taken up permanent headquarters in the Bosphorus, Djavid Bey, Minister of Finance, happened to meet a distinguished Belgian jurist, then in Constantinople.

"I have terrible news for you," said the sympathetic Turkish statesman. "The Germans have captured Brussels."

The Belgian, a huge figure, more than six feet high, put his arm soothingly upon the shoulder of the diminutive Turk.

"I have even more terrible news for you," he said, pointing out to the stream where the Goeben and the Breslau lay anchored. "The Germans have captured Turkey."

http://www.gwpda.org/wwi-www/morgenthau/Morgen05.htm

[CrackSmokeRepublican]

Fig. 34. ENVER PASHA. "I shall go down in history," this Turkish leader told Mr. Morgenthau, as the man who demonstrated the vulnerability of England and her fleet. I shall show that her navy is not invincible"

"My affairs are too important to be trifled with."

    One of the ways in which the self-important Henry Morgenthau strong-armed Talat Pasha, yet another episode where the Ottoman leader acquiesced to the superior American. From "Ambassador Morgenthau's Story."

    ----------------------------------


    Ambassador Henry Morgenthau, Sr.

      From an Armenian web site is the following insight into the life of Ambassador Morgenthau... written by ANI's Dr. Rouben Paul Adalian:

    Henry Morgenthau (1856-1946) was United States ambassador to the Ottoman Empire during the Armenian Genocide. A naturalized American from a German Jewish family, Morgenthau was a successful lawyer active in Democratic Party politics. With the election of President Woodrow Wilson, he was appointed United States Ambassador to the Sublime Porte in 1913. In Constantinople he established personal contact with the Young Turk leaders of the Ottoman Empire, especially the Minister of the Interior, Talaat, with whom he unsuccessfully intervened to alleviate the plight of the Armenian population when beginning in April, 1915, news of the deportations and massacres began to reach the Embassy. The US consulates in the interior of the Ottoman Empire relayed a stream of alarming reports detailing the extent of the measures taken against the Armenians. Despite the difficulties of communication during the war, Oscar H. Heizer in Trebizond, Leslie A. Davis in Mamuret-el-Aziz, or Harput (Kharpert in Armenian), and especially Jesse B. Jackson in Aleppo regularly posted the Embassy with their own eyewitness accounts of the treatment of the Armenians. On June 5, 1915, Jackson shared his views about the persecutions with the Ambassador and concluded that they constituted "a carefully planned scheme to thoroughly extinguish the Armenian race." Morgenthau forwarded all the reports to Washington, D.C. The accumulating evidence also led Morgenthau to cable the Department of State on July 16, 1915, with his own dispatch that "a campaign of race extermination is in progress." Drained by his failure to avert this disaster, Morgenthau returned to the United States in 1916 and for the remainder of the war years he dedicated himself to raising funds for the surviving Armenians. In 1918 he published Ambassador Morgenthau's Story, a memoir of his years in Turkey, in which he stressed the German influence and role in the Ottoman Empire. He titled the chapter on the Armenians, "The Murder of a Nation." He described the deportations and the atrocities as a "cold-blooded, calculating state policy." He avowed at the time: "I am confident that the whole history of the human race contains no such horrible episode as this." Morgenthau was the father of Henry Morgenthau Jr., Secretary of the Treasury during the administration of US President Franklin Delano Roosevelt.

 
     
Here is an example of the Ambassador's Thinking

    The Independent
    February 28, 1920
     
     
    Shall Armenia Perish?
    By Henry Morgenthau
     
    Former Ambassador to Turkey, and National
    Vice-Chairman of Near East Relief
     
     
    Two hundred and fifty thousand Christian Armenian women enslaved in Turkish harems call to the people of America for liberation! One hundred thousand women already rescued by Near East Relief agents from harems will perish unless support from America is continued! Two hundred and fifty thousand children, orphaned by the unspeakable Turks, are calling in the only English they know, "Bread, Uncle Sam." One million two hundred thousand destitute, homeless, clotheless adults look to the giant in the West for the succor that will keep them from annihilation. What shall our answer be?
     
    If they were good enough to fight and die for us when we needed their help so sorely, are they not good enough to be given some crumbs from our plenty?
     
    Since the beginning of the war, the Turkish Armenians have been largely refugees. A simple, agricultural people, they have been exiled from their farms and deprived of all opportunity to support themselves. Now, more than a year after the armistice, they are still living the life of nomads, able to continue alive only by virtue of American philanthropy. If ever unmerited suffering called for succor the plight of the Armenians should be heeded now. A few months more and it may be relief will come too late for those myriads whom only we can save.
     
    Let the American slogan now become-Serve Armenians for a little while longer with life's necessities that they may be preserved for the day of national freedom and rebirth, which no people more truly and greatly deserves.
    Ambassador Morgenthau's Mrs., along with the head of the French hospital (at left).

    Henry's main squeeze, at right

    The belief, held by some persons, that Turkey has repented and can do not further harm, is without foundation. The group that led Turkey into the war on the side of Germany is now in the saddle. The Turk has not been disarmed and these leaders are now aiding the Tartars. Kurds and Bolshevists are urging them on to kill and rob the surviving Armenians at every opportunity. The deportations and massacres during the war were not spontaneous uprisings of unorganized mobs, but were the working out of a well-plotted plan of wholesale extermination in which regular Turkish officers and troops took part as if in a campaign against an enemy in the field.
     
    More than 2,000,000 persons were deported. The system was about the same everywhere. The Armenians, men, women and children, would be assembled in the marketplace. Then the able-bodied men would be marched off and killed by being shot or clubbed in cold blood at some spot which did not necessitate the trouble of burial.
     
    Next the women would be sorted out. Agents of the Turk officers picked the youngest and fairest for their masters' harems. Next the civil officials had their pick, and then the remainder either were sold for one medjidi-a silver coin valued at about 80 cents-or were driven forth to be seized by the lower class Turks and Kurds.
     
    As a last step, those who remained, mothers, grandmothers, children, were driven forth on their death pilgrimages across the desert of Aleppo, with no food, no water, no shelter, to be robbed and beaten at every halt, to see children slain in scores before their eyes, and babies dashed to death against rocks or spitted on the bayonets of the soldier guards.
     
    If America is going to condone these offenses, if she is going to permit to continue conditions that threaten and permit their repetition, she is party to the crime. These peoples must be freed from the agony and danger of such horrors. They must not only be saved for the present but either thru governmental action or protection under the League of Nations they must be given assurance that they will be free in peace and that no harm can come to them.

  HAREMS??


     

    "Two hundred and fifty thousand Christian Armenian women enslaved in Turkish harems," indeed! So ordinary Turks had harems... hmmmm. Contrary to Western belief, the only harem I'm aware of — the Sultan's harem — wasn't even the kind of place where the Sultan could "pick and choose" his sexual partners. (The harem, by the way, was a Byzantine tradition.)

    Ambassador Morgenthau was playing up to Americans' ignorance of the mysterious ways of the Orient. Not the only time he expressed a willingness to demonstrate a total disregard for the truth.

    On the surface, the ambassador seemed to be your plain, everyday Turk-hater common to the period, with descriptions such as "The unspeakable Turks." (Morgenthau believed the Turks were an inferior race, possessing "inferior blood.") He certainly was not above repeating (or creating) sensational stories, such as, "...babies dashed to death against rocks or spitted on the bayonets of the soldier guards." Nor did he care about citing actual statistics, claiming a deportation of a cool two million Armenians, more than existed in the entire Ottoman Empire. And check out his pat conclusion: "...not spontaneous uprisings of unorganized mobs, but ... the working out of a well-plotted plan of wholesale extermination." No wonder Armenians still love to quote this man. (Californian Professor Marashlian calls Morgenthau's testimony " unimpeachable." Footnotes for Dr. Lowry's examination of the book give examples of how Fellow Californian Professor Hovannisian cites Morgenthau practically every chance he gets.)

    What kind of a man was the ambassador, anyhow?

    "Henry Morgenthau, who is frequently quoted by Armenian Americans, visited the Ottoman Empire with political, not humanitarian aims. His correspondence with President Wilson reveals his intent was to uncover or manufacture news which would goad the U.S. into joining the war. Given that motive, Henry Morgenthau sought to vilify the Ottoman Empire, an enemy of the Triple Entente." (From An Unjust Trial.)

    Prof. Heath W. Lowry, in his article entitled "American Observers in Anatolia CA. 1920: The Bristol Papers" states as follows:
    "Morgenthau was a confirmed 'Turcophobe' whose hatred for the Turks was matched only by his unabashed support for the Christian minorities under Ottoman rule...Armenian spokesmen consistently refer to H. Morgenthau's statements as proof, in their pursuit to convince the politicians that a so-called genocide occurred. In his tenure, Mr Morgenthau has never left Istanbul ..."

    Morgenthau himself admits that he never visited eastern Anatolia and he let his Armenian aide shape up his diplomatic propaganda against the Ottoman Empire:

    "I have really found it impossible to sit down and dictate a letter
    quietly. So I have instructed Andonian to take my diary and copy it with some elaborations of his own. Of course this relieves me of all responsibility for any error."
     
    Lowry, 1990; Franklin Delano Roosevelt Presidential Library, New York, Letters; Box 7 May 11, 1915; Box 1 ­ 2 September 1, 1915; Box 8 July 13, 1915)
    Hagop S. Andonian, Armenian right hand man

    Hagop S. Andonian

    RELIEVES ME OF ALL RESPONSIBILITY FOR ANY ERROR? That's convenient. It reveals a lot about the man's character, too. The Ambassador also wrote:

    "You probably know that with the approval of the President (Wilson), I have undertaken to write a book. Mr. Andonian is assisting me in the preparation of that work and owing to his intimate knowledge of the east (Anatolia) and his unusual experience, his services to me are really indispensable."
     
    Lowry, 1990; Library of Congress, The Papers of Henry Morgenthau, Reel No 8.

    That does not help in building credibilty to the historical value of his book, "Ambassador Morgenthau's Story." Moreover, as influential as his Armenian assistants (his primary aide, translator and confidant in Istanbul and Anatolia was an Armenian, Arshag Schmavonian, his secretary, sometime translator and soon-to-become sometime movie companion [upon traveling to the States] was also an Armenian, Hagop Andonian... possibly related to the forger, Aram Andonian, since "Andonian" may not have been that common a name) could well have had pull with false reports, and even to the extent of shaping up his memoirs; the ambassador also employed a ghost writer (Burton J. Hendrick) to actually write his book... deviating by the truckload from his letters and diaries.

    Professor Heath Lowry exposes these deviations in his report, The Story Behind Ambassador Morgenthau's Story.

    George A. Schreiner in his "The Craft Sinister: A Diplomatico-Political History of the Great War and its Causes, (G. Albert Gayer, New York, 1920)" writes about Ambassador Morgenthau¹s misleadings of the American government.  ("It is to be hoped that the future historian will not give too much heed to the drivel one finds in the books of diplomatist-authors.") The distinguished foreign correspondent (having served in Turkey from February through the end of 1915) wrote Morgenthau a biting December 11,1918 letter, criticizing him for the fallacies in his unethically written book (Ambassador Morgenthau's Story).

    It seems to me Morgenthau let his ego run away with him, enjoying the notion that his fellow Americans looked upon the ambassador as the savior of a Christian people. The intensity with which he communicated his thoughts (as with the article above) provides a strong clue... he must have liked the fact that he came across as a hero. There are a good number of passages in his ghost-written book where his heroic deeds and attitude is presented (or as Schreiner mocked, his "omniscience and omnipotence"), even though some of his letters and diaries paint an altogether different picture.

    For example, there is a point where he forces himself on the Turkish leaders whenever he wants:

    "I shall not be denied an interview," I replied. "I shall come up to the cabinet room at four o'clock. If you refuse to receive me then, I shall insist on going into the council room and discussing the matter with the whole Cabinet. I shall be interested to learn whether the Turkish Cabinet will refuse to receive the American Ambassador."

    Immediately after which, Enver Pasha is heard to gasp over the phone. As always, Morgenthau gets what he wishes.

    The Turkish leaders snap to his every high and mighty command throughout the book. For example, he brags about seeing Talat "nearly every day." Yet, in the first six months of 1914, his diaries and letters indicate a Talat tete-a-tete of no more than twenty times.

    Some of the incidents he has his ghostwriter tell us, if true, must have done wonders for his bloated ego. For example, at one point he once again manipulates the Turks to acquiesce to his wishes by managing to get only a handful of Ottoman Britons and French shipped off. When he comes back to tell the nervously awaiting flock the good news, they are so stunned in disbelief that the women fall on their hands to kiss his hands, and the men embrace him (in the case of the latter, much to his "violent protestations"... Morgenthau wanted to make clear he was a manly man). That kind of hero-worship must have gotten pretty addictive.

    However, the greatest example, to my mind, of Ambassador Morgenthau's mission to present himself as a heroic savior is...

    Poster, 1919's RAVISHED ARMENIA

    ...His decision to appear in 1919's RAVISHED ARMENIA as HIMSELF! What an egomaniac..!

Passages where Morgenthau itches to show the Turks as beautiful human beings

     
    And then with great cleverness he would play upon the only emotion which really actuates the Turk. The descendants of Osman hardly resemble any people I have ever known. They do not hate, they do not love; they have no lasting animosities or affections. They only fear. And naturally they attribute to others the motives which regulate their own conduct. "How stupid you are," Wangenheim would tell Talaat and Enver....

    So the Turks are cowards. Check.

    The state of war had now made me, as American Ambassador, the protector of all British, French, Serbian, and Belgian subjects. I realized from the beginning that my task would be a difficult one. On one hand were the Germans, urging their well-known ideas of repression and brutality, while on the other were the Turks, with their traditional hatred of Christians and their natural instinct to maltreat those who are helplessly placed in their power.

    The Turks are brutes. Check.

    The Turks, like most primitive peoples, wear their emotions on the surface, and with them the transition from exultation to despair is a rapid one...

    The Turks are primitive. Check.

    Essentially the Turk is a bully and a coward; he is brave as a lion when things are going his way, but cringing, abject, and nerveless when reverses are overwhelming him.

    The Turks are bullies. Check. And cowards... hey. We already covered cowards. However, let's make a note of how nerveless Turks are against overwhelming odds. As in Plevna, for example. And as with not settling to have the right of self determination taken away from them, when the Allies came up with the Sevres Treaty. Few chapters in history represented overwhelming odds as those that governed the birth of the Turkish Republic.


    We must realize that the basic fact underlying the Turkish mentality is its utter contempt for all other races. A fairly insane pride is the element that largely explains this strange human species...

    Pretty ironic this haughty fellow is one to look down on pride. Building several empires over the course of a millennium has a tendency to produce pride, it's a funny thing. And as far as utter contempt for other races, those other races were allowed to rise to high positions in Ottoman life centuries before blacks got the right to drink from general water fountains in the United States.

    At this point, I fear Ambassador Morgenthau just might have lost his faith in human nature. Where, oh where, will he come up with an example to offset this Turkish blight upon humanity? Hold on! Here it comes...

    What is definitely known about the Armenians, however, is that for ages they have constituted the most civilized and most industrious race in the eastern section of the Ottoman Empire. From their mountains they have spread over the Sultan's dominions, and form a considerable element in the population of all the large cities. Everywhere they are known for their industry, their intelligence, and their decent and orderly lives. They are so superior to the Turks intellectually and morally that much of the business and industry had passed into their hands.

    Armenian.... Good. Turk.... Bad. Got it...

    The most beautiful and healthy Armenian girls could be taken, converted forcibly to Mohammedanism, and made the wives or concubines of devout followers of the Prophet. Their children would then automatically become Moslems and so strengthen the empire, as the Janissaries had strengthened it formerly. These Armenian girls represent a high type of womanhood and the Young Turks, in their crude, intuitive way, recognized that the mingling of their blood with the Turkish population would exert a eugenic influence upon the whole.

    Armenians.... Salvation for the Turkish Race. Got it.

    Say, didn't those Janissaries weaken the empire? I thought that was why they were gotten rid of, finally.....

    ...It was a complete revelation of Turkish mentality; the fact that, above all considerations of race and religion, there are such things as humanity and civilization, never for a moment enters their mind. They can understand a Christian fighting for a Christian and a Jew fighting for a Jew, but such abstractions as justice and decency form no part of their conception of things.

    Well, I think we have churned enough stomachs and now have an excellent idea of where the good Ambassador was coming from. We also now can see why the Armenians and Greeks totally revere this man, and why Armenian professors are desperate to still cling to his weighty words as the gospel truth.

     

More on Morgenthau (from guestbook commentator, Nick, a Briton)


     

    (Bold highlighting by Holdwater)

    Re: Please read this message
    From: NICK
    Date: 11/22/1999



    Comments
    Interesting. But you don't think that somewhere in these reports was the element of war time propaganda? Morgenthau is extremely unreliable and his book is not only an example of war time propaganda but also of the pathology of 19th century racism. I refer you to chapter XXII of Ambassador Morgenthau's Story, "The Turk Reverts to Ancestral Type". It is full of nonsensical stories of abducted women forced into harems or auctioned at markets, forced adoption of children and so on. He says the same things about the Germans and Austrians incidentally — deportations of Belgians, wholesale violation of Belgian women, the abduction by Austrians of Serb children and the settlement in parts of Europe vacated by deportees by good German stock! All stories proved false after the war. He even states that the Turks, good with cudgels and knives, are too dull and unimaginative to come up with the concept of deportation — it was a German idea!

    His book oozes with racial slurs and prejudice----"The most beautiful and healthy Armenian girls could be taken, converted forcibly to Mohammedanism, and made wives or concubines of devout followers of the Prophet. Their children would then automatically become Moslems and so strengthen the empire as the janissaries had strengthened it formally. These Armenian girls represent a high type of womanhood and the Young Turks, in their crude intuitive way, recognized that the mingling of their blood with the Turkish population would exert a eugenic influence on the whole." This is ludicrous, ridiculous and this nasty book is still in print, it is cited in Congress and used in "education packs" for high school and college students.

    Sentiments like these expressed about any other ethnic group would be considered abhorrent — yet aimed at the Turks it seems to be acceptable. It is mystery to me how any sensible person could, in this day and age, read this rubbish without squirming in his seat with embarrassment.

    It is ironic that Morgenthau, as a Jew, should make these kinds of racial comments and eugenic observations given what was to follow. This book is a piece of propaganda and it is interesting that Morgenthau is the source of many articles and stories — he is a principle supplier of information to Bryce whose role during the war was as a producer of propaganda. Even Bryce's material, emanating as it does from a professional, is interesting if you read between the lines; in a letter from an American missionary woman in Van it says that she had "thrust" upon her the care of 1000 Turkish refugees from villages that Russo-Armenian volunteers were "cleaning out"!

    Now there is an interesting phrase with more than a little contemporary resonance. The term "ethnic clearing" was used by Serbs to describe the cleaning of Vukovar of Croat Catholics. The interesting thing is that this comment is dropped in in a matter of fact way — it must have been commonplace and it illustrates her prejudices and priorities — "While Armenian refugees had been mutually helpful and self sacrificing, these Moslems showed themselves absolutely selfish, callous and indifferent to each other's suffering. Where Armenians had been cheery and hopeful, and had clung to life with wonderful vitality, the Moslems, with no faith in God and no hope of a future life, bereft now of hope in this life, died like flies of prevailing dysentry from lack of stamina and the will to live."

    This is a sample from what is common throughout these reports. Muslims are brutal, barbaric, selfish and died like "flies" because they lacked faith in God. Christians are cheerful in adversity, meek, selfless and sustained by their Christian faith. It should be obvious to a simpleton that these reports are one sided, biased, carefully selected and presented to cater to the baser prejudices and prurient fantasies that western people had about the east, in the interest of promoting the war effort.

    These "stories" are accepted today without any reservation because they serve an ideology. For example, the Christians of Trebizond — 10,000 of them — are put into sailing boats and (methods varying according to which source you read) taken out to sea, and thrown overboard! All 10,000 of them and all in an afternoon! Has anyone actually thought about the logistics of this? Isn't this just a little complicated? Am I the only one who thinks that Bryce is egging the pudding just a bit?
    Ottoman Armenian population estimates mainly from neutral sources

    From the CENSUS page
      On Oct 6th 1915 Bryce tells the House of Lords that 800,000 Armenians had been murdered in six months! What remarkable access he had to information from the interior of an enemy country! And yet we have all these survivors. We are told that 1.5-2 million Armenians died (time frame flexible) — and yet the top estimate of the Armenian population of Ottoman Anatolia at the turn of the century is just under 1.5 million. If you look at population statistics for this period you will see that between 1914 and 1922, in Anatolia, about 300,000 Greeks died, about 600,000 Armenians and about 2.75 million Muslims died. If the argument were to be made that in the course of this war Armenians suffered a catastrophe that was genocidal in its impact then nobody would be arguing. But that is not what is being said. Bryce states that Armenians are being destroyed as a policy of state — that there are orders to this effect. Well, where are these orders?

    The fact remains that there is not a single Ottoman government document in existence that discusses, plans or commands the execution of these "orders". The definition of genocide has to be made very elastic to make the accusation credible in this case and there is reliance on propaganda of dubious provenance and eighty years old and liberal use of repugnant racial stereotypes in lieu of facts. The only fact that is certain is that this war was genocidal in its impact for all the people of Anatolia. No other theatre of war experience casualties of this magnitude not just amongst soldiers but civilians as well. It is complicated by the fact that the distinction between regular and irregular troops and civilians did not exist.

The Lawyer was a Liar

 

     

    "One day Talaat made what was perhaps the most astonishing request I had ever heard. The 'New York Life Insurance Company' and the 'Equitable Life of New York' had for years done considerable business among the Armenians. The extent to which these people insured their lives was merely another indication of their thrifty habits.

    'I wish,' Talaat now said, 'That you would get the American Life Insurance Companies to send us a complete list of Armenian policy holders. They are practically all dead now and have left no heirs to collect the money. It of course all escheats to the state. The Government is beneficiary now. Will you do so?

    This was almost too much, and I lost my temper. 'You will get no such list from me,' I said, and I got up and left him.

    The above is a passage often pointed to in Armenian friendly sources to show the inhumanity of Talat Pasha; it is from Henry Morgenthau's book, and only one of the many fabrications exposed by the meticulous research conducted by Dr. Heath Lowry in "The Story Behind Ambassador Morgenthau's Story."

    Today, lawyers enjoy the reputation of being perhaps the sleaziest of professions in the United States, and the field's practitioners are often perceived as people with no moral scruples whatsoever. This was not always the case; there was a time when those who were experts in the Law were seen as among the most honorable of citizens. There were enough examples of lawyers performing in immoral ways that turned public opinion drastically against them, and we can now see Henry Morgenthau must have done his utmost to assist this tide that went against those of his chosen profession.

    (By the way, it also didn't hurt for the unethical Mr. Morgenthau to drop the name of an insurance firm [Equitable] he happened to be on the Board of Directors of... a free plug never hurts, especially in what was sure to be a sensationally popular book.)


Oh, Henry!

     
    Children loved Henry Morgenthau

    Children loved Henry Morgenthau

    Was Morgenthau as rabid a Turk-hater as he comes across? When I read such words coming from missionaries or from religiously-inclined U.S. Consuls such as George Horton, I can believe their Turk-hatred truly emanates from their hearts. However, Morgenthau appears to be of a different  breed. As a lawyer and real estate developer, and as a city person who probably wasn't too wrapped up in religion, I don't see how he could be this venomous.

    Morgenthau's purpose was to vilify Turks and Germans to induce the Americans to enter the war. Thus, there was a strong possibility he wasn't totally out there as his wild words indicate (although he certainly must have had enough prejudice within him to have gone as overboard as he did)... since he got along well with the Turks, according to his letters/diaries, and any of this oozing contempt seemed rare in those more reliable documents (some letters of which secretary Andonian wrote, so they are not completely reliable, either.)

    This leads me to believe he mostly said such things in order to achieve an end. If such is the case, what must we think of him?

    It's one thing when a racist makes offensive statements... not that it wouldn't be terrible, but while one's lip curls in disgust somehow one could understand such people; they can't help themselves, having been mentally deranged. This is why it's hard to hate Armenians in their web sites.

    However, if someone slanders to the ugly and vicious extent that Ambassador Morgenthau allowed himself to do... regardless of how noble he believed his cause was (similarly, his propagandist co-conspirators on the other side of the ocean, Lord Bryce and Arnold Toynbee, engaged in outright lies for their Queen, and the holy man Lepsius, doing his bit for Christ)... that makes a person a particularly low form of humanity, in my book. it's harder to forgive someone who is calculatingly deceitful, and so easily inclined to murder the reputation of an entire people, because such a person has a choice. Unlike a mentally deranged racist, such a person can help himself. I believe this lawyer, Henry Morgenthau, was in full command of his faculties.

    It's no wonder that George Schreiner was so absolutely disgusted with Morgenthau's lack of ethics in the December 11,1918 letter he wrote... where he declared, "You saw little of the cruelty you fasten upon the Turks."

    "Apart from that he (Enver Pasha) was in no respect what you picture him. Of course, if we are to take it for granted that we of the West are saints, then the Turk is any good. You will agree with me, no doubt, that the Turks count among the few gentlemen still in existence."

    He then correctly declares something all Armenians and their supporters should bear in mind:

    "Ultimately truth will prevail."

    Like the movie MIDNIGHT EXPRESS where there was no indication of "good" in the Turkish people, and the film was incredibly successful in turning minds against the Turks, Morgenthau's extremely popular book added in a significant way the anti-Turkish hysteria already well in place. The book effectively contributed (perhaps almost as much as that other hoax-book, The Forty Days of Musa Dagh) to negative perceptions against Turkey that Greeks and Armenians are well aware of how to exploit. This is why they can keep conning Westerners today, as they know they have their well-established, solid foundation of hate and ignorance to work from. This is why a Peter Balakian (among others) can con famous authors like Norman Mailer, Kurt Vonnegut, John Updike and Arthur Miller, who already have their deep-rooted prejudices and automatically accept the anti-Turkish drivel they are told; and they don't think twice about joining the bandwagon to smear a professor like Heath Lowry because they can't believe any professor in his right mind can deviate from the version of events they prefer to believe, without being a tool of the Turks. Meanwhile, truly partial historians like Richard Hovannisian teach at universities funded by wealthy Armenian organizations, and these author-hypocrites have no problem with that.

    Dr. Lowry winds up his excellently-researched The Story Behind Ambassador Morgenthau's Story by telling us:

    One can not help but wonder how many of the young Armenians who turned to the terrorist assassinations of Turkish officials (and bystanders) in tl1e 1970's and early 1980's, were influenced by reading Ambassador Morgenthau's Story?

    Ambassador Morgenthau committed a great wrong, the repercussions of which can still be felt today. I'd like to bring up two other points from his book.
    Constantinople Cop: Bedri Bey

    Constantinople Cop: Bedri Bey

    Bedri Bey, the police prefect, is in awe of the American and always snaps to attention when Morgenthau is around. (He is one of those primitive people, after all... and Morgenthau is just so superior.) As a Turk, of course, Bedri Bey salivates to cause damage to defenseless people, but the moral, upstanding Morgenthau is there to foil his plans. The two engage in a kind of power play, where Bedri Bey usually winds up as the loser.

    At one point, the Ambassador manipulates the mentally sluggish Turk by threatening:

    "You are very foolish to try to play such tricks on us," I said. "Don't you know that I am going to write a book? If you go on behaving this way, I shall put you in as the villain."

    Bedri Bey, afraid, magically comes to his senses. Turks are cowards, after all.

    Unrelated to Bedri Bey, Morgenthau says, elsewhere in his ghostwritten book:

    I still attempted to persuade Talaat that the treatment of the Armenians was destroying Turkey in the eyes of the world, and that his country would never be able to recover from this infamy.

    Now here is the great irony. It hasn't come true yet, but one day, it inevitably will. It inevitably will, because as George Schreiner said, "Ultimately truth will prevail."

    Ambassador Morgenthau's record of his life will one day blow up in his posthumous face, and his reputation will forever be besmirched... just as he has been destroying the reputation of the Turks these many years with his dishonesty and lies... and he is the one who will never be able to recover from his infamy.

    Far from Bedri Bey's being the villain of his book, Ambassador Morgenthau will one day emerge as the villain of his book.

    This is only a matter of time.

http://www.tallarmeniantale.com/morgenthau.htm

[CrackSmokeRepublican]

Note Wagenheim and Morgenthau... and Turk Jews like the Beys...

Armenians Massacred at Van:

CHAPTER XXVII

   "I SHALL DO NOTHING FOR THE ARMENIANS" SAYS THE GERMAN AMBASSADOR

Suppose that there is no phase of the Armenian question which has aroused more interest than this: Had the Germans any part in it? To what extent was the Kaiser responsible for the wholesale slaughter of this nation? Did the Germans favour it, did they merely acquiesce, or did they oppose the persecutions? Germany, in the last four years, has become responsible for many of the blackest pages in history; is she responsible for this, unquestionably the blackest of all?

I presume most people will detect in the remarks of these Turkish chieftains certain resemblances to the German philosophy of war. Let me repeat particular phrases used by Enver and other Turks while discussing the Armenian massacres: "The Armenians have brought this fate upon themselves." "They had a fair warning of what would happen to them." "We were fighting for our national existence ... .. We were justified, in resorting to any means that would accomplish these ends." "We have no time to separate the innocent from the guilty." "The only thing we have on our mind is to win the war."

These phrases somehow have a familiar ring, do they not? Indeed, I might rewrite all these interviews with Enver, use the word Belgium in place of Armenia, put the words in a German general's mouth instead of Enver's, and we should have almost a complete exposition of the German attitude toward subject peoples. But the teachings of the Prussians go deeper than this. There was one feature about the Armenian proceedings that was new---that was not Turkish at all . For centuries the Turks have ill-treated their Armenians and all their other subject peoples with inconceivable barbarity. Yet their methods have always been crude, clumsy, and unscientific. They excelled in beating out an Armenian's brains with a club, and this unpleasant illustration is a perfect indication of the rough and primitive methods which they applied to the Armenian problem. They have understood the uses of murder, but not of murder as a fine art. But the Armenian proceedings of 1915 and 1916 evidenced an entirely new mentality. This new conception was that of deportation. The Turks, in five hundred years, had invented innumerable ways of physically torturing their Christian subjects, yet never before had it occurred to their minds to move them bodily from their homes, where they had lived for many thousands of years, and send them hundreds of miles away into the desert. Where did the Turks get this idea? I have already described how, in 1914, just before the European War, the Government moved not far from 100,000 Greeks from their age-long homes along the Asiatic littoral to certain islands in the Aegean. I have also said that Admiral Usedom, one of the big German naval experts in Turkey, told me that the Germans had suggested this deportation to the Turks. But the all-important point is that this idea of deporting peoples en masse is, in modern times, exclusively Germanic. Any one who reads the literature of Pan-Germany constantly meets it. These enthusiasts for a German world have deliberately planned, as part of their programme, the ousting of the French from certain parts of France, of Belgians from Belgium, of Poles from Poland, of Slavs from Russia, and other indigenous peoples from the territories which they have inhabited for thousands of years, and the establishment in the vacated lands of solid, honest Germans. But it is hardly necessary to show that the Germans have advocated this as a state policy; they have actually been doing it in the last four years. They have moved we do not know how many thousands of Belgians and French from their native land. Austria-Hungary has killed a large part of the Serbian population and moved thousands of Serbian children into her own territories intending to bring them up as loyal subjects of the empire. To what degree this movement of populations has taken place we shall not know until the end of the war, but it has certainly gone on extensively.

Certain German writers have even advocated the application of this policy to the Armenians. According to the Paris Temps, Paul Rohrbach "in a conference held at Berlin, some time ago, recommended that Armenia should be evacuated of the Armenians. They should be dispersed in the direction of Mesopotamia and their places should be taken by Turks, in such a fashion that Armenia should be freed of all Russian influence and that Mesopotamia might be provided with farmers which it now lacked." The purpose of all this was evident enough. Germany was building the Bagdad railroad across the Mesopotamian desert. This was an essential detail in the achievement of the great new German Empire, extending from Hamburg to the Persian Gulf. But this railroad could never succeed unless there should develop a thrifty and industrious population to feed it. The lazy Turk would never become such a colonist. But the Armenian was made of just the kind of stuff which this enterprise needed. It was entirely in accordance with the German conception of statesmanship to seize these people in the lands where they had lived for ages and transport them violently to this dreary, hot desert. The mere fact that they had always lived in a temperate climate would furnish no impediment in Pan-German eyes. I found that Germany had been sowing those ideas broadcast for several years; I even found that German savants had been lecturing on this subject in the East. "I remember attending a lecture by a well-known German professor," an Armenian tells me. "His main point was that throughout their history the Turks had made a great mistake in being too merciful toward the non-Turkish population. The only way to insure the prosperity of the empire, according to this speaker, was to act without any sentimentality toward all the subject nationalities and races in Turkey who did not fall in with the plans of the Turks."

The Pan-Germanists are on record in the matter of Armenia. I shall content myself with quoting the words of the author of "Mittel-Europa," Friedrich Naumann, perhaps the ablest propagator of Pan-German ideas. In his work on Asia, Naumann, who started life as a Christian clergyman, deals in considerable detail with the Armenian massacres of 1895-96. 1 need only quote a few passages to show the attitude of German state policy on such infamies: "If we should take into consideration merely the violent massacre of from 80,000 to 100,000 Armenians," writes Naumann, "we can come to but one opinion---we must absolutely condemn with all anger and vehemence both the assassins and their instigators. They have perpetrated the most abominable massacres upon masses of people, more numerous and worse than those inflicted by Charlemagne on the Saxons. The tortures which Lepsius has described surpass anything we have ever known. "What then prohibits us from falling upon the Turk and saying to him: 'Get thee gone, wretch!'? Only one thing prohibits us, for the Turk answers: 'I, too, I fight for my existence!'---and indeed, we believe him. We believe, despite the indignation which the bloody Mohammedan barbarism arouses in us, that the Turks are defending themselves legitimately, and before anything else we see in the Armenian question and Armenian massacres a matter of internal Turkish policy, merely an episode of the agony through which a great empire is passing, which does not propose to let itself die without making a last attempt to save itself by bloodshed. All the great powers, excepting Germany, have adopted a policy which aims to upset the actual state of affairs in Turkey. In accordance with this, they demand for the subject peoples of Turkey the rights of man, or of humanity, or of civilization, or of political liberty---in a word, something that will make them the equals of the Turks. But just as little as the ancient Roman despotic state could tolerate the Nazarene's religion, just as little can the Turkish Empire, which is really the political successor of the eastern Roman Empire, tolerate any representation of western free Christianity among its subjects. The danger for Turkey in the Armenian question is one of extinction. For this reason she resorts to an act of a barbarous Asiatic state; she has destroyed the Armenians to such an extent that they will not be able to manifest themselves as a political force for a considerable period. A horrible act, certainly, an act of political despair, shameful in its details, but still a piece of political history, in the Asiatic manner. . . . In spite of the displeasure which the German Christian feels at these accomplished facts, he has nothing to do except quietly to heal the wounds so far as he can, and then to let matters take their course. For a long time our policy in the Orient has been determined: we belong to the group that protects Turkey, that is the fact by which we must regulate our conduct. . . . We do not prohibit any zealous Christian from caring for the victims of these horrible crimes, from bringing up the children and nursing the adults. May God bless these good acts like all other acts of faith. Only we must take care that deeds of charity do not take the form of political acts which are likely to thwart our German policy. The internationalist, he who belongs to the English school of thought, may march with, the Armenians. The nationalist, he who does not intend to sacrifice the future of Germany to England, must, on questions of external policy, follow the path marked out by Bismarck, even if it is merciless in its sentiments. . . . National policy: that is the profound moral reason why we must, as statesmen, show ourselves indifferent to the sufferings of the Christian peoples of Turkey, however painful that may be to our human feelings. . . . That is our duty, which we must recognize and confess before God and before man. If for this reason we now maintain the existence of the Turkish state, we do it in our own self-interest, because what we have in mind is our great future. . . . On one side lie our duties as a nation, on the other our duties as men. There are times, when, in a conflict of duties, we can choose a middle ground. That is all right from a human standpoint, but rarely right in a moral sense. In this instance, as in all analogous situations, we must clearly know on which side lies the greatest and most important moral duty. Once we have made such a choice we must not hesitate. William II has chosen. He has become the friend of the Sultan, because he is thinking of a greater, independent Germany."


Fig. 52. VIEW OF URFA. One of the largest towns in Asia Minor


Fig. 53. A RELIC OF THE ARMENIAN MASSACRES AT ERZINGAN. Such mementos are found all over Armenia

Such was the German state philosophy as applied to the Armenians, and I had the opportunity of observing German practice as well. As soon as the early reports reached Constantinople, it occurred to me that the most feasible way of stopping the outrages would be for the diplomatic representatives of all countries to make a joint appeal to the Ottoman Government. I approached Wangenheim on this subject in the latter part of March. His antipathy to the Armenians became immediately apparent. He began denouncing them in unmeasured terms; like Talaat and Enver, he affected to regard the Van episode as an unprovoked rebellion, and, in his eyes, as in theirs, the Armenians were simply traitorous vermin.

"I will help the Zionists," he said, thinking that this remark would be personally pleasing to me, "but I shall do nothing whatever for the Armenians."

Wangenheim pretended to regard the Armenian question as a matter that chiefly affected the United States. My constant intercession in their behalf apparently created the impression, in his Germanic mind, that any mercy shown this people would be a concession to the American Government. And at that moment he was not disposed to do anything that would please the American people.

"The United States is apparently the only country that takes much interest in the Armenians," he said. "Your missionaries are their friends and your people have constituted themselves their guardians. The whole question of helping them is therefore an American matter. How, then, can you expect me to do anything as long as the United States is selling ammunition to the enemies of Germany? Mr. Bryan has just published his note, saying that it would be unneutral not to sell munitions to England and France. As long as your government maintains that attitude we can do nothing for the Armenians."

Probably no one except a German logician would ever have detected any relation between our sale of war materials to the Allies and Turkey's attacks upon hundreds of thousands of Armenian women and children. But that was about as much progress as I made with Wangenheim at that time. I spoke to him frequently, but he invariably offset my pleas for mercy to the Armenians by references to the use of American shells at the Dardanelles. A coolness sprang up between us soon afterward, the result of my refusal to give him "credit" for having stopped the deportation of French and British civilians to the Gallipoli peninsula. After our somewhat tart conversation over the telephone, when he had asked me to telegraph Washington that he had not hetzed the Turks in this matter, our visits to each other ceased for several weeks.

There were certain influential Germans in Constantinople who did not accept Wangenheim's point of view. I have already referred to Paul Weitz, for thirty years the correspondent of the Frankfurter Zeitung, who probably knew more about affairs in the Near East than any other German. Although Wangenheim constantly looked to Weitz for information, he did not always take his advice. Weitz did not accept the orthodox imperial attitude toward Armenia, for he believed that Germany's refusal effectively to intervene was doing his fatherland everlasting injury. Weitz was constantly presenting this view to Wangenheim, but he made little progress. Weitz told me about this himself, in January, 1916, a few weeks before I left Turkey. I quote his own words on this subject:

"I remember that you told me at the beginning," said Weitz, "what a mistake Germany was making in the Armenian matters. I agreed with you perfectly. But when I urged this view upon Wangenheim, he threw me twice out of the room!"

Another German who was opposed to the atrocities was Neurath, the Conseiller of the German Embassy. His indignation reached such a point that his language to Talaat and Enver became almost undiplomatic. He told me, however, that he had failed to influence them.

"They are immovable and are determined to pursue their present course," Neurath said.

Of course no Germans could make much impression on the Turkish Government as long as the German Ambassador refused to interfere. And, as time went on, it became more and more evident that Wangenheim had no desire to stop the deportations. He apparently wished, however, to reestablish friendly relations with me, and soon sent third parties to ask why I never came to see him. I do not know how long this estrangement would have lasted had not a great personal affliction befallen him. In June, Lieutenant Colonel Leipzig, the German Military Attaché, died under the most tragic and mysterious circumstances in the railroad station at Lule Bourgas. He was killed by a revolver shot; one story said that the weapon had been accidentally discharged, another that the Colonel had committed suicide, still another that the Turks had assassinated him, mistaking him for Liman von Sanders. Leipzig was one of Wangenheim's intimate friends; as young men they had been officers in the same regiment, and at Constantinople they were almost inseparable. I immediately called on the Ambassador to express my condolences. I found him very dejected and careworn. He told me that he had heart trouble, that he was almost exhausted, and that he had applied for a few weeks' leave of absence. I knew that it was not only his comrade's death that was preying upon Wangenheim's mind. German missionaries were flooding Germany with reports about the Armenians and calling upon the Government to stop the massacres. Yet, overburdened and nervous as Wangenheim was this day, he gave many signs that he was still the same unyielding German militarist. A few days afterward, when he returned my visit, he asked:

"Where's Kitchener's army?

"We are willing to surrender Belgium now," he went on. "Germany intends to build an enormous fleet of submarines with great cruising radius. In the next war, we shall therefore be able completely to blockade England. So we do not need Belgium for its submarine bases. We shall give her back to the Belgians, taking the Congo in exchange."

I then made another plea in behalf of the persecuted Christians. Again we discussed this subject at length.

"The Armenians,"' said Wangenheim, "have shown themselves in this war to be enemies of the Turks. It is quite apparent that the two peoples can never live together in the same country. The Americans should move some of them to the United States, and we Germans will send some to Poland and in their place send Jewish Poles to the Armenian provinces---that is, if they will promise to drop their Zionist schemes."

Again, although I spoke with unusual earnestness, the Ambassador refused to help the Armenians.

Still, on July 4th, Wangenheim did present a formal note of protest. He did not talk to Talaat or Enver, the only men who had any authority, but to the Grand Vizier, who was merely a shadow. The incident had precisely the same character as his pro forma protest against sending the French and British civilians down to Gallipoli, to serve as targets for the Allied fleet. Its only purpose was to put Germans officially on record. Probably the hypocrisy of this protest was more apparent to me than to others, for, at the very moment when Wangenheim presented this so-called protest, he was giving me the reasons why Germany could not take really effective steps to end the massacres. Soon after this interview, Wangenheim received his leave and went to Germany.

Callous as Wangenheim showed himself to be, he was not quite so implacable toward the Armenians as the German naval attaché in Constantinople, Humann. This person was generally regarded as a man of great influence; his position in Constantinople corresponded to that of Boy-Ed in the United States. A German diplomat once told me that Humann was more of a Turk than Enver or Talaat. Despite this reputation I attempted to enlist his influence. I appealed to him particularly because he was a friend of Enver, and was generally looked upon as an important connecting link between the German Embassy and the Turkish military authorities. Humann was a personal emissary of the Kaiser, in constant communication with Berlin and undoubtedly he reflected the attitude of the ruling powers in Germany. He discussed the Armenian problem with the utmost frankness and brutality.

"I have lived in Turkey the larger part of my life," he told me, "and I know the Armenians. I also know that both Armenians and Turks cannot live together in this country. One of these races has got to go. And I don't blame the Turks for what they are doing to the Armenians. I think that they are entirely justified. The weaker nation must succumb. The Armenians desire to dismember Turkey; they are against the Turks and the Germans in this war, and they therefore have no right to exist here. I also think that Wangenheim went altogether too far in making a protest; at least I would not have done so."

I expressed my horror at such sentiments, but Humann went on abusing the Armenian people and absolving the Turks from all blame.

"It is a matter of safety," he replied; "the Turks have got to protect themselves, and, from this point of view, they are entirely justified in what they are doing. Why, we found 7,000 guns at Kadikeuy which belonged to the Armenians. At first Enver wanted to treat the Armenians with the utmost moderation, and four months ago he insisted that they be given another opportunity to demonstrate their loyalty. But after what they did at Van, he had to yield to the army, which had been insisting all along that it should protect its rear. The Committee decided upon the deportations and Enver reluctantly agreed. All Armenians are working for the destruction of Turkey's power and the only thing to do is to deport them. Enver is really a very kind-hearted man; he is incapable personally of hurting a fly! But when it comes to defending an idea in which he believes, he will do it fearlessly and recklessly. Moreover, the Young Turks have to get rid of the Armenians merely as a matter of self-protection. The Committee is strong only in Constantinople and a few other large cities. Everywhere else the people are strongly 'Old Turk'. And these old Turks are all fanatics. These Old Turks are not in favour of the present government, and so the Committee has to do everything in their power to protect themselves. But don't think that any harm will come to other Christians. Any Turk can easily pick out three Armenians among a thousand Turks!"

Humann was not the only important German who expressed this latter sentiment. Intimations began to reach me from many sources that my "meddling" in behalf of the Armenians was making me more and more unpopular in German officialdom. One day in October, Neurath, the German Conseiller, called and showed me a telegram which he had just received from the German Foreign Office. This contained the information that Earl Crewe and Earl Cromer had spoken on the Armenians in the House of Lords, had laid the responsibility for the massacres upon the Germans., and had declared that they had received their information from an American witness. The telegram also referred to an article in the Westminster Gazette, which said that the German consuls at certain places had instigated and even led the attacks, and particularly mentioned Resler of Aleppo. Neurath said that his government had directed him to obtain a denial of these charges from the American Ambassador at Constantinople. I refused to make such a denial, saying that I did not feel called upon to decide officially whether Turkey or Germany was to blame for these crimes.

Yet everywhere in diplomatic circles there seemed to be a conviction that the American Ambassador was responsible for the wide publicity which the Armenian massacres were receiving in Europe and the United States. I have no hesitation in saying that they were right about this. In December, my son, Henry Morgenthau, Jr., paid a visit to the Gallipoli peninsula, where he was entertained by General Liman von Sanders and other German officers. He had hardly stepped into German headquarters when an officer came up to him and said:

"Those are very interesting articles on the Armenian question which your father is writing in the American newspapers."

"My father has been writing no articles," my son replied.

"Oh," said this officer, "just because his name isn't signed to them doesn't mean that he is not writing them!"

Von Sanders also spoke on this subject.

"Your father is making a great mistake," he said, "giving out the facts about what the Turks are doing to the Armenians. That really is not his business."

As hints of this kind made no impression on me, the Germans evidently decided to resort to threats. In the early autumn, a Dr. Nossig arrived in Constantinople from Berlin. Dr. Nossig was a German Jew, and came to Turkey evidently to work against the Zionists. After he had talked with me for a few minutes, describing his Jewish activities, I soon discovered that he was a German political agent. He came to see me twice; the first time his talk was somewhat indefinite, the purpose of the call apparently being to make my acquaintance and insinuate himself into my good graces. The second time, after discoursing vaguely on several topics, he came directly to the point. He drew his chair close up to me and began to talk in the most friendly and confidential manner.

"Mr. Ambassador," he said, "we are both Jews and I want to speak to you as one Jew to another. I hope you will not be offended if I presume upon this to give you a little advice. You are very active in the interest of the Armenians and I do not think you realize how very unpopular you are becoming, for this reason, with the authorities here. In fact, I think that I ought to tell you that the Turkish Government is contemplating asking for your recall. Your protests for the Armenians will be useless. The Germans will not interfere for them and you are just spoiling your opportunity for usefulness and running the risk that your career will end ignominiously."

"Are you giving me this advice," I asked, "because you have a real interest in my personal welfare?"

""Certainly," he answered; "all of us Jews are proud of what you have done and we would hate to see your career end disastrously."

"Then you go back to the German Embassy," I said, "and tell Wangenheim what I say---to go ahead and have me recalled. If I am to suffer martyrdom, I can think of no better cause in which to be sacrificed. In fact, I would welcome it, for I can think of no greater honour than to be recalled because I, a Jew, have been exerting all my powers to save the lives of hundreds of thousands of Christians."

http://www.gwpda.org/wwi-www/morgenthau/Morgen27.htm

[CrackSmokeRepublican]

ZIONISTS HERE SEE TEUTON PLAN HALTED;


Published: November 12, 1917
Copyright © The New York Times

British Victories in the Holy Land Thwart Germany's Ambition to Control Palestine.HER PRESS CAMPAIGN BARED Its Aim Was to Save Enough Eastern Territory to Menace the Suez Canal. Kaiser Visits Palestine. Sees No Gain to Jews.

American Zionists who have been watching with interest the various military operations near the Holy Land have been tremendously relieved by the events of the last few days.

http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-fr ... 5B878DF1D3

Jews in Palestine circa 1925 with two plates in colour

The conflict appears much older than we are told. Listen:

Long before the Israelites came to Palestine, the land was inhabited by Semetic and other races. Many of these, for example the Ammonites and Philistines, are supposed to have been of Indo-Germanic origin. The conquest by the Israelites did not take place all at once, but continued during long years. The crossing of the Jordan is ascribed to the fourteenth century B.C. and during the three following centuries serious wars were waged with the Ammonites, Moabites, Midianites, and above all with the Philistines.

Ludwig Preiss and Paul Rohrbach, Palestine, Sheldon Press, London, 1926, pV

(All photos are taken by Ludwig Preiss no later than 1925 and reproduced from an original copy of the book in the author's possession)

http://www.bishtawi.com/research/research_gallery.html

[CrackSmokeRepublican]

GERMANY PUTS VLADIMIR LENIN IN POWER


"In the middle of April [1917] the Germans took a sombre decision. Ludendorff refers to it with bated breath. Full allowance must be made for the desperate stakes to which the German war leaders were already committed. They were in the mood which had opened unlimited submarine warfare with the certainty of bringing the United States into the war against them. Upon the Western front they had from the beginning used the most terrible means of offense at their disposal. They had employed poison gas on the largest scale and had invented the ?Flammenwerfer.? Nevertheless it was with a sense of awe that they turned upon Russia the most grisly of all weapons. They transported Lenin in a sealed truck like a plague bacillus from Switzerland into Russia."

Winston S. Churchill
The World Crisis, Volume five.



Germany's empowerment of Lenin and the Bolsheviks in 1917 was the most serious consequence, BY FAR, of the Great War. So how, exactly, did the Germans do it?

Alexander Helphand (Parvus) had been active on the far-left fringes of the international socialist movement for many years. He had gained some notoriety because of his involvement with the St. Petersburg Soviet in 1905. Beginning in 1910, Parvus had amassed a fortune acting as an advisor in various capacities to the Young Turks in Constantinople, the details of which remain murky. He was now about to become the main conduit through which the infusion of millions of German goldmarks would elevate Lenin?s tiny band of Marxist incendiaries to a position of absolute dictatorship over the land of the Czars. His biographer describes him during this period:

"His massive, gigantic figure was more puffed out than ever, The broad, bull-like face with its high forehead, tiny nose, and carefully trimmed beard, had developed a flabby double chin, behind which his neck completely disappeared. The small lively eyes were deeply embedded in fat. His short legs were barely strong enough to support his body, and when he was standing up or walking, he seemed to use his arms to maintain himself on an even keel."

On January 7, 1915, Parvus was received by Freiherr von Wangenheim, the German ambassador to Constantinople. Parvus pointed out the important fact that Lenin, alone among the revolutionaries, had opposed the war with Germany from the beginning and that therefore: "The interests of the German Government are identical with those of the Russian revolutionaries."

The next day, January 8, Wangenheim duly reported the conversation to State Secretary von Jagow and suggested that Parvus be allowed to present his plan personally to the Foreign Ministry in Berlin. After stops in Bucharest, Sophia and Vienna, Parvus arrived at the Wilhelmstrasse in late February, 1915, where his audience included Dr. Kurt Riezler, political warfare assistant to the Chancellor.

Parvus presented to the German diplomats an elaborate three-point proposal: the infiltration of Bolshevik propaganda into Russia; an international press campaign against Czarism; organizing massive strikes under the slogan "Freedom and Peace."

He emphasized financial support for massive strikes at the Putilov, Obukhov, and Baltic factories in St. Petersburg as being of the highest importance. He stated that "Strikes here and there, the risings produced by distress and the increase in political agitation will all embarrass the Czarist government. If it takes reprisals, this will result in growing bitterness; if it shows indulgence, this will be interpreted as a sign of weakness and fan the flames of the revolutionary movement even more."

The final memorandum which Parvus gave to his German interlocutors on March 9, 1915, is described by his biographer as "a unique document, a plan, on a vast scale, for the subversion of the Czarist empire. Helphand [Parvus] had drafted a blue-print for the revolution. It was practical, detailed, with all its parts creating an impressive whole."

German diplomats were not unmindful that the Parvus plan could backfire; the German proletariat - no less than the Russian - were vulnerable to the Marxist lure as subsequent events would show. But the recent battle of the Marne had dashed German hopes of a quick victory and raised the spectre of a protracted war of attrition. It was therefore decided to furnish Parvus with an initial outlay of one million marks, and the St. Petersburg strikes were tentatively set for January 1916.

Meanwhile, Parvus went to Copenhagen where he set up a research organization ostensibly to study the social effects of war, but actually to recruit agents. He also set up an export-import business - Handels og-Eksportkompagniet - which eventually became a profitable enterprise and served to enable the transfer of German funds to the Bolsheviks. He was determined to deliver on his promise to the Germans to foment strikes in St. Petersburg and worked towards this end in conjunction with Count Brockdorff-Rantzau and Baron Gisbert von Romberg, the German Ministers to Copenhagen and Berne respectively.

He also managed to recruit Jakob Fürstenberg, Lenin's most trusted agent who was also known by various aliases such as Hanecki, Kuba, or his Party name, Ganetsky. Fürstenberg, who had Lenin's permission to work in Parvus' organization thus kept Lenin informed, while at the same time providing Parvus with a connection to Bolshevik headquarters and serving as managing director of Parvus' import-export company.

On July 6, another five million goldmarks were budgeted by the German Foreign Office for subversive propaganda and the recruitment of agents. Good progress was being made towards the planned St. Petersburg strikes. The main thing, Parvus told Brockdorff-Rantzau, is to stimulate the revolutionary mood. All this will have to be tackled vigorously, as according to every expectation, the revolutionary events will take place on 22 January. On January 3d, 1916, he telegraphed Brockdorff-Rantzau (the German Minister in Switzerland) that everything was ready: "All is going as desired. Expecting reports from St. Petersburg."

On January 11, things got off to a promising start. 10,000 workers at the Naval factory in Nikolaev put down their tools. Eleven days later, 45,000 workers struck in memory of Bloody Sunday in 1905. But while Parvus had seen to it that the strike committees had plenty of funds, the strikes did not spark a revolution as expected. The workers in Moscow and the provinces did not follow the lead of St. Petersburg and in two weeks the strikes had fizzled out.

Parvus had failed to deliver and the German Foreign Office now began to reconsider its strategy. On the initiative of von Jagow, who had never been fond of political subversion as a form of warfare, German diplomacy focused on signing a separate peace with the Czarist Government. German money to the Bolsheviks temporarily ceased . . .

But when American intervention seemed imminent, the Germans needed no further persuasion to turn on the money tap full blast. The main conduit by which German funds reached the Bolsheviks was described by H. Grebing, a member of the Austro-Hungarian legation in Stockholm:

"It is quite certain that, during the war, Helphand [Parvus] and Fürstenburg [Ganetsky] could and did carry on, with German help, an export business through Scandinavia to Russia. . . This import of German goods to Russia was undertaken regularly and in considerable volume by the Helphand-Fürstenburg enterprise in the following manner: Helphand received from the Germans certain goods such as surgical instruments, medicines, and chemicals needed in Russia, and then Fürstenburg, as his Russian agent shipped them to Russia. The cost of these goods was not paid back to Germany, but, since the outbreak of the Russian revolution, it was used mainly for Lenin?s propaganda."

The German imports were received by a St. Petersburg-based pharmaceutical business 'Fabian Klingsland ' run by Kozlovsky, an agent working for Parvus and a delegate to the Executive Committee of the Petersburg Soviet. The money - now laundered through a legitimate business enterprise - was then deposited in various accounts in the Petersburg branches of the Russo-Asiatic Bank and the Bank of Siberia from which it was withdrawn by a relative of Ganetsky-Fürstenburg, one Eugenia Sumenson. The money was distributed by Kozlovsky and Alexander Keskuela, an Estonian Bolshevik recruited by von Romberg. The total amount of German money to the Bolsheviks is enormous and has been conservatively estimated by Eduard Bernstein, a prominent German Social Democrat, at more than fifty million goldmarks:

"From absolutely reliable sources [Bernstein wrote] I have now ascertained that the sum was very large, an almost unbelievable amount, certainly more than fifty million goldmarks, a sum about the source of which Lenin and his comrades could be in no doubt. One result of all this was the Brest-Litovsk Treaty. General Hoffmann, who negotiated with Trotsky and other members of the Bolshevik delegation at Brest, held the Bolsheviks in his hand in two senses [that is, military and monetary], and he made sure they felt it."

Most of the money was used to produce some forty-two specially targeted newspapers and magazines. These were not the crudely printed pre-1914 handbills and pamphlets, but professional publications printed on high quality paper. For the soldiers there was Soldatskaia Pravda. For the sailors it was Golos Pravda and front-line troops had Okopnaia Pravda. Each of these distributed an astounding 100,000 copies per day to the troops. Additionally there were foreign language pamphlets aimed at minorities.

The main Bolshevik organ was Pravda of which 1,500,000 copies per week were distributed free of charge to factory workers who had sparked the March revolution in the industrial district of Vyborg. On December 3d, 1917, less than a month after Lenin seized power, the German Minister of Foreign Affairs, Richard Kühlmann, submitted the following confidential report:

"The disruption of the Entente and the subsequent creation of political combinations agreeable to us constitute the most important aim of our diplomacy. Russia appeared to be the weakest link in the enemy chain. The task therefore was to loosen it, and, when possible, to remove it. This was the purpose of the subversive activity we caused to be carried out in Russia behind the front ? in the first place promotion of separatist tendencies and support of the Bolsheviks. It was not until the Bolsheviks had received from us a steady flow of funds through various channels and under different labels that they were able to build up their main organ, Pravda, to conduct energetic propaganda and appreciably to extend the originally narrow basis of their party . . . It is entirely in our interest that we should exploit the period while they are in power, which may be a short one, in order to attain firstly an armistice and then, if possible, peace. The conclusion of a separate peace would mean the achievement of the desired war aim, namely a breach between Russia and her allies."

After the War, the Entente Powers concentrated on further trashing their victims - Germany and Austria - while neglecting the real danger from Russia. The price of their stupidity: World War II.

Peter

http://community.history.com/topic/1647 ... POWER.html

[CrackSmokeRepublican]

http://books.google.com/books?id=1PDLF- ... 8&lpg=PA68

Looks like the Jew Hermann Cohen in, Religion of Reason, had an enormous "Nietzsche" style influence on Rietzler. Note the author as the very NEO-CON LEO STRAUSS:

Jewish philosophy and the crisis of modernity: essays and lectures in modern ...
 By Leo Strauss, Kenneth Hart Green

[CrackSmokeRepublican]

Postcard



Taken in 1917, the signs have been changed
Main article: October Revolution

On November 7, 1917, Bolshevik leader Vladimir Lenin led his leftist revolutionaries in a revolt against the ineffective Provisional Government (Russia was still using the Julian Calendar at the time, so it is still called the October revolution). The October Revolution ended the phase of the revolution instigated in February of that year, replacing Russia's short-lived provisional parliamentary government with government by soviets, local councils elected by bodies of workers and peasants. Liberal and monarchist forces, loosely organized into the White Army, immediately went to war against the Bolsheviks' Red Army.

During the Revolution a number of pictures were taken of successful fighters celebrating their victories. These were often used as postcards after the war. The background of the original image includes a store that says in Russian, "Watches, gold and silver". The image was then changed to read, "Struggle for your rights", and flag that was a solid color before was changed to read, "Down with the monarchy - long live the Republic!".[6]

Yezhov was born in Saint Petersburg and from 1915 to 1917, Yezhov served in the Tsarist Russian army. He joined the Bolsheviks on May 5, 1917 in Vitebsk, a few months before the October Revolution. During the Russian Civil War 1919–1921 he fought in the Red Army. After February 1922, he worked in the political system rising in 1934 to the Central Committee of the Communist Party; in the next year he became a secretary of the Central Committee. From February 1935 to March 1939 he was also the Chairman of the Central Commission for Party Control.

In 1935 he wrote a paper in which he argued that political opposition must eventually lead to violence and terrorism; this became in part the ideological basis of the Purges. He became People's Commissar for Internal Affairs (head of the NKVD) and a member of the Presidium Central Executive Committee on September 26, 1936. Under Yezhov, the purges reached their height, with roughly half of the Soviet political and military establishment being imprisoned or shot, along with hundreds of thousands of others, suspected of disloyalty or "wrecking." Yezhov himself fell out of Stalin's favour and on April 10, 1939 he was arrested and on February 4, 1940 he was shot.

Personal life

Yezhov had married the educated and sincerely Marxist Antonia Titova in 1919, but he later divorced her and married Yevgenia Feigenburg. Yezhov and Feigenburg had an adopted daughter, called Natasha, an orphan from a children's home.
Head of the NKVD

In the original version of this photo (top), Yezhov is clearly visible on the right of the photograph. The later version (bottom) was altered by censors, removing all trace of his presence.

Yezhov was known as a determined loyalist of Joseph Stalin, and in 1935 he wrote a paper in which he argued that political opposition must eventually lead to violence and terrorism; this became in part the ideological basis of the purges.[5] He became People's Commissar for Internal Affairs (head of the NKVD) and a member of the Presidium Central Executive Committee on September 26, 1936, following the dismissal of Genrikh Yagoda. Yezhov's first task from Stalin was to personally investigate and conduct the prosecution of his long-time Chekist mentor Yagoda, which he did with remorseless zeal, fabricating the evidence[citation needed] necessary to see him condemned to execution as a traitor. As an additional insult, Yezhov ordered Yagoda to be stripped naked and severely beaten by the guards at the Lubyanka before his execution.

Yagoda was but the first of many to die by Yezhov's orders. Under Yezhov, the Great Purge reached its height during 1937-1938, with roughly 50-75%[citation needed] of the members of the Supreme Soviet and officers of the Soviet military being stripped of their positions and imprisoned, exiled to the Siberian gulags or executed, along with a greater number of ordinary Soviet citizens, accused (usually without evidence) of disloyalty or "wrecking" by local Chekist troikas in order to satisfy Yezhov's[citation needed] arbitrary quotas for arrests and executions. Yezhov also conducted a thorough purge of the security organs, both NKVD and GRU, removing and executing many officials who had been appointed by his predecessors Yagoda and Menzhinsky, but even his own appointees as well. He staunchly maintained that it was worth having "ten innocent people suffer rather than letting one 'enemy of the people' escape". In 1937 and 1938 at least 1.3 million were arrested, and at least 681,692 people (and likely far more) were shot, for 'crimes against the state'. The Gulag population grew by 685,201, with further deaths within (at least 140,000) and during the transports to the camps.[6]

The apex of Yezhov's career was reached on 20 December 1937, when the party hosted a giant gala to celebrate the 20th anniversary of the NKVD at the Bolshoi Theater. Enormous banners with portraits of Stalin hung side-by-side with those of Yezhov. On a stage crowded with flowers, Anastas Mikoyan, dressed in a dark caucasian tunic and belt, praised Yezhov for his tireless work. "Learn the Stalin way to work", he said, "from Comrade Yezhov, just as he learned and will continue to learn from Comrade Stalin himself". The crux of this line was that every Soviet citizen should aspire to the same level of Stalinist orthodoxy as an NKVD agent. When presented, Yezhov received an "uproarious greeting" of thunderous applause. He stood, one observer wrote, "eyes cast down and a sheepish grin on his face, as if he wasn't sure he deserved such a rapturous reception." Stalin himself was present, and observed the scene from his private box. Yezhov may also have realized the danger he was in, as Stalin was known to have no tolerance for high Party leaders given independent public acclaim and popularity, sincerely felt or not. Stalin was, as always, deeply suspicious of the political ambitions of his immediate subordinates, and was known for regularly purging the upper ranks of his executive apparatus (as was evinced with Yagoda) out of fear that they would conspire to oppose him.[citation needed]

Decline and fall

Yezhov was appointed to the post of People's Commissar for Water Transport on April 6, 1938. While maintaining his other posts, his role as grand inquisitor and extractor of confessions gradually diminished as Stalin retreated from the worst excesses of the Great Purge. Contrary to Stalin's expectations, the vast number of party officials and military officers lost during Yezhov's purges had only been partially made good by replacement with trusted Stalinist functionaries[citation needed], and he eventually correctly recognized that the disruption was severely affecting the country's ability to coordinate industrial production and defend its borders from the growing threat of Nazi Germany.

On August 22, 1938, Lavrenty Beria was named as Yezhov's deputy. Over the following months, Beria (with Stalin's approval) began to increasingly usurp Yezhov's governance of the Commissariat for Internal Affairs. As early as September 8, Mikhail Frinovsky, Yezhov's first deputy, was relocated from under his command into the Navy. Stalin's penchant for periodically executing and replacing his primary lieutenants was well known to Yezhov, as he had previously been the man most directly responsible for orchestrating such actions. Well familiar with the typical Stalinist bureaucratic precursors to eventual dismissal and arrest, he recognized Beria's increasing influence with Stalin as a threat to his position, and plunged headlong into alcoholism and despair. Already a heavy drinker, in the last weeks of his service he reportedly was disconsolate, slovenly, and drunk nearly all of his waking hours, rarely bothering to show up to work. As anticipated, Stalin and Vyacheslav Molotov, in a report dated November 11, sharply criticized the work and methods of the NKVD during Yezhov's tenure as chief, thus creating the bureaucratic pretense necessary to remove him from power. At his own request, Yezhov was officially relieved of his post as the People's Commissar for Internal Affairs on November 25, succeeded by Beria.[/quote]

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censorship ... viet_Union

[Roy Hobs]

Awesome Post.  Wish there was a way to catalogue all of this information so that it doesn't go down the memory hole.  This is a 'flag' for myself for quick access.  Thanks for the research!

[CrackSmokeRepublican]

Great series called "Architects of Deception" quoted at:
just-another-inside-job.blogspot.com/2008/02/architects-of-deception-part-x.html

Global Zionist Jewry and American Masonic Tool, Harry Truman,  was used to bring the State of Israel into existence.  

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Sunday, 10 February 2008

Architects of Deception Part X

Harry Shippe Truman

One of the most vicious Masonic presidents of the United States was Harry S. Truman (1884-1972).

On 9 February 1909, he was accepted as an apprentice within the symbolic masonry's Belton Lodge No. 450 in Fulton, Missouri and on 18 March that year he was appointed master.

In 1911, he became a charter member of Grandview Lodge No. 618 and was also initiated into the Scottish Rite. On 1 January 1912, he entered the lodge The Perfect Ones.

On 29 March 1917, he became a member of the council for the Knights of Kadosch. He received the 32 nd Masonic degree on 31 March 1919 and in November that year he was accepted into the Orienti Charter No. 102 within the York Rite, which contains 13 degrees. The three highest are called Commander degrees and these are Knight of the Red Cross, Knight of Malta, and Knight's Templar.

In December of that same year he became a member of Shekina Council No. 12.

In June of 1928, he was initiated into the Knight's Templar lodge No. 17 (Palestinian Command). Between the years 1925-1930 he was a member of the Grand Lodge of Missouri. He was elected deputy grand master and in 1940 it was his turn to be grand master.

In 1941, he was appointed honorary master within the symbolic masonry. According to a radio speech Truman gave in 1941, George Washington built the foundation of the United States on Masonic principles. Truman wanted to continue in the same spirit.

On 19 October 1945, he advanced to the 33rd degree within the Scottish Rite.

On 22 February 1946, the President of the United States and Masonic Grand Master Harry S. Truman went to the American United Lodge (George Washington Memorial) in Alexandria, Virginia and took an oath to govern the country according to Masonic principles.

In 1948, Truman appeared at a Masonic meeting at the lodge Beach Grove No. 694, where he said: "My work as a statesman is built on Masonic principles. I believe that these leadership principles must be spread all over the world, and on these principles one must build the entire civilization."

In the same speech Truman further stated that it was more important to him to be Masonic grand master than president of the United States, because a grand master disperses Masonic blessing all over the world (Oleg Platonov, "The Secret of Lawlessness", Moscow, 1998, p. 404).

How did Truman then spread the Masonic blessing? Well, among other things by committing ritual mass murder in Japan, when in August of 1945, he gave order to annihilate hundreds of thousands innocent people in the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. At 8.16 a.m. on 6 August 1945, an atomic bomb called "Little Boy" detonated some 2000 feet above Hiroshima, which immediately was turned into ashes and ruins. 80 000 people were instantly vaporized and 160 000 died during the following months, bringing the total death toll for Hiroshima to 240 000.

Truman was very happy when informed of the bombing of Hiroshima and the killing of an enormous amount of innocent people. He joked about it with his staff on board the passenger ship Augusta in the middle of the Atlantic. He was having lunch and tapped his glass to get the crew's attention. He pronounced exploding the hellish bomb "an overwhelming success". On 9 August, another atomic bomb was dropped, this time on Nagasaki.

These evil deeds against Japan were planned as early as May of 1943. There was to be no discussion with the other allies. The scientists were against using the bomb but were ignored. It would have been sufficient to demonstrate the devastating effect of the bomb to Japanese representatives at a test in the United States. The Americans, however, wanted to use the Japanese as guinea pigs. After the war an American medical station was established in Hiroshima. Its only task was to document the symptoms of the bombing victims without giving the patients any treatment whatsoever.


Tony Benn (prior to 1964 Sir Antony Wedgewood Benn), who was a member of the British government, stated that Japan long before the bombs were dropped had been willing to surrender. Truman didn't want to have anything to do with that.

The Truman administration consisted solely of Freemasons. One of the most important was Bernard Manasse Baruch, Freemason of the 33rd degree. Not a single decision was made without consulting him. Secretary of State George C. Marshall and General Omar Bradley (West Point Lodge No. 877, New York) considered Baruch as their boss. The banker Bernard Baruch made 200 million dollars on the First World War. He was also an adviser to President Wilson.

The official American military investigation of the strategic bombings during the Second World War, arrived at the following conclusion in its 1946 report: "Japan most likely would have surrendered before 31 December 1945, with great probability even before 1 November." Admiral William D. Leahy, the Chief of Staff to President Harry Truman and the unofficial coordinator of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, pointed out that "use of this barbarous weapon at Hiroshima and Nagasaki was of no material assistance in our war against Japan. The Japanese were already defeated and ready to surrender" (William D. Leahy, "I Was There", New York, 1950, p. 441).

The Japanese were willing to surrender already in the spring of 1945, and at the same terms they accepted when the bombs had been dropped, but Truman was not interested. The United States wanted to demonstrate its super weapon, so as to facilitate a world government.

The night of 10 March 1945 more than 300 B 29 bombers dropped 1700 tons of napalm and fire bombs over Tokyo. More than 100 000 people were killed; the crew in the last planes could smell burning human flesh. These bombings were designated as "more effective" in killing ratio per plane than the firestorm over Dresden on 13 to 15 February of that year. That was a barbaric, militarily senseless destruction of the city by 800 bombers. 3900 tons of bombs were dropped. At least 250 000 people lost their lives (Askania Annual, April 1985). An official document from the city of Dresden, dated 31 July 1992, puts the probable death toll at between 250 000 and 300 000. The often cited figure in politically correct media of 35 000 only refers to the victims identified shortly afterwards. Most of these were, however, so badly burned that no identification was possible.

Dresden was one of the most beautiful cities in Germany with a huge amount of art and cultural treasures from the 16th and 17th centuries. For one entire week the city burned. Out of 28 410 houses in the inner city of Dresden, 24 866 were destroyed. An area of 15 square kilometres was totally destroyed: 14 000 homes, 72 schools, 22 hospitals, 19 churches, 5 theatres, 50 bank and insurance companies, 31 department stores, 31 large hotels, and 62 administration buildings. Also parts of the city wall were destroyed. This evil act had also been planned far in advance. About one million people were living in Dresden. At least a third of the inhabitants were refugees.

There were also plans to level all the historical buildings and monuments of Bamberg to the ground under the pretence that the Bavarian city was a railway junction. In the early morning of 22 February 1945, 500 American bombers took off from their bases in southern England. But something protected the cathedral and the monastery this particular day. Dense fog and zero visibility had the effect that only two out of three divisions reached Bamberg. The bombardiers had difficulty in locating the railway and the 300 giant bombers mostly hit orchards and empty farmland. The third division flew on and hit the neighbouring towns of Schwenningen and Villingen instead. Less than ten percent of Bamberg was attacked. Nuremberg by comparison was 98% destroyed by 2 January 1945.

In all of Germany 19 major cities were laid waste, among them Hamburg, Cologne, Essen, Dortmund, Diisseldorf, Hannover, Mannheim, Wuppertal, and Aachen. In addition, 26 more were badly damaged. The British historians, Sir Charles Webster and Noble Frankland, stated in their work "The Strategic Air Offensive against Germany 1939-1945" (London, 1961) that at least 600 000 civilians, adults and children were sacrificed during Great Britain's insane bombing terror and destruction fury. To this one must add far more civilian casualties that were badly injured and maimed. Prime Minister Winston Churchill who was a chronic alcoholic was personally behind the terror. (Talmudic Revenge)

He relied heavily on his aviation adviser, the Jewish immigrant and Oxford Professor Frederick Alexander Lindemann (knighted Lord Cherwell), who planned the British bombing terror against the German population. He was never charged with war crimes, despite the fact that his calculations as to the result that he promised were totally wrong. On 8 July 1940, Churchill wrote that against the Germans was needed "an absolutely devastating, exterminating attack by very heavy bombers on the Nazi homeland..." (Geoffrey Wheatcroft, The Spectator, 29 September 1979). The afore-mentioned Webster and Frankland were of the opinion that history's judgment would be devastating of this evil deed.

The United States occupied Japan until 1952. President Bill Clinton said at a press conference in 1995, that there was no reason to apologize to Japan for the two nuclear bombings.

The Yalta agreement prescribed a political division of the Far East after the Japanese surrender. Wall Street wanted such a division that in the future could cause possible armed conflicts. During the Tehran conference it in the fall of 1943, it was suggested that the Soviet Union should take part in the war against Japan. There was no logical or military need for this considering the first nuclear bomb was almost ready, hopefully within half a year.

President Franklin Delano Roosevelt characterized the tone between the allies at Yalta as "familiar", at the same time knowing exactly what communism stood for. He was neither naive nor stupid. He stated: "In all times, but now more than ever, the world has been ruled above all by secret societies."

That Roosevelt's ancestor was a Dutch 17 th century Jew (Claes Martenszen van Rozenvelt), was shown by the historian Ottomar Kraintz in his book "Juda endecht Amerika" ("A Jew Discovers America", Munich, 1938, pp. 128-129).

Roosevelt demanded that Japan should be divided into different zones just like the plan for Germany. The Soviet Union should have received the island of Hokkaido and the northern part of Honshu, the main island. The United States should have had the central part of Japan, Great Britain Western Honshu and the island of Kyushu. Also Manchuria and the Japanese islands South Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands was given to the Soviets for their participation in forcing Japan to submission. Truman was opposed to such a plan and when in power, his will would prevail.

The same day the Americans dropped the second atomic bomb over Japan, on 9 August 1945, the Soviet Union for no reason at all declared war on Japan and broke the non-aggression pact between them. Japan surrendered on 15 August, but the Soviets managed to occupy a few islands. First the Soviet troops entered Manchuria, which at that time was the Japanese protectorate Manchukuo (capital Xinjing, present day Changchun). There and at Sakhalin 594 000 prisoners of war were taken, according to figures made official in 1990. The majority of these were brought to camps in Siberia, where 62 000 died, 46 000 of which have been identified; that is roughly ten per cent probably due to good physique. The Japanese were used in forced labour in the construction of the Baikal Amur main railway in the vicinity of Lake Baikal, and also in the forestry. Many died of starvation and of the cold. They were also subjected to intense communist indoctrination.

When the US Congress approved 125 million dollars in aid to Chiang Kaishek in 1948, Truman made sure it never got there and that Chiang was beaten by Mao Zedong's red troops. Chiang's troops were constantly being diminished. The American aid to the freemason Mao Zedong went through Moscow from 1945 onwards (William T. Still, "New World Order: The Ancient Plan of Secret Societies", Lafayette, Louisiana, 1990, p. 172). The People's Republic of China was proclaimed on 1 October 1949, largely because of to the aid to Mao. The aid to Chiang had stopped and he no longer had fuel for his tanks or ammunition. He had to give way to the communists

(Michael J. Goy, "The Missing Dimension in World Affairs", South Pasadena, 1976, p. 103).

All this was planned already during the Potsdam conference in the summer of 1945. For understandable reasons the United States wished to hide its role in this process. This was confirmed by Owen Lattimore, a Johns Hopkins University professor specializing in China and Asia, Roosevelt's key advisor on China policy, and adviser to Chiang Kaishek: "The problems was how to allowe them [China] to fall without making it look as if the United States had pushed them." (Gary Allen, "None Dare Call it Conspiracy", Seal Beach, California, 1972, p. 76)

The secret Masonic society led by Sun Yatsen, which had grown out of the Chinese renaissance swore an oath, when its members were exiled in Hawaii, to return to China and topple the Qing dynasty. Just in 1903, the freemasons on twenty five different occasions tried to bring down the Manchurian Empire; the following year there were ninety attempts, and in 1905 they tried eighty-five times. The Chinese government successfully defended itself for eight years. The freemasonry tried at the same pace until 10 October 1911, when several secret societies (among them Tongmengui) in Wuchang started its Xianhai Revolution (meaning "year of the pig). The freemasons led by Sun Yatsen proclaimed a republic in Nanking on 1 January 1912. The commander-in-chief Yuan Shikai forced in connection with this incident the Qing dynasty, which had ruled China for 268 years, to abdicate on 12 February 1912. Yan himself became president.

The Chinese Freemasons had achieved their foremost goal. The six-year old emperor Po Yi was overthrown and thus ended an empire of 2000 years. Po Yi was allowed to stay on in his palaces in Peking, but the treasures were sold, a normal occurrence at such changes of power. In 1934, the Japanese named Po emperor of the protectorate Manchukuo, where he already had been acting head of state for two years. At the end of the Second World War, Po was captured by Soviet troops. When the People's Republic of China was proclaimed,

Po Yi was extradited to Peking in 1950. He was one of the few monarchs not to be executed after a "revolution". He was released in 1959 after having been brainwashed for nine years in prison and was allowed to work as a gardener until his death of cancer in 1967.

John F. Kennedy and Richard Nixon were not Freemasons, which disturbed the Masonic Order. Kennedy was assassinated, Nixon was forced to resign. Noam Chomsky believes that almost all the corrupt methods, which led to the fall of Richard Nixon, had also been used by his predecessor Lyndon Johnson and other Masonic presidents. President Truman illegally blocked Nixon's investigation of organized crime. Powerful Masonic forces wanted Nixon to resign. Behind the discussion about his morals were political and economic secrets. That is why he was isolated by the establishment, even though he had accomplished an enormous amount for the Illuminati.

Freemasons were, however, the Swedish-American chief justice of the Supreme Court Earl Warren (33 rd degree), Senator Richard Russell (Winder Lodge) and Vice-President Gerald Ford, who all acted to get rid of Nixon, which happened on 9 August 1974. They used the Watergate affair of 1972-1973. Nixon's successor was Gerald Ford, a mason of the 33rd degree and a Bilderberger.

The Jewish lobby in America had made use of the Watergate affair to break Nixon before he forced Israel to make the necessary withdrawals for peace in the Middle East.

The Washington Star reported the following on 1 December 1971: «Former President Lyndon B. Johnson confirms that Richard Nixon as a Republican president was able to do things that a Democratic president was not able to do. "Could you imagine the commotion," he mused during a short interview, "if I had been responsible for the expulsion of Taiwan from the UN? Or if I had introduced price and wage controls? Nixon did it," he concluded with an admiring undertone. "If I, Truman or Humphrey or some other Democrat had tried that, they would have totally destroyed us.»

New York Magazine of September 1970 had an article by John Kenneth Galbraith, the Harvard socialist professor. In the article called "Nixon and the Great Socialistic Renewal", Galbraith claimed that the change during the Nixon administration was the new great leap towards socialism. This game was dangerous, since it was labelled conservatism. Nixon himself called his policy "the New Federalism".

The historian Gary Allen, who wrote a biography of Nixon, claims that Nixon lived in a house owned by Rockefeller in New York. Theodor White stated in his book "The Making of the President 1960", that Nixon was ready to do anything for Rockefeller to gain the trust of the family. Rockefeller acted through Nixon, who took as his adviser an extreme socialist and hateful freemason, Henry Kissinger (born Avraham Ben Elazar, according to The Jewish Press, 18 June 1976).

The Case of Kissinger

Heinz Alfred Kissinger was born on 27 May 1923 in Furth in central Germany, the son of a rabbi ( Washington Observer, 15 April 1971). His parents emigrated to the United States in 1938 and Heinz became Henry. From 1943 to 1945 he worked for US intelligence. Later he taught political science at Harvard University. Kissinger himself was educated by Professor William Yandel Elliott, who adhered to H. G. Well's crazy ideas.

In 1955, he developed a relationship with Nelson Rockefeller (Frank Capell, "Henry Kissinger: Soviet Agent", Cincinnati, 1992, p. 29). The poor Jewish refugee became a powerful figure thanks to the Rockefeller family that began using him as a proxy. In 1956, he was named editor of the influential magazine Foreign Affairs.

Henry Kissinger is a high-ranking official of the Jewish Masonic organization B'nai B'rith. He is also a member of the Bilderberg group and the Trilateral Commission. He belongs to the Swiss Grand Lodge Alpina, the elitist Bohemian Club, and he is a member of Phi Beta Cappa Club, Cosmos Club, Federal City Club, and Century Club.

Kissinger was an adviser to presidents Richard Nixon and George Bush Sr. In the years 1961, 1969 and 1973 he passed the internal security check. The information on him was given by the State Department not by the FBI. In the beginning of his career as Nixon's adviser, he gained control of the intelligence services in the United States (Frank Capell, "Henry Kissinger: Soviet Agent", Cincinnati, 1992, p. 9).

In April 1946, Kissinger started teaching at a school for intelligence agents. During this period he was recruited as a Soviet agent by the KGB, under the codename Bor (Gary Allen, "Kissinger: The Secret Side of the Secretary of State", Seal Beach, California, 1976, p. 18).

Kissinger was the architect behind the Christmas bombings of Hanoi and Hai-Phong in 1972. He became secretary of state under President Gerald Ford in 1973. According to Wall Street Journal, Kissinger helped Peter Wallenberg in Sweden illegally to export high technology to the communist Eastern Europe.

Outwardly Kissinger was a liberal. Liberalism is, however, basically a leftist ideology. The Salt Lake City-Deseret News reported on 27 March 1970 that behind the designation of Kissinger as national security adviser to President Nixon was Nelson Rockefeller.

It was Henry Kissinger who toppled Richard Nixon by using the Watergate Affair (Gary Allen, "The Rockefeller File", Seal Beach, California, 1976, p. 176).

Kissinger received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1973 for having the communists win the Vietnam War.

It was Henry Kissinger who was behind the oil crisis of 1973-1974, and he pushed through his plans at a secret meeting in Stockholm, Sheik Yamani, a former minister for oil of Saudi Arabia revealed in The Observer on 14 January 2001. Kissinger organized a quadrupling of the oil price in November 1973. The meeting Sheik Yamani referred to was the Bilderberg convention in the vicinity of Stockholm in May 1973. This was confirmed in William Engdahl's book "A Century of War: Anglo-American Oil Politics and the New World Order" (1993).

In the early 1960s, however, a serious drawback occurred that he had not counted with. A defected communist agent exposed Kissinger as a Soviet spy, codename Bor.

Colonel Michal Goleniewski of the Polish intelligence service had sent a letter under the alias Sniper in March 1959 to the United , States ambassador to Switzerland, and revealed secret information leading to the arrest of SIS officers George Blake and Gordon Lonsdale in England. Both were tried and sentenced as Soviet agents. During Christmas of 1960 Sniper himself defected. He was a relatively high-ranking KGB officer, who exposed many Soviet agents in Great Britain. The information was verified and the spies were arrested. A little later Goleniewski turned over a list of Soviet agents in Sweden, which Swedish intelligence could verify. The Swedish socialist government, however, did not allow the arrest of any Soviet agents, except for one dangerous traitor, called Stig Wennerstrom.

Next in turn were West Germany, Denmark, and France. Again all the information turned out to be correct and Soviet agents were caught. A total of 5000 pages of top-secret material were delivered by Goleniewski, plus 800 pages of Soviet intelligence reports and 160 microfilms. All information was correct.

On 12 January 1961, Goleniewski arrived in the United States. He had extremely important information about a spy at high level and demanded to see President Kennedy, which was denied. Instead he saw the head of the CIA and revealed who the secret Soviet agent was Harvard professor and national security adviser Henry Kissinger.

The CIA reacted instantly - Goleniewski received 50 000 dollars to keep quiet and was henceforth expelled. Kissinger was such a powerful member of B'nai B'rith that they no longer could touch him. He was allowed to carry on with his harmful activities.

Kissinger had sent all of the most secret information directly to the Soviet Union. This was, however, leaked from CIA and got to the right-wing press. The American Opinion exposed Kissinger secret activities in April 1975 (p. 35) and in March 1976. All this was verified by the historian Ladislav Bitman in his book "KGB: Soviet Misinformation" (New York, 1985, pp. 54-55).

The Soviet agent Victor Louis openly visited Henry Kissinger in the White House on 13 November 1971 (John Barron, "KGB", Tel Aviv, 1978, p. 230).

Anatoli Filatov, who worked for the Foreign Ministry of the Soviet Union, was recruited (lured into a trap of a sexual nature) in the beginning of the 1970s by the CIA in Algeria. Through him the CIA got very valuable secrets from Moscow. At one time they got hold of a copy of a letter from the Soviet ambassador to Washington, Anatoli Dobrynin (actually Gutman). In this letter Kissinger is revealed as a Soviet agent.

The high-ranking Freemason David Aaron, who worked for the CIA and at the same time was an adviser to President Jimmy Carter, did all he could to protect his "brother" Kissinger from being exposed. He wanted to punish Filatov for having given information on Kissinger. Through a Romanian diplomat he had Filatov exposed as an American agent. Filatov was arrested in Moscow and summarily executed. It turned into a major scandal in the United States, but Kissinger was once again saved.

The Freemason David Aaron betrayed his country to save a high- ranking Masonic brother from being exposed as a foreign agent. The Kissinger case was hushed up. David Aaron was never punished for his hideous crime.

During his time as Secretary of State Henry Kissinger made sure that all known anti-communists were discharged from the State Department (Gary Allen, "Kissinger: The Secret Side of the Secretary of State", Seal Beach, California, 1976, p. 129). Kissinger could not tolerate anti-communists, not even as a joke.

On 4 March 1982, it was claimed on the American TV station Channel Eleven that former secretary of state Kissinger was sexually involved with young boys. The human rights activist, Ellen Kaplan, asked Henry Kissinger on the street: "Mr. Kissinger, is it true that you are sleeping with boys at Hotel Carlyle?" Kissinger's wife Nancy then tried to strangle Ellen Kaplan, who reported the incident to the police and Nancy Kissinger was arrested for attempted homicide.

When the New World Order is implemented, the world will be very different, promised the freemason Henry Kissinger in a statement: "There won't be so many left, but everything will be better for people." This is a remarkable humanistic thought.

Sinister Plans

The foremost aim of the Freemasons was real world power. From the United Nations emblem it is clearly seen that the 33 degrees of freemasonry already control the world. Around this circular symbol, containing a grade network of 33 sections, there are two olive branches with 13 leaves on either side - which symbolize a concretization of the spiritual means of development. To the freemasonry the acacia is its chief symbolic sign, whose esoteric meaning is 'very intense activity'. The mythical builder Hiram Abiff supposedly was covered with leaves of acacia, which to the freemasons also symbolizes immortality.

Recently a commission to implement a world government has been formed by the UN. The former Swedish Prime Minister Ingvar Carlsson shares the chairmanship with Shridath Ramphal. Jim Garrison, of the Gorbachov Foundation, and a high-ranking freemason, told The San Francisco Weekly (31 May 1995) that "this is the next phase in human development... during the next 20 - 30 years we will at last have a world government. That is inevitable".

Another well-known high-ranking freemason, Zbigniew Brzezinski, was equally honest when in the 1970s he stated: "I have no illusion that the world government will appear in our lifetime... We cannot transfer to a world government in one quick step... The necessary requirement for final and true globalisation is a continuous regionalization, because that way we move toward larger, more stable, and more cooperative units."

This is amazingly like a Stalinist scheme: "Later on the various regions can be united to form one single world dictatorship." (Josef Stalin, "Marxism and the National Issue", Moscow, 1942)

The well-known Freemason James Paul Warburg said before the US Senate on 17 February 1950: "We shall have World Government, whether we like it or not. The only question is whether World Government will be achieved by conquest or consent."

David Rockefeller stated: "We are on the verge of a global transformation. All we need is the right major crisis and the nations will accept the New World Order."

Strobe Talbot, who was president Clinton's assistant secretary of state, stated in Time Magazine (p. 70) on 20 July 1992: "The best mechanism for democracy... is . ..a federation, a union of separate states that allocate certain powers to a central government while retaining many others for themselves. Federalism has already proved the most successful of all political experiments, and organizations like the World Federalist Association have for decades advocated it as the basis for global government... The US is still the best example of a multinational federal state... Perhaps national sovereignty wasn't such a great idea after all."

Thus the Freemasons are ready to reveal their secret power by introducing a world government.

The Swiss author Karl Heise published the British Freemasons' map of Europe of 1888. It shows the new borders of Europe as they were after the war. His interesting study "Entente - Freimaurerei und Weltkrieg" / "Entente - Freemasonry and World War" (Basel, 1919) analysed the secret role of freemasonry in provoking the First World War.

The British newspaper The Truth published in December 1890 a map, showing those European borders that only became a reality in 1919. Three great empires were gone! This map was published as a satirical exaggeration. In 1919 no one was laughing any more.

"The responsibility for the World War rests solely upon the shoulders of the international financiers. It is upon them that sets the blood of millions of dead and millions of dying." (Congressional Record, 67th Congress, 4th Session, 1923, Senate Document No. 346)

The high-ranking freemason Jacques-Yves Cousteau said in an interview to The UNESCO Courier (November 1991, p. 13: "In order to stabilize world population, we must eliminate 350 000 people per day. It is a horrible thing to say, but it is just as bad not to say it."

In just one year it would amount to 128 million people. Cousteau meant that the world leaders had ten years to reduce the population, before it was time for drastic decisions.

Thomas Ferguson, the Latin American case officer for the State Department's Office of Population Affairs (OPA), wrote in the early 1970s: "There is a single theme behind all our work - we must reduce population levels. Our failure to lower population by simple means has created the basis for a national security crisis.

The government of El Salvador failed to use our programs to lower their population. Now they get a civil war because of it.... There will be dislocation and food shortages. They still have too many people there. Civil wars are somewhat drawn-out ways to reduce population.

The quickest way to reduce population is through famine, like in Africa or through disease like the Black Death. We look at our strategic needs, and we say that this country must lower its population - or else we will have trouble. So steps are taken." (Executive Intelligence Review, Special Report, 25 June 2000, pp. 28-30)

Cyrus Vance (1917-2002, Skull & Bones, Trilateral Commission, Council on Foreign Relations, Bohemian Club), who in 1976 became President James Earl Carter's secretary of states, in 1975 edited the 600-page report "Global 2000", which was ordered by power elite.

Among many other things it is a plan to reduce the world population by means of wars, famine, diseases, and plagues the to 2.5 billion people by the year 2000. The population of the United States should be reduced to 100 million by the year of 2050.

The goal of the New World Order is to establish a totalitarian world government. To achieve this goal the Masonic leaders so far have taken the following measures:

1. They have taken complete control of the monetary market through the Masonic families Rothschild, Warburg, Schiff, Rockefeller, the currency speculator George Soros.

2. They have exercised influence over the media through the freemasons William Randolph Hearst, Adolph Ochs, Silvio Berlusconi, Rupert Murdoch et al.

3. They have established control of the political system through the Grand Orient freemasonry in France, Italy, Latin America, Russia, Eastern Europe and in other countries. Georges Pompidou, Dean Rusk, Walter Mondale, Franz-Joseph Strauss, Willy Brandt, Bruno Kreisky and many leading politicians were members of various lodges. The last President of the Soviet Union, Mikhail Gorbachov, became a freemason in the Knights Templar in the United States, where he received the degree Knight of Malta ( Novoye Russkoye Slovo, New York, December 1989; Oleg Soloviov, "Freemasonry in World Politics in the 20th Century", Moscow, 1998). On 16 November 1991, Russian President Boris Yeltsin was also initiated into this lodge (Sovetskaya Rossiya, 9 September 1993).

4. They have spread a revolting type of "entertainment" like action movies with violence; pornography; disharmonious plagiarized popular music like that by the freemasons George Gershwin and Irving Berlin (Israel Baline, 32nd degree), who came from Russia; and hard rock music; propagated for competitive sports such as soccer, which reaped 300 victims during the 1980s and in 1969 caused a war between Honduras and El Salvador that lasted four days and cost 6000 lives and made 50 000 people homeless). The freemasons Louis B. Mayer (Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer), Darryl Zanuck, Rupert Murdoch (20th Century Fox), Jack Warner (Warner Brothers Fame) have all done harm to mankind by spreading their disgusting movies. Hollywood was already in the 1930s in the control of the freemason bankers Kuhn, Loeb & Co. and Goldman Sachs.

B'nai B'rith founded in the early 1920s a lodge also in Hollywood, with Alfred Schwalberg, Baranay Bapaban (Paramount, Harry Goldberg (Warner Brothers) and other leading figures within the American film industry. The lodge received the number 1366. Between the years 1925 and 1935, "the king of movies" Willy Hayes gave B'nai B'rith's president Alfred M. Cohen the option to scrutinise all scripts that had anything to do with Jews.

B'nai B'rith thereafter managed to camouflage itself and founded the special Film Lodge in Hollywood on 16 November 1939. In 1974 it began to be known as Cinema Unit 6000, which was a lodge within B'nai B'rith. In 1977 it was reorganized under the name Cinema- Radio-TV Unit 6000. All B'nai-B'rith masons in the mass media were united in this lodge.

In 1979, there were 1600 members, such as actors, distributors, directors, scriptwriters, producers, and composers. All these freemasons have had an enormous influence on the development of violent entertainment. Larry Hagman, who played the mean oil producer J. R. Ewing in the soap opera "Dallas", is one of the members of this lodge. Another member is Leonard Nimoy of "Star Wars" (Viktor Ostretsov, "Freemasonry, Culture and Russian History", Moscow, 1999, p. 613).

5. The freemasons have made sure that as many young people as possible are dependent on drugs. What is called 'youth culture' is the worst crime against youth. The freemason George Soros propagates legalizing drugs. The Grand Orient favours the narcotics traffic by the Mafia. The CIA has with tacit support of the Masonic leaders participated in drug dealing from Vietnam and helped distribute the drugs to young people on the streets.

6. They have spread spiritual confusion through destructive or deceptive sub-cultures or sects that they have tried to control to various degrees. Examples of this are the humanistic movement, the Mormon Church, and Jehovah's witnesses.

7. They have caused unemployment and economic crises, for instance the Wall Street Crash in New York on 24 October 1929.

8. They have instigated wars, revolutions and armed conflicts, and supported terrorism. The freemasons among other things caused two world wars, the Korean War and the Vietnam War. For example the freemason Jacob Venedy (1805-187 1) was one of the leaders of the revolutionary committee of fifty, which was founded in Frankfurt am Main in March 1848 during the greatest revolution of Europe in 1848. The revolutionary commissar Venedy was leading the revolt in Berlin on 18 March 1848. The P2 Lodge as another example helped form the terror organization the Red Brigades in 1969.

9. They have installed totalitarian regimes, for instance in Russia in October 1917 and in China in 1949. (More about this in my book "Under the Sign of the Scorpion".)

10. Finally they want to turn the UN into a totalitarian world government. Within the UN, as has been mentioned earlier, a commission for implementing a world government is already active.

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[CrackSmokeRepublican]

More details on Rothschild Jewish subversion of Russia with their Jewish-Duped Goyim Masonic agents:

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Architects of Deception Part XIV


The Destruction of Russia


The Freemasons are always prepared to play a cat and mouse game to undermine their enemies. The victim is allowed to play the game on the cat's terms, until he is bewitched by consensus trance and his mind becomes totally paralysed. This is exactly what happened to Tsar Nicholas II of Russia.

At the end of the 1890s, the Freemason Philip Vashod founded the masonic lodge Krest i Zvezda (the Cross and Star) in the Winter Palace and later in Tsarskoye Selo, in order to surround the tsar and destroy him. He even tricked Nicholas II into joining the lodge. But the tsar was not informed of any important secrets. Philip Vashod became adviser for questions of state (Viktor Ostretsov, "Freemasonry, Culture, and Russian History", Moscow, 1999, p. 387). The freemason Leonti Kandaurov (the tsar's emissary in Paris) confirmed this (the Central Historical Archive in Moscow, section 730, I).

French freemasonry got the all-clear in the tsarist Russia, despite the fact that it actually represented atheism and republicanism. Nicholas II was aware of this. By associating with the Freemasons, he destroyed Russia's chances of development.

Between 1900 and 1902, 10 000 people, mostly Russian Jews, were trained in the United States. Their mission was to return to Russia after their revolutionary training in order to spread terror and crush the tsarist regime. Most of the financial resources for these activities came from the Zionist billionaire Jacob Schiff and other Jewish bankers in the United States.

These bankers also financed the Russo-Japanese War in 1904 and the Revolution of 1905 in Russia (Nikolov Dichev, "The Evil Conspiracy", Urgench, 1992, p. 99).

In 1904, the Grand Orient agitated against the Russian government, calling it a disgrace to the civilized world. The Order of Grand Orient of France was constantly involved in Russia's internal affairs by supporting the "revolutionaries there as early as 1905-1906, when many agitators were active" (Oleg Platonov, "Russia's Crown of Thorns: The Secret History of Freemasonry 1731-1996", Moscow, 1996, p. 172).

The tsar was influenced by several Freemasons acting as close friends. Prince Alexander Mikhailovich was one of them. Mikhailovich's mother was Jewish. Another was Duke Nikolai Nikolayevich, who convinced the tsar to sign the Manifesto of 17 October 1905, which cleared the way for the freemasons. This document gave the parliament, which was completely under the control of the masons, more power. The tsar's understanding of Russian freemasonry was primarily gained from these high-ranking masonic gentlemen who were unable to tell the truth and in reality wanted to depose and kill him.

In 1905, in St. Petersburg, the secretary of the Masonic Supreme Council, David Bebutov, delivered 12 000 roubles to the leader of the social revolutionaries in exchange for murdering Tsar Nicholas II. The plans could not be realized. In 1906 the freemasons made another attempt to kill the tsar with the aid of the social revolutionaries. They even used a submarine in the attempt. There were also plans to build an aeroplane for this purpose (ibid, p. 179). The action was organized by the infamous terrorist and freemason Nikolai Tchaikovsky (social revolutionary), who had designed the aeroplane that was to attack the tsar from the air. When their henchman Jevno Azef was arrested, the plans were put on hold.

When General V. Teplov became a member of the lodge, a "brother" wanted to know what he thought of the plan to physically remove the tsar. Teplov answered with the frankness of a military man: "If I am ordered to do so, I will kill him." (Sergei Melgunov, "On the Way to the Palace Coup", Paris, 1931, p. 185)

During the autumn of 1905, the Freemasons led all the attempts to take over power in Russia. Among the conspirators were two members of the National Council, Alexander Guchkov and Mikhail Stakhovich (who also acted as diplomat), as well as other well-known Freemasons like Sergei Urusov, a landowner who had betrayed the tsar. He handled the contacts with the Grand Orient of France.


Urusov was simultaneously the chairman of the Masonic Supreme Council of Russia. These men immediately wanted to be part of a Russian government. Also the freemasons Vladimir Rozenberg and Georgi Lvov took part in this plan. They sought to impose the French republican model on Russia.

The blood-red masonic directors, including Alexander Parvus and Leon Trotsky, had started a devastating wave of terror in 1905. "Revolutionary" crimes committed in 1905-06 were great advances, according to the freemasons. The freemasons continued to murder their enemies in Russia. Between 1906 and 1908, the revolutionary movement controlled by the freemasons performed 26 268 assassination attempts - 6091 Russians were killed and over 6000 were wounded (Vladimir Krasny, "The Devil's Children", Moscow, 1999, p. 181).

In December 1905, Boris Nikolsky, professor of law and a member of the National Council, gave a speech before the Russian Assembly and the tsar. Nikolsky spoke of the activities of the Jewry and the freemasons in Russia, that is subversive activities. The tsar disliked this speech so much that he prohibited its publication. Nicholas II wanted to win over elements from the left, who still hated him in spite of this.

Freemasonry was called a criminal organization in the reports from the secret police. This was true, since the lodges constantly broke Russian law. The tsar had access to these reports.

The tsar dissolved the parliament twice - in July 1906 and in June 1907. At this stage the Duma had broken the law time and again. The masonic member of parliament and lawyer Yevgeni Kedrin received a notice from the Grand Orient of France on 7 September 1906, which proclaimed that the Russians were suffering on account of the tsar's tyranny and that the Grand Orient of France provided opponents of the regime with means to defeat this despotism, all according to documents found in the Soviet Unions Special Archive, which became public in connection with the weakening of the communist regime in 1989.


After several attempts at a revolution in 1905 and 1906, the Grand Orient opened new lodges in Russia: The Iron Ring in Nizhny Novgorod (Kilvein was grand master), Kiev (Steingel was grand master) and in other cities. Count Alexei Orlov Davydov financed these new lodges (Oleg Platonov, "Russia's Crown of Thorns: The Secret History of Freemasonry 1731-1996", Moscow, 1996, p. 172).

In 1906, the Grand Orient incited their members to serve the highest interests of international socialism. The Grand Orient promised all the support imaginable for anti-government activities in Russia. The decision about this support was to be kept secret, however (ibid, p. 178).

Laferre, one of the leaders of world freemasonry, said at an International Masonic Conference in 1908, that the freemasons were prepared to finance a conspiracy against Russia. He specified: "The Council of the Order will make any necessary sacrifices in order to achieve true progress for this nation, which has not yet been delivered from darkness and where the triumph of freemasonry is about to unfold." (Kolokol, 9 November 1908)

When Nicholas II went on a state visit to Sweden in 1909, he was the victim of an assassination attempt. The anarchist who had been hired attacked the wrong person, however, and ended up killing a Swedish colonel in dress uniform.

In the middle of 1911 deputy Minister of the Interior, Lieutenant General Pavel Kurlov, issued a special report to the Minister of the Interior Piotr Stolypin, the contents of which disturbed the Russian freemasons deeply. The report dealt with the freemasons' connection with terrorist activities against the Russian state and its representatives. It appears that Stolypin took this threat against the state from the freemasons most seriously and decided to impose measures against them. Stolypin was not just minister of the interior, but also chairman of the Council of Ministers, that is prime minister.

Earlier, in 1910, a police agent named Boris Alexeyev had been sent to Paris to gather information about the Grand Orient of France, where the actions against Russia originated from. But Stolypin was murdered at the opera in Kiev on 1 September 1911 in the presence of the tsar. The murderer, the masonic agent Dmitri (Mordekai) Bogrov, was arrested. The leading figure in the Russian Grand Orient, Alexander Kerensky (actually Aaron Kurbis) escaped abroad at this time. Soon after, a report arrived from Alexeyev in Paris.

The report mentioned that "the masonic leaders have reached the conclusion that the chairman of the Council of Ministers... is an individual who is damaging to the interests of freemasonry. Such a decision, made by the Supreme Council, has been known to exist for several months... It transpires that the secret leaders of freemasonry are displeased with Stolypin's policy and have utilised the intimate connections between the Grand Orient of France and the revolutionary committees in Russia to complete the plan, which they only had as a draft. It is also said that the purely technical aspect of the crime and certain details in the circumstances, which made it possible to bring about the assassination, were prepared by the freemasons" (Oleg Platonov, "Russia's Crown of Thorns: The Secret History of Freemasonry 1731-1996", Moscow, 1996, pp. 198-200).

Leon Trotsky met Bogrov on the morning of 1 September 1911 in a cafe in Kiev. The residents of Kiev wanted to kill all the Jews in Kiev after the murder of Stolypin but the government sent a regiment of Cossacks to prevent a bloodbath ("The War by Common Law", Minsk, 1999, p. 42).

The murderer Bogrov was hanged. He was a member of the Grand Orient. The terrorist and freemason Manuil Margulies (a henchman to Alexander Guchkov) was the leader of the plot.

Stolypin's plans against the freemasons were never realized. After his murder, the freemason Count Vladimir Kokovtsev (1853-1943) became prime minister. He had previously held the post of minister of finance. He was the only tsarist minister to receive a high pension from the provisional government in the spring of 1917, while others were imprisoned. Nor did the bolsheviks touch him. He must have rendered great service to international freemasonry (Viktor Ostretsov, "Freemasonry, Culture, and Russian History", Moscow, 1999, p. 399).


The Jewish extremist Nikolai Maklakov became the new minister of the interior in 1912. His brother, the lawyer Vasili Maklakov, was a notorious freemason. The freemasons immediately began to infiltrate the Russian government, which was doomed to perish. After the murder of Stolypin, the police no longer received the necessary information about the damage being done by the freemasons. Those responsible for the information had been replaced with masonic agents, who deliberately neglected to pass on the information they received to their superiors.

Through the deputy Interior Minister and freemason, Vladimir Dzhunkovsky, the international organization of freemasons also had control of the Russian police. From the beginning, the freemasons supported the undermining activities of Lenin. By 1912, the freemasons controlled the entire Russian diplomatic corps.

On 18 February 1912, the masonic banker Salomon Loeb gave a speech in Philadelphia, stating the necessity of creating a fund to enable to send arms and leaders to Russia. These leaders would teach the Jewish youth to exterminate oppressors like dogs. He stressed that "we will force Russia to her knees". With the help of the fund, all this would be achieved (Philadelphia Press, 19 February 1912). As the reader will recall, freemasons regard all non-freemasons as dogs.

From 28 August to 1 September 1911, international freemasonry held its Second Internationale Socialist Congress at the Odd Fellows palace on Bredgade in Copenhagen. The main organizers were the freemason Walter Rathenau and the Jewish masonic lodge B'nai B'rith. Among the participants were the well-known freemasons Karl Liebknecht, Rosa Luxemburg, Lenin, Trotsky, Hjalmar Branting (Sweden), Georges Clemenceau and other leading representatives of the destructive forces (Aage H. Andersen, "Verdensfrimureri" / "World Freemasonry", Copenhagen, 1940, p. 29). Rathenau was also a member of B'nai B'rith.

According to Nina Berberova, researcher of Russian freemasonry, Lev Trotsky was for six months a member of a Russian masonic lodge at the early age of eighteen. He left the lodge, when he became a member of foreign lodges, among them Art et Travail (Art and Work) in France (L. Hass, "Freemasonry in Central and Eastern Europe", Wroclaw, 1982).
In the spring of 1914, Trotsky travelled to Venice as a member of the Grand Lodge of France, to meet his masonic brother V. Gacinovic to discuss plans for the assassination of Franz Ferdinand. The masonic brothers Trotsky, Radek and Zinoviev were all informed of the plans for murdering the pretender to the Austria-Hungary throne (Yuri Begunov, "The Secret Powers in Russian History", Moscow, 2000, p. 220).

In 1916, Trotsky studied revolutionary tactics in the French lodge Les droits de l'homme (Yuri Ivanov, "The Jews in Russian History", Moscow, 2000, p. 124). He was also made a member of the powerful Jewish Order B'nai B'rith, which in the United States provided him with financial means on his way back to Russia in the spring of 1917 (Charles W. Ferguson, "Fifty Million Brothers: A Panorama of American Lodges and Clubs", New York, 1937, p. 253).
This was confirmed by the Austrian political scientist Karl Steinhauser. Trotsky was also a member of the Shriner Lodge, where only freemasons who have reached the 32 nd degree can be members (Johan van Leers, "The Power Behind the President", Stockholm, 1941).

While staying in the America in 1917, Trotsky also became a member of the Memphis Israel Lodge (Vladimir Istarkhov, "The Battle of the Russian Gods", Moscow, 2000, p. 154).

He achieved the 33rd degree in Moscow in 1919, while receiving a delegation of brothers from abroad (Grigori Bostunich, "Freemasonry and the Russian Revolution", Moscow, 1995, pp. 55-56).

Lev Trotsky played a revolutionary in the American spy film "My Official Wife". Fidel Castro also took part in Hollywood movies ("Bathing Beauty" in 1944 and "Holidays in Mexico" in 1946).

In July 1914, the Grand Orient began to urge Russia to join the war against Germany. The masonic advisers were increasingly directing the decisions made by the tsar. He was manipulated into making disastrous mistakes.


The murder of Grigori Rasputin, a monk close to the tsar family and in possession of parapsychic powers, was planned at the Masonic General Convention in Brussels during the First World War. Rasputin had wished to prevent Russia from taking part in the war. The freemason Alexander Guchkov (Grand Orient) had previously organized a campaign of slander against Rasputin. The leading force behind the plans was the freemason and Jewish extremist Vasili Maklakov (Oleg Platonov, "Russia's Crown of Thorns: The History of the Russian People in the 20th Century", Moscow, 1997, Volume 1, p. 456). Count Felix Yusupov, also a freemason, murdered Rasputin on 29 December 1916. Yusupov was suffering from serious mental problems, which Rasputin had been attempting to cure. Yusupov's confederate was Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich.

The tsar did not have the murderers prosecuted. They were simply deported. The gravediggers of the Russian nation interpreted this as evidence that murder were now permitted, as the murderers no longer risked prosecution.
In 1915, the British Ambassador George Buchanan (a freemason) received almost daily visits from Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Sazonov, leader of the octobrists Alexander Guchkov, the speaker of the Duma, Mikhail Rodzianko, and the leader of the right-wing Cadet Party and member of parliament Pavel Milyukov. They were all masonic criminals and conspirators, aiming to overthrow the reign of the tsar. Buchanan played a very dirty part in the Russian tragedy, supporting them morally as well as financially (ibid, Volume 2, p. 35).

In January 1917, a number of influential masonic conspirators, among them general Nikolai Ruzsky, met with the Ambassador Buchanan in Petrograd. They discussed a coup d'etat, deciding that it should take place on 22 February 1917 (Fazarov, "The Mission of Russian Emigration", Stavropol, 1972, Volume 1). The date was later changed to the following day, 23 February. On 24 March 1917, the Jewish periodical Jevreyskaya Nedelya (Jewish Week, No. 12-13) published an article on the "February Revolution" under the revealing title "This Happened on Purim Day!'", that is 23 February 1917.


The freemasons Alexander Guchkov and Alexander Kerensky were preparing the overthrow of the tsar. General Alexander Krymov (freemason) was made governor-general of Petrograd, a move that prevented all attempts at saving the tsar. Kerensky co-operated closely with Genrikh Sliozberg, the Russian B'nai B'rith leader (Lady Queen- borough, "Occult Theocracy", 1933, p. 466).

In late February 1917, a delegation of local Zionists visited Ambassador Buchanan to thank him for his contribution to destroying the monarchy in Russia (Oleg Platonov, "Russia's Crown of Thorns: The Secret History of Freemasonry", Moscow, 2000, Volume 2, p. 35).

Tsar Nicholas II was aware of the masonic conspiracy and knew the members by name but he did nothing to stop it. On the contrary, in early January 1917 he issued an order that the police were not to arrest Guchkov and Kerensky (Viktor Ostretsov, "Freemasonry, Culture, and Russian History", Moscow, 1999, p. 406). He continued to finance the Committee for the War Industry, a nest of vipers intending to lead tsarist Russia to destruction. Financial support was also handed out to various left-wing organizations, the extended arm of freemasonry. Nicholas II is the prime example of how freemasonry induces paralysis of thought and isolation from reality in spiritually weak individuals.

The freemasons forced the tsar to abdicate on 2 March (15 February Old Stile) 1917, on the threat that if he did not, his family would be killed. This was revealed by Anna Vyborova, a close friend to the tsar family, in her memoirs. The tsar, who at the time was in Pskov, renounced the crown in favour of his younger brother Mikhail, who would become a constitutional monarch. The next day, the freemasons forced Mikhail II from the throne as well. He was the last Russian tsar.

A Russian, English-speaking documentary film, "The Russian Revolution" (Moscow, 1993), admits: "The politicians, powerful industrial magnates and members of the military forces who were unable to reach an agreement with the tsar, began to consider a conspiracy. Many of them, who were apparently political enemies, were in fact allies behind the scenes. They were all members of the masonic brotherhood Veliky Vostok (Grand Orient), which was founded in St. Petersburg in 1912. This organization was ruled by the Supreme Council, which had 300 members. In 1916, the popular lawyer Alexander Kerensky was made chairman of the Supreme Council. He and other members of the Grand Orient were planning a coup against the tsar."

This film was financed by the American Jews Alexander Aisenberg, John Doukas and Matthew King Kaufman. They believed the time had come to tell the truth.

Sergei Melgunov, a Russian historian in exile, shows how in February 1917, when the coup d'etat took place, the military branch of the freemasons was led by Alexander Guchkov, while the civilian branch was led by Alexander Kerensky (Melgunov, "On the Road to the Palace Coup", Paris, 1931).

After the overthrow of the tsar, a masonic commission was unable to locate a single document proving the alleged crimes of the tsar (Oleg Platonov, "Russia's Crown of Thorns: The Secret History of Freemasonry 1731-1996", Moscow, 1996, p. 271). In spite of this, the commission demanded his execution. The plan was never carried out, however. When the British royal family wished to invite the tsar family to come to England, masonic forces headed by Jacob Schiff made sure that the threat of a general strike would keep the tsar family out of Britain.

Large numbers of documents concerning the atrocities committed by freemasons were however removed from the archives and destroyed. Alexander Kerensky, who was a member of the provisional masonic government, ordered the destruction of all objectionable documents, including an edition of "The Protocols of the Elders of Zion".
Kerensky also received money from Germany, another reason why the Provisional Government was unwilling to prosecute the bolsheviks. Kerensky had Trotsky temporarily incarcerated, to prevent him from talking too much. There was a risk of his revealing the Provisional Government's true source of financial support used for the coup d'etat. It was Kerensky's intention to keep this information secret (Igor Froyanov, "October 1917", St. Petersburg, 1997, p. 81).

On 24 March 1917, The New York Times reported that the banker Jacob Schiff had paid tribute to Lev Trotsky: "He was the person we had been hoping and striving for through all these years." Schiff (B'nai B'rith) had arranged for Trotsky to arrive in the United States in January 1917, and to be able to live comfortably with a limousine at his disposal.
The Red Guards were subsequently made to wear a medallion around their necks, bearing the image of Trotsky (Grigori Bostunich, "Freemasonry and the French Revolution", Moscow 1995, p. 89).

International bankers from Great Britain, the United States, Russia, Germany and France met in Sweden in the summer of 1917. They agreed for Kuhn, Loeb & Co. to deposit 50 million dollars in a Swedish bank for the account of Lenin and Trotsky, according to Oleg Platonov.

Moreover, John P. Morgan's lawyer Elihu Root paid to the "revolutionaries" a further 20 million dollars via a war fund. This money came from Jacob Schiff, as confirmed by the American Congressional documents of 2 September 1919.

An alleged "Red Cross delegation" travelled to Russia in August 1917 with the intention of discussing with the bolshevik leaders the final details of a red assumption of power. Of the members of this delegation, seven were doctors, the others bankers from New York, among them John P. Morgan and Jacob Schiff. The delegation was headed by William B. Thomson, the head of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, who handed over to the bolsheviks at least one million dollars (The Washington Post, 2 February 1918). The bankers were hiding behind this delegation their real intent, which included handing over large sums of money to the bolsheviks (Antony Sutton, "Wall Street and the Bolshevik Revolution", Morley, 1981, p. 83).

The International Masonic Congress held at Hotel du Grand Orient de France in Paris on 28-30 June 1917, emphasized that Russia constituted an obstacle to the masonic world government. This gave the Grand Orient licence to destroy Russia with the help of communism.

After the bolshevik assumption of power it became vital to bar criticism against the red bandits. Colonel Edward Mandel House, influential presidential adviser and high-ranking freemason, sent a cable to President Wilson on 28 November 1917, urging him to downplay any criticism of the bolsheviks: "It is of vital importance that this kind of criticism is silenced." The telegram was classified as secret and remained so for the next six years.

Deliveries of arms to the enemies of the bolsheviks (the White Guards) were stopped, as engineered by the arms dealer Basil Zaharoff.

In April 1919, the British Foreign and Commonwealth Office published a white book on Soviet Russia, which stated that the bolshevik seizure of power had been organized and financed by international bankers. It was pointed out that Chinese criminals were imported to co-operate with the chekists in terrorizing the Russian people. The white book was hastily withdrawn and replaced with a shortened version lacking this sensitive information (Dr Kitty Little, "Subversive Infiltrators into Westminster and Whitehall: Promotion of a Federal Europe", Jamai, 1995, p. 4).

Lenin was a freemason of the 31st degree (Grand Inspecteur Inquisiteur Commandeur) and a member of the French lodge Art et Travail (Oleg Platonov, "Russia's Crown of Thorns: The Secret History of Freemasonry 1731-1996", Moscow, 2000, Volume 2, p. 417).

On his visit to the Grand Orient headquarters on rue Cadet in Paris in 1905, Lenin wrote his name in the visitors' book (Viktor Kuznetsov, "The Secret of the October Coup", St. Petersburg, 2001, p. 42). Lenin was a member of the most malicious lodge of the Grand Orient, the Nine Sisters, in 1914 (Soviet Analyst, June, 2002, p. 12). Lenin also belonged to the Union de Belville Lodge.

The French freemason Rozie of the Jean Georges lodge in Paris hailed his masonic brothers Lenin and Trotsky (La Libre Parole, 6 February 1918).

Many of the bolsheviks, apart from Lenin and Trotsky, were freemasons: Boris Solovyov, Vikenti Veresayev, Grigori Zinoviev (Grand Orient), Maxim Litvinov, Nikolai Bukharin (actually Moshe Pinkhus-Dolgolevsky), Christian Rakovsky, Yakov Sverdlov, Anatoli Lunacharsky (actually Balich-Mandelstam), Mechislav Kozlovsky (Polish freemason), Karl Radek (Grand Orient), Mikhail Borodin, Leonid Krasin, Vladimir Dzhunkovsky, and many more. In the KGB archives, the historian Viktor Bratyev found a document according to which Lunacharsky belonged to the Grand Orient of France (Anton Pervushin, "The Occult Secret of the NKVD and the SS", St. Petersburg, Moscow 1999, p. 133).

At the Fourth Comintern Congress, Lev Trotsky announced that the comrades Zinoviev, Radek and Bukharin were freemasons (Viktor Brachev, "The Freemasons in Russia", St. Petersburg, 2002, p. 439).

Even before the seizure of power in October 1917 Zinoviev, Trotsky and Kamenev paid a visit to the lodge The Students of St. Petersburg (Yuri Begunov, "The Secret Powers in Russian History", Moscow, 2000, p. 308).

"What we need is hatred!" was a favourite saying of Anatoli Lunacharsky, the people's commissar for educational affairs.

Lenin, Zinoviev, Radek and Sverdlov were also members of B'nai B'rith. This was confirmed by those specializing in the activities of B'nai B'rith, among them Schwartz-Bostunich (Viktor Ostretsov, "Freemasonry, Culture, and Russian History", Moscow, 1999, pp. 582- 583).

Until the late 1990s, a particularly dark secret concerning Lenin was kept well hidden, as is shown by the correspondence between Lenin and his party comrade and freemason brother Grigori Zinoviev (Radomyslsky). Lenin wrote to Zinoviev on 1 July 1917: "Grigori! Circumstances force me to leave Petrograd immediately... The comrades suggested a place... It is so dull, being alone... Join me and let us spend some wonderful days together, far from everything..."

Zinoviev wrote to Lenin: "Dear Vova! You have not answered me. Probably you have forgotten your Gershel [Grigori]. I have prepared a fine nest for us... It is a wonderful place to live where we will be fine, and nothing will disturb our love. Come here as soon as you can, I am waiting for you, my little flower. Your Gershel."

In another letter Zinoviev wanted to make sure that Lenin did not sleep with other men in their apartment. He ended by sending his Vova a Marxist kiss. He suggested that they hide nothing from Lenin's wife Nadezhda Krupskaya, reminding him of the first time she found them out (Vladislav Shumsky, "Hitlerism is Horrible, but Zionism is Worse", Moscow, 1999, p. 479).

Thus, the two masonic brothers practised David's love for Jonathan. Perhaps this will enable us to understand why the freemasons are such willing advocates of homosexual liberation.

In Russia, Lenin's grandfather, the Kalmuk Nikolai Ulyanov, had four children by his own daughter Alexandra Ulyanova (officially known as Anna Smirnova). Lenin's father Ilya was the fourth of these children, born when Nikolai Ulyanov was sixty-seven years old (Vladimir Istarkhov, "The Battle of the Russian Gods", Moscow, 2000, p. 37). Ilya Ulyanov married the Jewess Maria Blank, whose father Moisha Blank had been charged with a number of crimes, among them fraud and blackmail. Inbreeding probably played a very large part in making Vladimir Ulyanov Lenin such a perverted man. He had an enormous, congenital aggressiveness and extensive brain damage, suffered a number of nervous breakdowns, and was bisexual.

The OGPU officers, Gleb Boky and Alexander Barchenko among others, also belonged to the freemasons. Many of them were members of the lodge Brotherhood of Common Labourers.

The freemason Leonid Krasin acted as an intermediary in procuring money for the Grand Orient in Paris. He managed to find suitable receivers, who bought up the gold and antiques the bolsheviks had expropriated from the tsar. He was in contact with the freemason Dmitri Rubinstein, who acted as grand receiver. Krasin also received help from General Yuri Lomonosov to export the tsar's gold from Russia via the Estonian capital Tallinn to the foreign bankers who had financed the bolshevik rise to power. The freemason Yuri Lomonosov had previously acted as deputy minister of transport in the tsarist government. His wife Raisa Rozen was Jewish. He could count on total confidence in masonic circles.

The Soviet freemasons wished to transform Comintern into a masonic organization in order to pose a more effective threat to the rest of the world. The Grand Orient brother Zabreshnev worked for the Comintern's international branch.

According to the Russian historian Vasili Ivanov, Russia was transformed, as early as the beginning of the 1930s, into a typically masonic nation, which clearly showed freemasonry and socialism to be branches on the same dark tree.

Vasili Ivanov described the situation as follows: "In order for the masonic ideals to triumph, it was necessary to kill the soul of the Russian people, remove the people from its God, obliterate its national character, trample its mighty history in the dirt, dull the intellect of its young generation and raise a new kind of people without a God or a native country: two-legged wild creatures who, after being trained, would obediently place themselves in the masonic cage." (A. Balabukhi, editor, "The Occult Powers of the Soviet Union", St. Petersburg, 1998, p. 358)

Blood-red Support of the Communists

Minutes taken at a meeting of the Grand Lodge of Germany in 1917 record the following statement: "The anarchist and revolutionary Lenin actually and consistently represents the political ideal of international freemasonry." (The Special Archive in Moscow, 1421-1-9064 and 815; Viktor Ostretsov, "Freemasonry, Culture, and Russian History", Moscow, 1999, p. 585).

In 1919, after Lenin's accession to power, he established secret contacts with the Grand Orient of France in Paris. While he was living in Paris he had occasionally visited the lodge (Viktor Ostretsov, 'Freemasonry, Culture, and Russian History', Moscow, 1999, p. 584).


The otherwise ungrateful Lenin showed his gratitude exclusively towards his masonic masters of Paris, who helped him to power. In 1919 he sent enormous amounts of money to the Grand Orient for the renovation of their Paris building, for its propaganda and other activities, while millions of Russians were starving and people were dying in the streets of Petrograd and Moscow (Oleg Platonov, "Russia's Crown of Thorns: The History of the Russian People in the 20th Century", Volume 1, Moscow, 1997, p. 577).

In October 1920, Libre Parole published information about the Grand Orient council meeting of 20 December 1919, held at rue Cadet. Officially, the leadership of the lodge wished to keep a straight face and show an anti-bolshevist attitude. The magazine reported the lodge brother Millet admitting that the Grand Orient enthusiastically welcomed the bolshevik seizure of power, stating that thanks to the bolsheviks the Grand Orient was able to rebuild the temple, the lodge building in rue Cadet. Brother Giuarte stressed, without specifying, that the bolshevik movement, through critical periods, had done enormous service to the Grand Orient.

The Portuguese Grand Master, Sebastiao Magalhaes de Limas, was equally friendly towards the bolshevik republic in Russia.

Brother Lankin of Paris admitted there were bolsheviks among the members of the Grand Orient of France, and that the lodge aided the bolsheviks in their worldwide activities.

Representatives of international freemasonry often came to visit Soviet Russia to discuss current issues with Lenin, Trotsky, Bukharin, Petrovsky, Lunacharsky and other masonic brothers (Oleg Platonov, "Russia's Crown of Thorns: The Secret History of Freemasonry 173 1- 1996", Moscow, 1996 p. 283).

The international freemasonry eagerly followed the bolshevik destruction of a flourishing country and its national culture. The Grand Orient helped spread lies about the situation in Russia before the bolsheviks came to power, claiming that the country was in a miserable state and that things were now constantly getting better in all respects. They did not mention that in tsarist Russia, every company, which had more than 100 employees offered free medical care.

In 1919, the Grand Orient Council leader, Lang, stated that bolshevism means evolution, consequently it is a very positive phenomenon.

On 5 July 1843, the freemason leader Ragon of the lodge Le Socialiste in Brussels presented an outline of the revolutionary action programme, which was the origin of the later Communist Manifesto. Le Socialiste appropriated the proposal, and the highest Belgian masonic authority, Le Supreme Conseil de Belgique unanimously agreed to accept Ragon's anarchist programme "as corresponding to the masonic view of the social issue, and that the world which is united in the Grand Orient at all costs must apply itself to its realization" (Bulletin du Grand Orient, June 1843).

On 17 November 1845, Karl Marx became a member of Le Socialiste in Brussels. February 1848 saw the publication, on the insistence of the masonic leadership, of his Communist Manifesto.

Marx and Engels were both freemasons of the 31st degree (Vladimir Istrarkhov, "The Battle of the Russian Gods", Moscow, 2000, p. 154).

The Swiss Professor and freemason Zimmermann said at a Masonic Convention in Winterhur: "Marxism is the noblest phenomenon of the twentieth century."

Other prominent freemasons have considered Marxism "the philosophy of freemasonry, social science for the masses".

In 1919, Wiener Freimaurer Zeitung reported that "moved at heart, the freemasons greeted the red flags of the revolutionary proletariat". The Jewish freemason Raimund Mautner called Marxism "freemasonry incarnate" (Der Zirkel, No. 4, Vol. 37, p. 61).

It is therefore easy to understand why the Austrian socialist leader, freemason and political assassin Friedrich Adler hade frequent and secret communications with the masonic leader Rothschild. In 1916, Adler had been sentenced for the murder of Austrian Prime Minister Karl von Sturgkh, but he was released after a brief period in prison.


The White Guards were doomed to failure after the bolshevik assumption of power, since the alternative governments of Kolchak, Yudenich, Denikin, and Wrangel, respectively, in all areas were controlled by masonic forces.

The French freemasons often had the Soviet-Russian situation on their meeting agendas. Together with the bolsheviks they planned common measures against the right-wing, anti-Soviet tendencies in the West (Oleg Platonov, "Russia's Crown of Thorns: The Secret History of Freemasonry 1731-1996", Moscow, 1996, p. 297).

Most of the freemasons the world over were in support of the Soviet regime of violence. Without that support, it would have collapsed. Although there were disagreements between freemasons and the uninformed Bolsheviks, their collaboration continued. The Grand Orient of France condemned the anti-Soviet attitudes of certain lodges. In 1933, the international office for co-operation within freemasonry accepted a resolution taking exception to the anti-Soviet propaganda pursued by the French lodge Etoile du Nord (the North Star) in Paris.

Certain freemasons, acting as social revolutionaries on the left wing of the party, proclaimed the view that there was no need to fight against the bolsheviks, as support of the White General Kolchak constituted a crime against Russia.

The freemason and former Foreign Minister Pavel Milyukov stressed in 1924, that the communists were developing towards democracy, and that Russian exiles were not allowed to interfere in this process by advocating anti-communism (Svobodnaya Rossiya, 1924).

When the bolsheviks, did sentence certain rebellious Russian freemasons to death, this was secretly changed to probationary prison sentences (Oleg Platonov, "Russia's Crown of Thorns: The Secret History of Freemasonry 1731-1996", Moscow, 1996, p. 284).

Many Western, and above all French, leading communists kept their masonic membership a secret. The French freemasons (in particular the members of the Grand Orient of France) gave the Soviet communists their whole-hearted support. The freemason Richard N. Coudenhove-Kalergi, on the other hand, wished to establish an anti- communist masonic organization. This did not happen, needless to say. The socialists made up the majority in the Western lodges.

The bolshevik freemasons needed human sacrifices. According to Lenin, they sacrificed people to Molok, as revealed by the defected bolshevik leader Georges Solomon (Georges Solomon, "Among Red Rulers", Stockholm, 1930, p. 56). The name of the demon Molok is derived from the Hebrew expression la-molek ('to the king'), which is used in connection with the sacrifice.

How then did the masonic communists perform their ritual sacrifices to Molok? A room at the Cheka headquarters in Kiev in 1920 contains a basin, which formerly held goldfish. It was filled with the blood of sacrificed human beings. Along the walls hooks were placed, where several human corpses were hung. On the shoulders of the officers, shoulder straps had been carved, and the chests of the Christians were carved with crosses. Some had been flayed, leaving bloody carcases on the hooks. On a table was a jar containing a chopped off head in alcohol. The head had belonged to a strikingly handsome man in his thirties (Aleksei Shiropayev, "The Prison of the People", Moscow, 2001, p. 75).

When, in the spring of 1920, the experienced conspirator Alexander Guchkov realized that the bolsheviks had no intention of sharing their power with those freemasons originally from Russia, he began to scheme against Russia from Berlin (Oleg Platonov, 'Russia's Crown of Thorns: The History of the Russian People in the 20th Century', Volume 1, Moscow, 1997, p. 580). This, however, led nowhere, since the freemasons centrally continued to support the bandit regime in Moscow. International freemasonry certainly wished to help the bolsheviks build the false front of communism.

In 1932, the Grand Orient called an extraordinary convention in Paris, where the chairman Gaston Bergier said: "It has been reported to us in person by our earlier brother in the Grand Orient, Radek, that the Soviet government intends to keep in close contact with freemasonry world-wide, and that it asks us to influence the American brothers to do everything they can to persuade the Roosevelt government to recognize the Soviet power. It is our moral duty to support our Russian brothers and together with them to fight our common enemy." (Oleg Platonov, "The Secret History of Freemasonry", Volume 2, Moscow, 2000, p. 113).

No more than a month later, in early 1933, the United States did recognize the Soviet power. The next step was for the Soviet government to legalize the activity of masonic lodges on its territory. They were allowed to act freely. Karl Radek (Chaim Sobelsohn), who was already a member of the Grand Orient of France before the bolsheviks seized power, was appointed grand master of the Soviet Grand Lodge The North Star.

The leaders of various revolutionary movements have always been freemasons: Giuseppe Mazzini, Giuseppe Garibaldi, Aurelio Saffi, Agostino Bertani, Simon Bolivar (the liberator of South America), Francisco de Miranda (a general, who founded the lodge Lautaro and became generalissimo in Venezuela in 1812), Francisco I. Madero, Venustiano Carranza (a general who led "the revolution" in Mexico in 1913-1914), Alvaro Obregon, Plutarco Elias Calles, Jose Marti, Salvador Allende, Fidel Castro...

General Simon Bolivar (1783-1830) became a freemason in Europe. He belonged to the Craft lodge in Cadiz, Spain, and was a master of the lodge the Nine Sisters (Grand Orient) in Paris in 1807. Benjamin Franklin was also a member of the same lodge and was for a while its grand master. In Paris, Bolivar became a member of the Knights Templar. He instigated "revolutions" in Venezuela, Ecuador and Peru, and eventually founded Bolivia. In 1824, he founded the lodge Libertas No. 2 in Peru. Bolivar acquired the hair of George Washington, which he sent to Lafayette, who meant to draw power from it (Manly P. Hall, "America's Assignment with Destiny", California, 1998, p. 102).

Francisco Madero was the son of a rich landowner in Mexico. He studied economics in France, where he became a freemason. On 5 October 1910, he started a revolt against the regime. In 1911, he managed to overthrow the dictator Porfirio Diaz, with aid from the United States. He subsequently became president of Mexico. Madero was deposed and murdered by General Victoriano Huerta in February 1913.

Jewish masonic millionaires led the Mexican revolution in 1910- 1917. When it was over, Plutarco Elias Calles, a freemason of the 33 rd degree, secured for himself an indirect position of power. In 1924, he became president of Mexico, making sure that Mexico recognized the Soviet power in Moscow the very same year. The Calles fortune amounted to 80 million pesos, despite the fact that he was born into a poor Jewish family.

His comrade Aron Saez (whose fortune amounted to 40 million pesos) was another freemason and Jewish extremist taking part in the 'revolution' that did not result in anything positive. 20 000 Catholics were murdered (Louis Marshalko, "The World Conquerors", London, 1958, p. 54). During Calles' four years as president, all the property belonging to the Church was confiscated and the priests were barred from teaching religion to the children. Beginning in 1928, Calles became the grey eminence behind three short-term presidents: Portes Gil, Pascual Rubio and Abelardo Rodriguez.

Another freemason was Jose Marti (1853-1895), the founder of Cuba's Revolutionary Party in 1892, who led the rebellion against Spain in 1895.

Even the Chinese communist leader Mao Zedong belonged to the Grand Orient (John Daniel, "Scarlet and the Beast", Volume III, Tyler, pp. 33-35). He made sure that certain high-ranking masonic brothers abroad were kept constantly supplied with narcotics from China.

The Northern Lodge of China, No. 570, was founded in Shanghai in 1849. Later, the Chinese branch of freemasonry was to become very powerful. A new grand lodge was opened in the Shanghai Masonic Temple on 18 March 1949 with large numbers of invitations issued to representatives from other lodges. After the proclamation of the Peoples Republic of China, most of the lodges carried on their activities as if nothing had happened. Most of them, however, had

moved to Hong Kong for reasons of safety. In 1962, the Chinese Ministry of the Interior expressed a wish that the lodges register in the same way as other organizations. The freemasons were unwilling to publicise lists of their members, and thus preferred to move to either Hong Kong or Taiwan. According to masonic sources, the members were not persecuted in communist China. This was probably due to the fact that freemasons were active in the very highest ranks of the government (as advisers among other things).

http://just-another-inside-job.blogspot ... t-xiv.html

[thirdeyewise]

    Leon Trotsky left New York aboard the S. S. Kristianiafjord (S. S. Christiania), which had been chartered by Schiff and Warburg, on March 27, 1917 [along] with communist revolutionaries. At Halifax, Nova Scotia on April 3rd, the first port they docked at, the Canadians under orders from the British Admiralty seized Trotsky and his men, taking them to the prison at Amherst, and impounding his gold.

    Official records, later declassified by the Canadian government, indicate that they knew Trotsky and his small army were "...Socialists leaving for the purposes of starting revolution against [the] present Russian government..." The Canadians were concerned that if Lenin took over Russia, he would sign a Peace Treaty and stop the fighting between Russia and Germany, so that the Germany Army could be diverted to possibly mount an offensive against the United States and Canada.

    The British government (through intelligence officer Sir William Wiseman, who later became a partner with Kuhn, Loeb and Co.), and the American government (through Col. House) urged them to let Trotsky go. Wilson said that if they didn't comply, the U.S. wouldn't enter the War. Trotsky was released, given an American passport, a British transport visa, and a Russian entry permit. It is obvious that Wilson knew what was going on, because accompanying Trotsky, was Charles Crane of the Westinghouse Company, who was the Chairman of the Democratic Finance Committee. The U.S. entered the war on April 6th, [1917]. Trotsky arrived in Petrograd on May 17.

    Meanwhile, Lenin had been able to infiltrate the Democratic Socialist Republic established by Kerensky. In October, 1917 when the Revolution started, Lenin, who was in Switzerland (also exiled because of the 1905 uprising [and after having spent several years plotting with the Fabians in London --ed]), negotiated with the German High Command with the help of Max Warburg (head of the Rothschild-affiliated Warburg bank in Frankfurt) to allow him, his wife, and 32 other Bolsheviks to travel across Germany to Sweden, where he was to pick up the money being held for him in the Swedish bank, then go on to Petrograd. He promised to make peace with Germany if he was able to overthrow the new Russian government.

    He was put in a sealed railway car with over $5 million in gold from the German government and upon reaching Petrograd, was joined by Stalin andTrotsky. He told the people that he could no longer work within the government to effect change, that they had to strike immediately in force to end the war, and end the hunger conditions of the peasants. His war cry was: "All power to the Soviets!".

http://www.modernhistoryproject.org/mhp/ArticleDisplay.php?Article=FinalWarn07-3

[CrackSmokeRepublican]

Found this original source:

http://www.ajcarchives.org/AJC_DATA/Fil ... Review.pdf


Quote from Eustace Mullins' "The Secret Holocaust"

viewtopic.php?f=4&t=6272&p=24623#p24623


======================

Those who dallied or sought to save others were shot down in mass executions persisting through the night, the constant rattle of machine guns muffled by the roar of truck engines raced at full throttle to drown the sound of the shots and the screams of the dying. Had you experienced the high standard of living in feudal Russia, perhaps, you would have a different opinion of this alleged prosperity.

On March 13, 1917, Jacob Schiff sent Milyukov, new Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Bolshevik Revolutionary Government, and a personal friend of Schiff, a telegram reproduced in the New York Times, April 10, 1917:

"Allow me, as the irreconcilable enemy of the tyrannical autocratic government which pitilessly persecuted our co-religionaires, to congratulate through your intermission the Russian people for what they have so brilliantly accomplished, and to wish success to your comrades in government and to yourself."

The issue also reproduces Milyukov's enthusiastic reply, "We are one with you in our hatred and antipathy for the old regime which is overthrown." [idiot ! the czar only abdicated on March 15, the Bolsheviks did not come to power until November, and Milyukov had no part in their government, but was running fast as he could]

The T'zar's exquisite daughters. At first, the girls did not die because of the jewels sewn into their corsets. These jewels were for protection but also so that the family could have some money for when they fled the country. The shooters were horrified at how the girls were able to withstand the bullets and feared that the family really was in power due to Divine Right (the idea that Kings and Queens are placed on the throne by God). To solve that problem, the shooters tried to stab them with bayonets. That failed, too, because of the jewels, so then, they were shot in the head at close range.

The key word here is "hatred". The Jews were free to indulge their most fervent fantasies of mass murder of helpless victims. Christians were dragged from their beds, tortured and killed.

Some were actually sliced to pieces, bit by bit, while others were branded with hot irons, their eyes poked out to induce unbearable pain.
Others were placed in boxes with only their heads, hands and legs sticking out. Then hungry rats were placed in the boxes to gnaw upon their bodies.

Some were nailed to the ceiling by their fingers or by their feet, and left hanging until they died of exhaustion.

Yakov (Yankel) Mikhailovich Yurovsky is best known as the chief executioner of Russia's last emperor, Tsar Nicholas and his family after the Russian Revolution of 1917.

Others were chained to the floor and hot lead poured into their mouths.

Many were tied to horses and dragged through the streets of the city, while the mob attacked them with rocks and kicked them to death.

Mothers were taken to the public square and their babies snatched from their arms. A Red terrorist would take a baby, hold it by the head, head downward, and demand that the Christian mother deny Christ. If she would not, he tossed the baby into the air, while another member of the mob rushed forward to catch it on the tip of his bayonet.

Pregnant Christian women were chained to trees and their babies cut out of their bodies.

There were many places of public execution in Russia during the days of the Revolution one of which was described by the American Rohrbach Commission, (Defender Magazine, October, 1933):

"The whole cement floor of the execution hall of the Jewish Cheka of Kiev was flooded with blood; it formed a level of several inches. It was a horrible mixture of blood, brains and pieces of skull. All the walls was bespattered with blood. Pieces of brains and of scalps were sticking to them. A gutter of 25 centimeters wide by 25 centimeters deep and about 10 meters long was along its length full to the top with blood.

"Some bodies were disemboweled, others had limbs chopped off, some were literally hacked to pieces. Some had their eyes put out the head, face and neck and trunk were covered with deep wounds. Further on, we found a corpse with a wedge driven into its chest. Some had no tongues. In a corner we discovered a quantity of dismembered arms and legs belonging to no bodies that we could locate."


We already know of the glee with which Jacob Schiff and other Jewish bankers greeted the news that their co-religionaires in Russia were now engaged in the favorite Jewish practice of mass murder, but what of American government officials, who were well-informed by a number of intelligence sources about these atrocities?

The satanic Communist Chekists took pleasure in brutally torturing their victims- Many of who were Roman Catholics: The priests in Kherson were crucified. Archbishop Andronnikov of Perm had his eyes poked out and his ears and nose cut off. There were Chekists who cut open their victim's stomach, pulled out a length of small intestine, nailed it to a telegraph pole, and with a whip forced the victim to run circles around the pole until the whole intestine became unraveled. Eyes of Church dignitaries were poked out, their tongues cut off, and they were buried alive. The Bishop of Voronezh was boiled alive in a big pot, after which monks, revolvers at their heads, were ordered to drink. In Kharkov people were scalped. In Tsaritsyn and Kamyshin peoples hands were amputated with a saw. In Poltava and Kremchug the victims were impaled. In Odessa they were roasted alive in ovens or ripped to pieces. In Kiev, victims were placed in coffins with decomposing bodies and buried alive.

We have at least one record of a public response by a prominent government official, Woodrow Wilson, President of the United States. On April 2, 1917, Wilson, after learning of these atrocities, went before the Congress of the United States and said,

The elegant Romanov family was assassinated within minutes of this photo being taken.

"The autocracy that crowned the summit of Russia's political structure, long as it had stood and terrible as was the reality of its power, was not in fact Russian in origin, character or purpose; and now it has been shaken off and the great generous Russian people have been added in all their naive majesty and might to the forces that are fighting for freedom in the world for justice, and for peace. Here is a fit partner for a League of Honor."
Wilson's goofy reference to the "non-Russian" nature of the Czar's government referred to the fact that the Czars were descendants of Germans who had settled in Russia one thousand years earlier. The oldest dynasty in Europe, the Russian aristocracy, was denounced by the Communist propagandist Wilson as being "non-Russian!

One wonders how Wilson would have described his own origins, a President of the United States whose family had been in the United States less than a hundred years, and whose racial and geographical origins remain a matter of considerable speculation.

Wilson apparently believed that the thousand years the Romanovs had lived in Russia did not qualify them for Russian citizenship, but they were replaced by Communists who not only were Russians, but who belonged to no nation of this earth.

The Overman Committee in 1919 published a report of its findings which are pertinent to this subject. Titled, "Bolshevik Propaganda Hearing Before the Sub-Committee of the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, 65th Congress," it records the testimony of Dr. George A. Simons, former superintendent of the Methodist Missions in Russia, from which we briefly quote:

"We were told that hundreds of agitators had followed in the trail of Trotsky-Bronstein, these men having come over from the lower east side of New York. Some of them, when they learned that I was the American pastor in Petrograd, stepped up to me and seemed very much pleased that there was somebody who could speak English, and their broken English showed that they had not qualified as being real Americans.

"A number of these men called on me and were impressed with the strange Yiddish element in this thing right from the beginning, and it soon became evident that more than half the agitators in the so-called Bolshevik movement were Jews. I have a firm conviction that this thing is Yiddish, and that one of its bases is found in the east side of New York.

"The latest startling information, given me by someone with good authority, is this, that in December, 1918, in the northern community of Petrograd ~ that is what they call the section of the Soviet regime under the Presidency of the man known as Apfelbaum (Zinoviev) ~ out of 388 members, only 16 happened to be real Russians, with the exception of one man, a negro from America who calls himself Professor Gordon.

"I was impressed with this, Senator, that shortly after the great revolution of the winter of 1917 there were scores of Jews standing on the benches and soap boxes, talking until their mouths frothed, and I often remarked to my sister, 'Well, what are we coming to anyway. This all looks so Yiddish.'

Up to that time we had very few Jews, because there was, as you know, a restriction against having Jews in Petrograd, but after the revolution they swarmed in there and most of the agitators were Jews.

"I might mention this, that when the Bolshevik came into power, all over Petrograd, we at once had a predominance of Yiddish proclamations, big posters and everything in Yiddish. It became very evident that now that was to be one of the great languages of Russia; and the real Russians did not take kindly to it."

A widely known French journal, "L'Illustration", of September 14, 1918, commented, "When one lives in contact with the functionaries who are serving the Bolshevik Government, one feature strikes the attention, which, is almost all of them are Jews. I am not at all anti-Semitic; but I must state what strikes the eye: everywhere in Petrograd, in Moscow, in provincial districts, in commissariats, in district offices, in Smolny, in the Soviets, I have met nothing but Jews and again Jews.'

"The more one studies the revolution the more one is convinced that Bolshevism is a Jewish movement which can be explained by the special conditions in which the Jewish people were placed in Russia."

The Overman Report explains why Woodrow Wilson was so happy that the "non-Russian" Romanovs, intruders who had only lived in Russia for one thousand years, had been replaced by violent overthrow of their government by Yiddish speaking Jews from the lower East Side of New York, but who, being Wilson's own kind, were now to be hailed by the government of the United States as mass murderers who were "a fit partner for a League of Honor."

One can only conjecture whether Wilson, who was never examined for mental problems despite his many erratic actions culminating in his final breakdown, did not long to be there with his co-religionaires, a League of Honor which pleasured itself by ripping babies out of their mothers' wombs, walking knee deep in the blood of their victims, ripping out an eye here, a tongue there, hacking off a leg or an arm, in short, trying to be impartial in dealing out Jewish "justice" to the "non-Russian autocrats" whose only fault was that they had been too stupid and too easy-going to protect their homes and families against the invasions by the Jewish terrorist until it was too late.

Alexander Solzhenitsyn relates that some sixty-six million "real Russians" have been murdered since the Bolshevik Revolution at the hands of the Yiddish revolutionaries, and now two hundred million citizens of the United States await their turn in the abattoirs of the bloodthirsty Zionist terrorists.

Rev. Denis Fahey, in his book, "The Rulers of Russia", exposed the real names of many of the Jewish terrorists who operated the Soviet murder machine in Russia. Trotsky was Bronstein, Martov was Zederbaum, Zinoviev was Apfelbaum, Kamenev was Rosenfeld, Parvus was Helphand, Bohrin was Nathanson, and so on.

Many of the White Russians fled towards the Pacific, from Vladivostock to the Port of Dairen. The Russian women, who had presided over the most gracious palaces known to European civilization, were forced to turn to prostitution to find bread for their starving children; others, finding the degradation unbearable, committed suicide or slowly starved to death. Decades after the Russian Revolution, some of the White Russian women could still be found in houses of prostitution in Shanghai, Peking and Tokyo.

The male survivors of the Marxist Terror, many of them highly cultured scholars, philosophers and scientists, found no means of support from their highly specialized talents in the harsh Asiatic world of the refugee. One Russian General was seen pulling a rickshaw as a coolie in Shanghai for a few days; he later hung himself in his barren room.

[CrackSmokeRepublican]

http://200yearstogether.wordpress.com/2 ... the-1930s/

Chapter 19. In the 1930s
Posted on December 11, 2010 by 200yearstogether   

The 1930s were years of an intense industrialized spurt, which crushed the peasantry and altered the life of the entire country. Mere existence demanded adaptation and development of new skills. But through crippling sacrifices, and despite the many absurdities of the Soviet organizational system, the horrible epic somehow led to the creation of an industrialized power.

Yet the first and second five-year plans came into existence and were carried out not through the miracle of spontaneous generation, nor as a result of the simple violent round-up of large masses of laborers. It demanded many technical provisions, advanced equipment, and the collaboration of specialists experienced in this technology. All this flowed plentifully from the capitalist West, and most of all from the United States; not in the form of a gift, of course, and not in the form of generous help. The Soviet communists paid for all of this abundantly with Russia's mineral wealth and timber, with concessions for raw materials markets, with trade areas promised to the West, and with plundered goods from the Empire of the tsars. Such deals flowed with the help and approval of international financial magnates, most of all those on Wall Street, in a persistent continuation of the first commercial ties that the Soviet communists developed on the American stock exchanges as early as during the Civil War. The new partnership was strengthened  by shiploads of tsarist gold and treasures from the Hermitage.

But wait a second, were we not thoroughly taught by Marx that capitalists are the fierce enemies of proletarian socialism and that we should not expect help from them, but rather a destructive, bloody war? Well, it's not that simple: despite the official diplomatic non-recognition, trade links were completely out in the open, and even written about in Izvestiya: "American merchants are interested in broadening of economic ties with the Soviet Union."[1] American unions came out against such an expansion (defending their markets from the products of cheap and even slave Soviet labor). The "Russian-American Chamber of Commerce," created at that time, simply did not want to hear about any political opposition to communism, or "to mix politics with business relations."[2]

Anthony Sutton, a modern American scholar, researched the recently-opened diplomatic and financial archives and followed the connections of Wall Street with the Bolsheviks; he pointed to the amoral logic of this long and consistent relationship. From as early as the "Marburg" plan at the beginning of the 20th century, which was based on the vast capital of Carnegie, the idea was to strengthen the authority of international finance, through global "socialization," "for control ... and for the forced appeasement." Sutton concluded that: "International financiers prefer to do business with central governments. The banking community least of all wants a free economy and de-centralized authority." "Revolution and international finance do not quite contradict each other, if the result of revolution should be to establish a more centralized authority," and, therefore, to make the markets of these countries manageable. And there was a second line of agreement: "Bolsheviks and bankers shared an essential common platform — internationalism."[3]

In that light, the subsequent support of "collective enterprises and the mass destruction of individual rights by Morgan-Rockefeller" was not surprising. In justification of this support, they claimed in Senate hearings: "Why should a great industrial country, like America, desire the creation and subsequent competition of another great industrial rival?"[4] Well, they rightly believed that with such an obviously uncompetitive, centralized and totalitarian regime, Soviet Russia could not rival America. Another thing is that Wall Street could not predict further development of the Bolshevik system, nor its extraordinary ability to control people, working them to the very bone, which eventually led to the creation of a powerful, if misshapen, industry.

But how does this tie in with our basic theme? Because as we have seen, American financiers completely refused loans to pre-revolutionary Russia due to the infringement of the rights of Jews there, even though Russia was always a profitable financial prospect. And clearly, if they were prepared to sacrifice profits at that time, then now, despite all their counting on the Soviet markets, the "Morgan-Rockefeller Empire" would not assist the Bolsheviks if the persecution of the Jews was looming on horizon in the USSR at the start of the 1930s.

That's just the point: for the West, the previously described Soviet oppression of the traditional Jewish culture and of Zionists easily disappeared under the contemporary general impression that the Soviet power would not oppress the Jews, but on the contrary, that many of them would remain at the levers of power.

Certain pictures of the past have the ability to conveniently rearrange in our mind in order to soothe our consciousness. And today a perception has formed that in the 1930s the Jews were already forced out of the Soviet ruling elite and had nothing to do with the administration of the country. In the 1980s we see assertions like this: in the Soviet times, the Jews in the USSR were "practically destroyed as a people; they had been turned into a social group, which was settled in the large cities "as a social stratum to serve the ruling class."[5]

No. Not only far from "serving", the Jews were to the large extent members of the "ruling class." And the "large cities," the capitals of the constituent Soviet republics, were the very thing the authorities bought off through improved provisioning, furnishing and maintenance, while the rest of the country languished from oppression and poverty. And now, after the shock of the Civil War, after the War Communism, after the NEP and the first five-year plan, it was the peace-time life of the country that was increasingly managed by the government apparatus, in which the role of the Jews was quite conspicuous, at least until 1937-38.

In 1936, at the 8th Congress of Soviets of the Soviet Union, Molotov, on orders from Stalin (perhaps to differ from Hitler in the eyes of the West) delivered this tirade: "Our brotherly feelings toward the Jewish people are determined by the fact that they begat the genius and the creator of the ideas of the communist liberation of Mankind," Karl Marx; "that the Jewish people, alongside the most developed nations, brought forth countless prominent scientists, engineers, and artists [that undoubtedly had already manifested itself in the Soviet 1930s, and will be even more manifest in the post-war years], and gave many glorious heroes to the revolutionary struggle ... and in our country they gave and are still giving new, remarkable, and talented leaders and managers in all areas of development and defense of the Cause of Socialism."[6]

The italics are mine. No doubt, it was said for propaganda purposes. But Molotov's declaration was appropriate. And the "defense of the Cause of Socialism" during all those years was in the hands of the GPU, the army, diplomacy, and the ideological front. The willing participation of so many Jews in these organs continued in the early and mid-1930s, until 1937-38.

Here we will briefly review – according to contemporary newspapers, later publications, and modern Jewish encyclopedias – the most important posts and names that had emerged mainly in the 1930s. Of course, such a review, complicated by the fact that we know nothing about how our characters identified themselves in regard to nationality, may contain mistakes in individual cases and can in no way be considered comprehensive.

After the destruction of the "Trotskyite opposition," the Jewish representation in the party apparatus became noticeably reduced. But that purge of the supreme party apparatus was absolutely not anti-Jewish. Lazar Kaganovich retained his extremely prominent position in the Politburo; he was an ominously merciless individual and, at the same time, a man of notoriously low proffessional level. (Nevertheless, from the mid-1930s he was the Secretary of the Central Committee, and simultaneously a member of the Organizational Bureau of the Central Committee —  only Stalin himself held both these positions at the same time). And he placed three of his brothers in quite important posts. Mikhail Kaganovich was deputy chair of the Supreme Soviet of the National Economy beginning in 1931; from 1937 he was narkom (narodny komissar, that is, "people's commissar") of the defense industry; later he simultaneously headed the aviation industry. Yuli Kaganovich, passing through the leading party posts in Nizhniy Novgorod (as all the brothers did), became deputy narkom of the foreign trade.[7] (Another, absolutely untalented brother, was a "big gun" in Rostov-on-Don. It reminds me of a story by Saltykov-Shchedrin, where  one Vooz Oshmyanskiy tried to place his brother Lazar in a profitable post). However, both the ethnic Russian opposition factions, that of Rykov, Bukharin and Tomsky, and that of Syrtsov, Ryutin, and Uglanov, were destroyed by Stalin in the beginning of the 1930s with support of the Jewish Bolsheviks — he drew necessary replacements from their ranks. Kaganovich was the principal and the most reliable of Stalin's supporters in the Politburo: he demanded the execution of Ryutin (October 1932-January 1933) but even Stalin wasn't able to manage it then.[8] The purge of 1930-1933 dealt with the Russian elements in the party.

Out of 25 members in the Presidium of the Central Control Commission after the 16th Party Congress (1930), 10 were Jews: A. Solts, "the conscience of the Party" (in the bloodiest years from 1934 to 1938 was assistant to Vyshinsky, the General Prosecutor of the USSR [9]); Z. Belenky (one of the three above-mentioned Belenky brothers); A. Goltsman (who supported Trotsky in the debate on trade unions); ferocious Rozaliya Zemlyachka (Zalkind); M. Kaganovich, another of the brothers; the Chekist Trilisser; the "militant atheist" Yaroslavsky; B. Roizenman; and A.P. Rozengolts, the surviving assistant of Trotsky. If one compares the composition of the party's Central Committee in the 1920s with that in the early 1930s, he would find that it was almost unchanged — both in 1925 as well as after the 16th Party Congress, Jews comprised around 1/6 of the membership.[10]

In the upper echelons of the communist party after the 17th Congress ("the congress of the victors") in 1934, Jews remained at 1/6 of the membership of the Central Committee; in the Party Control Commission — around 1/3, and a similar proportion in the Revision Commission of the Central Committee. (It was headed for quite a while by M. Vladimirsky. From 1934 Lazar Kaganovich took the reins of the Central Control Commission). Jews made up the same proportion (1/3) of the members of the Commission of the Soviet Control.[11] For five  years filled with upheaval (1934-1939) the deputy General Prosecutor of the USSR was Grigory Leplevsky.[12]

Occupants of many crucial party posts were not even announced in Pravda. For instance, in autumn 1936 the Secretary of the Central Committee of Komsomol (the Union of Communist Youth) was E. Fainberg.[13] The Department of the Press and Publishing of the Central Committee – the key ideological establishment – was managed by B. Tal. Previously, the department was headed by Lev Mekhlis, who had by then shifted to managing Pravda full-time; from 1937 Mekhlis became deputy narkom of defense and the head of Political Administration of the Red Army.

We see many Jews in the command posts in provinces: in the Central Asia Bureau, the Eastern Siberia Krai Party Committee (kraikom), in the posts of first secretaries of the obkoms [party committee of oblasts] of the Volga German Republic, the Tatar, Bashkir, Tomsk, Kalinin, and Voronezh oblasts and in many others. For example, Mendel Khatayevich (a member of the Central Committee from 1930) was consequently secretary of Gomel, Odessa, Tatar, and Dnepropetrovsk obkoms, secretary of the Middle Volga kraikom, and second secretary of the Communist Party of Ukraine. Yakov Chubin was secretary of the Chernigov and Akmolinsk obkoms and of the Shakhtinsk district party committee; later he served in several commissions of the Party Control in Moscow, Crimea, Kursk, and Turkmenia, and from 1937 he was the first secretary of the Central Committee of Turkmenia.[14] There is no need to list all such  names, but let's not overlook the real contribution of these secretaries into the Bolshevik cause; also note their striking geographical mobility, as in the 1920s. Reliable cadres were still in much demand and indispensable. And there was no concern that they lacked knowledge of each new locality of which they took charge.

Yet much more power was in the hands of the narkoms. In 1936 we see nine Jewish narkoms in the Government. Take the worldwide-famous narkom of foreign affairs Litvinov (in the friendly cartoons in Izvestiya, he was portrayed as a knight of peace with a spear and shield taking a stand against foreign filth); no less remarkable, but only within the limits of the USSR, was the narkom of internal affairs Yagoda; the ascending and all-glorious "Iron Narkom" of railroads, Lazar Kaganovich; foreign trade was headed by A. Rozengolts(before that we saw him in the Central Control Commission); I.Ya. Weitser was in charge of domestic trade; M. Kalmanovich was in charge of sovkhozes [state owned farms that paid wages] (he was the foods-commissar from the end of 1917); I.E. Lyubimov was narkom of light industry; G. Kaminskiy was narkom of healthcare, his instructive articles were often published in Izvestiya; and the above-mentioned Z. Belenky was the head of the Commission of the Soviet Control.[15] In the same Government we can find many Jewish names among the deputy narkoms in various people's commissariats: finance, communications, railroad transport, water, agriculture, the timber industry, the foodstuffs industry, education, justice. Among the most important deputy narkoms were: Ya. Gamarnik (defense), A. Gurevich ("he made a significant contribution to the creation of the metallurgical industry in the country"[16]); Semyon Ginzburg, he was deputy narkom of heavy industry, and later he became narkom of construction, and even later minister of construction of military enterprises.[17]

The famous "Great Turning Point"  took place place from the end of 1929 to the beginning of 1931. Murderous collectivization lay ahead, and at this decisive moment Stalin assigned Yakovlev-Epshtein as its sinister principal executive. His portraits and photos, and drawings by I. Brodsky, were prominently reproduced in newspapers then and later, from year to year.[18] Together with the already mentioned M. Kalmanovich, he was a member of the very top Soviet of Labor and Defense (there was hardly anyone apart from Stalin, Molotov, Mikoyan, Ordzhonikidze, Voroshilov in that organ).[19] In March of 1931, at the 6th Session of Soviets, Yakovlev reported on the progress of collectivization – about the development of sovkhozes and kolkhozes (that is, the destruction of the way of life of the people).[20] On this 'glorious' path to the ruination of Russia, among Yakovlev's collaborators, we can see deputy narkom V.G. Feigin, members of the Board of the people's commissariat of agriculture M.M. Volf, G.G. Roshal, and other 'experts'. The important organization, the Grain Trust, was attached to the people's commissariat of agriculture to pump out grain from peasants for the state; the chairman of the board of directors was M.G. Gerchikov, his portraits appeared in Izvestiya, and Stalin himself sent him a telegram of encouragement.[21] From 1932 the People's Commissariat of Sovkhozes and Kolkhozes with M. Kalmanovich at the helm was separated from the people's commissariat of agriculture.[22] From 1934 the chairman of the national Soviet of Kolkhozes was the same Yakovlev-Epshtein.[23] The chairman of the Commission of Purveyance was I. Kleiner (who was awarded the Order of Lenin). During the most terrible months of collectivization, M. Kalmanovich was deputy narkom of agriculture. But at the end of 1930 he was transferred into the People's Commissariat of Finance as deputy narkom; he also became chairman of the board of the Gosbank [The State Bank], for in monetary matters a strong will was also much needed. In 1936, Lev Maryasin became chairman of the board of the Gosbank; he was replaced in that post by Solomon Krutikov in 1936.[24]

In November 1930 the People's Commissariat of Foreign Trade was created, and A.P. Rozengolts served for seven years as its head. Jews comprised one-third of its board members. Among them was Sh. Dvoylatsky, who simultaneously served in the Central Commissions on Concessions; in 1934-1936 he became the Soviet trade representative in France.[25] At the end of 1930 the People's Commissariat of Supply was created with A. Mikoyan at the helm; on its board we see M. Belenky — that is another, actually the fifth, man with the surname "Belenky" encountered here; soon he himself became the narkom, replacing Mikoyan. In general, in the People's Commisariats of Trade and Supply, the Jewish component was higher than in the upper party echelons — from a quarter to a half. Still let's not overlook the Tsentrosoyuz (the bureaucratic center of Soviet pseudo-cooperation). After Lev Khichuk in the 1920s, it was managed from 1931 to 1937 by I.A. Zelensky, whom we met earlier as a member of the board of the people's commissariat of foodstuffs.[26]

Let me point it out once more: all these examples are for illustrative purposes only. They should not be taken to create the impression that there were no members of other nationalities on all those boards and in the presidiums; of course there were. Moreover, all the above-mentioned people occupied their posts only for a while; they were routinely transferred between various important positions.

Let's look at transport and communications. First, railroads were managed by M. Rukhimovich (his portraits could be found in the major newspapers of the time[27]); later he became narkom of defense industry (with M. Kaganovich as his deputy), while the command over railroads was given to L. Kaganovich.[28] There were important changes in the Coal Trust: I. Schwartz was removed from the board and M. Deych was assigned to replace him.[29] T. Rozenoer managed Grozneft [Grozny Oil]. Yakov Gugel headed the construction of the Magnitogorsk metallurgical giant; Yakov Vesnik was the director of the Krivoy Rog Metallurgical industrial complex; and the hell of the Kuznetsk industrial complex with its 200,000 hungry and ragged workers was supervised by S. Frankfurt, and after him by I. Epshtein (the latter was arrested in 1938 but landed on his feet because he was sent to take command over the construction of the Norilsk industrial complex).[30]

The Supreme Soviet of the National Economy still existed, but its significance waned. After Unshlikht, it was headed by A. Rozengolts, and then by Ordzhonikidze, with Jews comprising the majority of its board.[31]

At that time, the Gosplan [state planning ministry] gathered strength. In 1931, under the chairmanship of Kuibyshev, Jews comprised more than half of its 18-member board.[32]

Let's now examine the top posts in economy during the "last burgeoning year" of Stalin's era, 1936. In 1936 Izvestiya published[33] the complete roster of the board of the people's commissariat of domestic trade. Those 135 individuals had essentially ruled over the entire domestic trade in the USSR (and they were hardly disinterested men). Jews comprised almost 40% of this list, including two deputies to the narkom, several trade inspectors, numerous heads of food and manufactured goods trades in the oblasts, heads of consumer unions, restaurant trusts, cafeterias, food supplies and storage, heads of train dining cars and railroad buffets; and of course, the head of Gastronom No.1 in Moscow ("Eliseyevsky") was also a Jew. Naturally, all this facilitated smooth running of the industry in those far from prosperous years.

In the pages of Izvestiya one could read headlines like this: "The management of the Union's Fishing Trust made major political mistakes." As a result, Moisei Frumkin was relieved of his post at the board of the People's Commissariat of Ddomestic Trade (we saw him in the 1920s as a deputy of the Narkom of Foreign Trade). Comrade Frumkin was punished with a stern reprimand and a warning; comrade Kleiman suffered the same punishment; and comrade Nepryakhin was expelled from the party.[34]

Soon after that, Izvestiya published[35] an addendum to the roster of the People's Commissariat of Heavy Industry with 215 names in it. Those wishing to can delve into it as well. A present-day author thus writes about those people: by the 1930s "the children of the déclassé Jewish petty bourgeois succeeded ... in becoming the 'commanders' of the "great construction projects." And so it appeared to those who, putting in 16 hours a day for weeks and months,  never leaving the foundation pits, the swamps, the deserts, and taiga ..., that it was "their country."[36] However, the author is wrong: it was the blackened hard-workers and yesterday's peasants, who had no respite from toiling in foundation pits and swamps, while the directors only occasionally promenaded there; they mainly spent time in offices enjoying their special provision services ("the bronze foremen"). But undoubtedly, their harsh and strong-willed decisions helped to bring these construction projects to completion, building up the industrial potential of the USSR.

Thus the Soviet Jews obtained a weighty share of state, industrial, and economic power at all levels of government in the USSR.

***

The personality of B. Roizenman merits particular attention. See for yourself: he received the Order of Lenin "in recognition of his exceptional services" in the adjustment of the state apparatus "to the objectives of the large-scale offensive for Socialism."  What secrets, inscrutable to us, could be hidden behind this "offensive"?  We can glance into some of them from the more direct wording: for carrying out "special missions of top state importance on the clean-up of state apparatus in the Soviet diplomatic missions abroad."[37]

Now let's look at the state of affairs in diplomacy. The 1920s were examined in the preceding chapter. Now we encounter other important people. For example, in spring of 1930, Izvestiya reported on page 1 and under a separate heading that "F.A. Rotshtein, the board member of the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs, returned from vacation and resumed his duties."[38] (Well, didn't they only write this way about Stalin? To the best of my knowledge, neither Ordzhonikidze, nor Mikoyan – other very top functionaries – was honored in such a way?) Yet very soon Rotshtein made a slip and his career ended just two months later, in July 1930. With the designation of Litvinov as narkom, Rotshtein was removed from the board (even though, we may remember, he claimed credit for the creation of the British Communist Party). In the 1930s, at the peak of Litvinov's power, a new generation appeared. The Jewish Encyclopedia writes: "there was a notion of 'the Litvinov school of diplomacy'" that included the outstanding personalities of K. Umansky, Ya. Surits, B. Shtein (he was already successful by the beginning of the 1920s) and E. Gnedin (son of Parvus).[39] Ehrenburg added here the name of E. Rubinin. Just as in the 1920s diplomacy attracted a cadre of Jews, so it did through the early and mid-1930s. From the moment the USSR was accepted into the League of Nations, we see Litvinov, Shtein, Gnedin, and also Brenner, Stashevsky, Marcus, Rozenberg, and Svanidze (a Georgian) as the senior members of the Soviet delegation. It was these people who represented Soviet Russia at that forum of nations. There were Soviet plenipotentiaries in Europe of Jewish origin: in England — Maisky; in Germany (and later in France)—Ya. Surits; in Italy—B. Shtein (after Kamenev); we also see Jewish plenipotentiaries in Spain, Austria, Romania, Greece, Lithuania, Latvia, Belgium, Norway, and in Asia. For example, the above-mentioned Surits represented the Soviet Union in Afghanistan as early as the Russian Civil War; later, from 1936, B. Skvirsky served in Afghanistan; for many years  he was was the unofficial Soviet representative in Washington.[40] In the early and mid-1930s, a great number of Jews successfully continued to work in Soviet trade delegations. (Here we find another Belenky, already the sixth individual of that name, B.S.Belenky, who was the trade representative in Italy from 1934 to 1937).[41]

Concerning the Red Army, the aforementioned Israeli researcher, Aron Abramovich, writes that in the 1930s "a significant number of Jewish officers served" in the army. "There were many of them, in particular in the Revolutionary Military Soviet, in the central administrations of the people's commissariat of defense, in the general staff, and at lower levels – in the military districts, in the armies, corps, divisions, brigades, and all military units. The Jews still played a prominent role in the political organs."[42] The entire Central Political Administration of the Red Army came under command of the trustworthy Mekhlis after the suicide of the trustworthy Gamarnik. Here are several names from the cream of the Political Administration: Mordukh Khorosh was the deputy director of the Political Administration of the Red Army in the 1930s, and later, until his arrest, he was in charge of the Political Administration of the Kiev military district. From 1929 through to 1937, Lazar Aronshtam headed the political administration of the Belorussian military district, then of the Special Far Eastern Army, and later – of the Moscow military district. Isaak Grinberg was the Senior Inspector of the Political Administration of the Red Army, and later the deputy director of the Political Administration of the Leningrad district. Boris Ippo (he participated in the pacification of Central Asia during the Civil War as the head of the Political Administration of the Turkestan Front and later of the Central-Asian district) was the head of the political administration of the Caucasus Red Army; and later the director of the Military Political Academy. The already-mentioned Mikhail Landa from 1930 to 1937 was the chief editor of Krasnaya Zvezda (The Red Star, the official newspaper of the Soviet military).Naum Rozovsky was a military prosecutor since the Civil War; by 1936 he was the chief military prosecutor of the Red Army.[43]

Gamarnik remained the deputy to Voroshilov, the chairman of the Revolutionary Military Soviet until 1934 (when the organization was disbanded). In the 1930s, in addition to those named in the previous chapter, among the heads of the central administrations of the Red Army, we encounter the following individuals: Abram Volp (the head of the Administrative Mobilization Administration; in the previous chapter he was identified as the chief of staff of the Moscow military district), Semyon Uritsky (of the Military Intelligence Administration, until 1937), Boris Feldman – the head of the Central Personnel Administration, and Leontiy Kotlyar — the head of the Central Military Engineering Administration in the pre-war years. Among the commanders of the branches of the military we find A. Goltsman, the head of military aviation from 1932 (we already saw him in the Central Control Commission, and as a union activist; he died in a plane crash). Among the commanders of the military districts we again see Iona Yakir (Crimean district, and later the important Kiev District), and Lev Gordon (Turkestan district).[44] Although we have no data on Jewish representation in the lower ranks, there is little doubt that when a structure (be it a political administration of the army, a supply service, or a party or a commissariat apparatus) was headed by a Jew, it was accompanied, as a rule, by a quite noticeable Jewish presence among its staff.

Yet service in the army is not a vice; it can be quite constructive. So what about our good old GPU-NKVD? A modern researcher, relying on archives, writes: "The first half of the 1930s was characterized by the increasingly important role of Jews in the state security apparatus." And "on the eve of the most massive repressions ... the ethnic composition of the supreme command of the NKVD ... [can be understood with the help of] the list of decorated Chekists on the occasion of the 20th anniversary of the Cheka-OGPU-NKVD. The list of 407 senior officials published in the central press contained 56 Jews (13.8%), and 7 Latvians (1.7%)."[45]

When the GPU was reformed into the NKVD (1934) with Yagoda at the head, they twice published the names of the supreme commissars of the NKVD (what a rare chance to peek behind a usually impenetrable wall[46]!): commissars of State Security of the 1st Rank Ya.S. Agranov (the first deputy to Yagoda), V.A. Balitsky, T.D. Deribas, G.E. Prokovev, S.F. Redens, L.M. Zakovsky; of the 2nd Rank: L.N. Belskiy, K.V. Pauker (they were already decorated in 1927 on the decennial of the Cheka), M.I. Gay, S.A. Goglidze, L.B. Zalin, Z.B. Katsnelson, K.M. Karlson, I.M. Leplevsky, G.A. Molchanov, L.G. Mironov, A.A. Slutsky, A.M. Shanin, and R.A. Pillyar. Of course, not all of them were Jews but a good half were. So, the Jewish Chekists were still there; they didn't leave, nor were they forced out of the NKVD, the same NKVD which was devouring the country after the death of Kirov, and which later devoured itself.

A.A. Slutsky was the director of the NKVD's foreign section; that is, he was in charge of espionage abroad. "His deputies were Boris Berman and Sergey Shpigelglas." Pauker was a barber from Budapest, who connected with the communists while he was a Russian POW in 1916. Initially, he was in charge of the Kremlin security and later became the head of the operations section of the NKVD.[47] Of course, due to secrecy and the non-approachability of these highly placed individuals, it is difficult to judge them conclusively. Take, for instance, Naum (Leonid) Etingon, who orchestrated the murder of Trotsky and was the organizer of the "Cambridge Five" espionage ring and who oversaw the nuclear espionage after the war — a true ace of espionage.[48]

Or take Lev Feldbin (he used a catchy pseudonym of 'Aleksandr Orlov'). A prominent and long-serving Chekist, he headed the economic section of the foreign department of GPU, that is, he supervised all foreign trade of the USSR. He was a trusted agent, of those who were instructed in the shroud of full secrecy on how "to extract false confessions [from the victims]." "Many [of the NKVD investigators] ended up being subordinate to him."[49] And yet he was completely hidden from the public and became famous only later, when he defected to the West. And how many such posts were there?

Or take Mikhail Koltsov-Fridlyand ("the political advisor" to the Republican government of Spain)[50], who took part in some of the major GPU adventures.

M. Berman was assigned as deputy to the Narkom of Internal Affairs Ezhov within three days after the latter was installed on September 27, 1936. Still, Berman remained the director of the GULag.[51] And along with Ezhov, came his handymen. Mikhail Litvin, his long-time associate in the Central Committee of the party, became the director of the personnel department of the NKVD; by May 1937 he rose to the unmatched rank of director of the Secret Political section of the Main Directorate of State Security of the NKVD. In 1931-36, Henrikh Lyushkov was the deputy director of that section; he deserted to Japan in 1938 and was then killed by a Japanese bullet in 1945 – by the end of the war the Japanese did not want to give him back and had no option but shoot him. In this way, we can extensively describe the careers of each of them. In the same section, Aleksandr Radzivilovsky was an "agent for special missions." Another long-time Ezhov colleague, Isaak Shapiro, was Ezhov's personal assistant from 1934, and then he became the director of the NKVD Secretariat, and later was the director of the infamous Special Section of the Main Directorate of State Security of the NKVD.[52]

In December 1936, among the heads of ten sections (for secrecy, designated only by number) of the Main Directorate of State Security of the NKVD, we see seven Jews: the Security section (section #1)—K. Pauker; Counter-Intelligence (3) — L. Mironov; Special section (5)—I. Leplevsky; Transport (6)—A. Shanin; Foreign section (7) — A. Slutsky; Records and Registration (—V. Tsesarsky; Prisons (10)—Ya. Veinshtok. Over the course of the meat-grinding year of 1937 several other Jews occupied posts of directors of those sections: A. Zalpeter—Operations section (2); Ya. Agranov, followed by M. Litvin—Secret Political section (4); A Minaev-Tsikanovsky—Counter-Intelligence (3); and I. Shapiro – Special section (9).[53]

I named the leadership of the GULag in my book, GULag Archipelago. Yes, there was a large proportion of Jews among its command. (Portraits of the directors of construction of the White Sea-Baltic Canal, which I reproduced from the Soviet commemorative corpus of 1936, caused outrage: they claimed that I have selected the Jews only on purpose. But I did not select them, I've just reproduced the photographs of all the High Directors of the BelBaltlag [White Sea - Baltic Canal camp administration] from that immortal book. Am I guilty that they had turned out to be Jews? Who had selected them for those posts? Who is guilty?) I will now add information about three prominent men, whom I did not know then. Before the BelBaltlag, one Lazar Kogan worked as the head of the GULag; Zinovy Katsnelson was the deputy head of the GULag from 1934 onward; Izrail Pliner was the head of the GULag from 1936, and later he oversaw the completion of construction of the Moscow-Volga Canal (1937).[54]

It can't be denied that History elevated many Soviet Jews into the ranks of the arbiters of the fate of all Russians.

***

Never publicized information about events of different times flows from different sources: about the regional Plenipotentiaries of GPU-NKVD in the 1930s (before 1937). The names of their offices fully deserved to be written in capital letters, for it was precisely them and not the secretaries of the obkoms, who were the supreme masters of their oblasts, masters of the life and death of any inhabitant, who reported directly only to the central NKVD in Moscow. The full names of some of them are known, while only initials remain from others; and still of others, we know only their last names. They moved from post to post, between different provinces. (If we could only find the dates and details of their service! Alas, all this was done in secret). And in all of the 1930s, many Jews remained among those provincial lords. According to the recently published data, in the regional organs of State Security, not counting the Main Directorate of State Security, there were 1,776 Jews (7.4% of the total members serving).[55]

A few Jewish plenipotentiaries are listed here: in Belorussia – Izrail Leplevsky (brother of the deputy General Prosecutor Grigory Leplevsky, we already saw him in the Cheka; later, he worked in a senior post in the GPU as a Commissar of State Security of 2nd Rank; and now we see him as the Narkom of Internal Affairs of Belorussia from 1934 to 1936); in the Western Oblast – I.M. Blat, he later worked in Chelyabinsk; in the Ukraine – Z. Katsnelson, we saw him in the Civil War all around the country, from the Caspian Sea to the White Sea. Now he was the deputy head of the GULag; later we see him as Deputy Narkom of Internal Affairs of Ukraine; in 1937 he was replaced by Leplevsky. We see D.M. Sokolinsky first In Donetsk Oblast and later in Vinnitsa Oblast; L.Ya. Faivilovich and Fridberg – in the Northern Caucasus; M.G. Raev-Kaminsky and Purnis – in Azerbaijan; G. Rappoport  – in Stalingrad Oblast; P.Sh. Simanovsky – in Orlov Oblast; Livshits  – in Tambov Oblast; G.Ya. Abrampolsky – in Gorkov Oblast; A.S. Shiyron, supervising the round-up of the dispossessed kulaks – in Arkhangel Oblast; I.Z. Ressin – in the German Volga Republic; Zelikman  – in Bashkiriya; N. Raysky – in Orenburg Oblast; G.I. Shklyar – in Sverdlovsk Oblast; L.B. Zalin  – in Kazakhstan; Krukovsky – in Central Asia; Trotsky  – in Eastern Siberia, and Rutkovsky – in the Northern Krai.

All these high placed NKVD officials were tossed from one oblast to another in exactly the same manner as the secretaries of obkoms. Take, for instance, Vladimir Tsesarsky: was plenipotentiary of the GPU-NKVD in Odessa, Kiev and in the Far East. By 1937 he had risen to the head of the Special section of the Main Directorate of State Security of the NKVD (just before Shapiro). Or look at S. Mironov-Korol: in 1933-36 he was the head of the Dnepropetrovsk GPU-NKVD; in 1937 he was in charge of the Western Siberian NKVD; he also served in the central apparatus of the GPU-NKVD.[56] In the mid-1930s, we see L. Vul as the head of Moscow and later of Saratov Police. The plenipotentiary in Moscow was L. Belsky (after serving in Central Asia); later, he had risen to the head of the Internal Service Troops of the NKVD. In the 1930s we see many others: Foshan was in charge of the border troops; Meerson was the head of the Economic Planning section of the NKVD; L.I. Berenzon and later L.M. Abramson headed the finance department of the GULag; and Abram Flikser headed the personnel section of the GULag. All these are disconnected pieces of information, not amenable to methodical anal Moreover, there were special sections in each provincial office of the NKVD. Here is another isolated bit of information: Yakov Broverman was the head of Secretariat of the Special Section of the NKVD in Kiev; he later worked in the same capacity in the central NKVD apparatus.[57]

Later, in 1940, when the Soviets occupied the Baltic states of Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia, the head of the Dvinsk NKVD was one Kaplan. He dealt so harshly with the people there, that in 1941, when the Red Army had hardly left and before the arrival of Germans, there was an explosion of public outrage against the Jews.

In the novel by D.P. Vitkovsky, Half-life, there is a phrase about the Jewish looks of investigator, Yakovlev (the action is set during Khrushchev's  regime). Vitovsky put it rather harshly so that Jews, who by the end of the 1960s were already on the way of breaking away from communism and in their new political orientation developed sympathy to any camp memoirs, were nonetheless repulsed by such a description. I remember V. Gershuni asked me how many other Jewish investigators did Vitovsky come across during his 30-year-long ordeal?

What an astonishing forgetfulness betrayed by that rather innocent slip! Would not it have been more appropriate to mention not the "30 years" but 50 years, or, at least, 40 years? Indeed, Vitovsky might not have encountered many Jewish investigators during his last thirty years, from the end of the 1930s (though they could still be found around even in the 1960s). Yet Vitovsky was persecuted by the Organs for forty years; he survived the Solovki camp; and he apparently did not forget the time when a Russian investigator was a less frequent sight than a Jewish or a Latvian one.

Nevertheless, Gershuni was right in implying that all these outstanding and not so outstanding posts were fraught with death for their occupants; the more so, the closer it was to 1937-38.

***

Our arbiters confidently ruled from their heights and when they were suddenly delivered a blow, it must have seemed to them like the collapse of the universe, like the end of the world. Wasn't there anyone among them before the onslaught who reflected on the usual fate of revolutionaries?

Among the major communist functionaries who perished in 1937-38, the Jews comprise an enormous percentage. For example, a modern historian writes that if "from 1 January 1935 to 1 January 1938 the members of this nationality headed more than 50% of the main structural units of the central apparatus of the people's commissariat of internal affairs, then by 1 January 1939 they headed only 6%."[58]

Using numerous "execution lists" that were published over the recent decades, and the biographical tomes of the modern Russian Jewish Encyclopedia, we are able to trace to some degree the fates of those outstanding and powerful Chekists, Red commanders, Soviet party officials, diplomats, and others, whom we mentioned in the previous chapters of this book.

Among the Chekists the destruction was particularly overwhelming (the names of those executed are italicized):

G.Ya. Abrampolsky; L.M. Abramson, died in prison in 1939; Yakov Agranov, 1938;[59] Abram Belenky, 1941; Lev Belsky-Levin, 1941; Matvey Berman, 1939; Boris Berman, 1939; Iosif Blat, 1937; Ya. Veinshtok, 1939; Leonid Vul, 1938, Mark Gai-Shtoklyand, 1937; Semyon Gendin, 1939; Benjamin Gerson, 1941; Lev Zadov-Zinkovsky, 1938; Lev Zalin-Levin, 1940; A. Zalpeter, 1939; Lev Zakharov-Meyer, 1937; N.Zelikman, 1937; Aleksandr Ioselevich, 1937, Zinovy Katsnelson, 1938; Lazar Kogan, 1939; Mikhail Koltsov-Fridlyand, 1940; Georg Krukovsky, 1938; Izrail Leplevsky, 1938; Natan Margolin, 1938; A. Minaev-Tsikanovsky, 1939; Lev Mironov-Kagan, 1938; Sergey Mironov-Korol, 1940; Karl Pauker, 1937; Izrail Pliner, 1939; Mikhail Raev-Kaminsky, 1939; Aleksandr Radzivilovsky, 1940; Naum Raysky-Lekhtman, 1939; Grigoriy Rappoport, 1938; Ilya Ressin, 1940; A. Rutkovsky; Pinkhus Simanovsky, 1940; Abram Slutsky, poisoned in 1938; David Sokolinsky, 1940; Mikhail Trilisser; Leonid Fayvilovich, 1936; Vladimir Tsesarsky, 1940; A. Shanin, 1937; Isaak Shapiro, 1940; Evsey Shirvindt, 1938; Grigoriy Shklyar; Sergey Shpigelglas, 1940; Genrikh Yagoda, 1938.

Nowadays entire directories, containing lists of the highest officials of the Central Apparatus of the Main Directorate of State Security of the NKVD who fell during the Ezhov's period of executions and repressions, are published. There we see many more Jewish names.[60]

But only accidentally, thanks to the still unbridled glasnost that began in the beginning of the 1990s, we learn about several mysterious biographies formerly shrouded in secrecy. For example, from 1937, professor Grigory Mayranovsky, a specialist in poisons, headed the "Laboratory X" in the Special Section of Operations Technology of the NKVD, which carried out death sentences through injections with poisons by "the direct decision of the government in 1937-47 and in 1950"; the executions were performed in a special prisoner cell at "Laboratory X" as well as abroad even in the 1960s and 1970s.[61] Mayranovsky was arrested only in 1951; from his cell he wrote to Beria: "Dozens of sworn enemies of the Soviet Union, including all kinds of nationalists, were destroyed by my hand."[62] And from the astonishing disclosure in 1990 we learned that the famous mobile gas chambers were invented, as it turns out, not by Hitler during the World War II, but in the Soviet NKVD in 1937 by Isai Davidovich Berg, the head of the administrative and maintenance section of the NKVD of Moscow Oblast (sure, he was not alone in that enterprise, but he organized the whole business). This is why it is also important to know who occupied middle-level posts. It turns out, that I.D. Berg was entrusted with carrying out the sentences of the "troika" of the NKVD of Moscow Oblast; he dutifully performed his mission, which involved shuttling prisoners to the execution place. But when three "troikas" began to work simultaneously in the Moscow Oblast, the executioners became unable to cope with the sheer number of executions. Then they invented a time-saving method: the victims were stripped naked, tied, mouths plugged, and thrown into a closed truck, outwardly disguised as a bread truck. On the road the exhaust fumes were redirected into the prisoner-carrying compartment, and by the time the van arrived to the burial ditch, the prisoners were "ready." (Well, Berg himself was shot in 1939, not for those evil deeds, of course, but for "the anti-Soviet conspiracy". In 1956 he was rehabilitated without any problem, though the story of his murderous invention was kept preserved and protected in the records of his case and only recently discovered by journalists)[63]

There are so many individuals with outstanding lives and careers in the list above! Bela Kun, the Butcher of Crimea, himself fell at that time, and with him the lives of twelve Commissars of the communist government of Budapest ended.[64]

However, it would be inappropriate to consider the expulsion of Jews from the punitive organs as a form of persecution. There was no anti-Jewish motif in those events. (Notwithstanding, that if Stalin's praetorians valued not only their present benefits and power but also the opinion of the people whom they governed, they should have left the NKVD and not have waited until they were kicked out. Still, this wouldn't have spared many of them death, but surely it would have spared them the stigma?) The notion of purposeful anti-Jewish purge doesn't hold water: "according to available data, at the end of the 1930s the Jews were one of the few national minorities, belonging to which did not constitute a "crime" for an NKVD official. There were still no regulations on national and personnel policy in the state security agencies that was enforced ... from the end of the 1940s to the early 1950s"[65]

***

Many Party activists fell under the destructive wave of 1937-1938. From 1936-37 the composition of the Soviet of People's Commissars began to change noticeably as the purges during the pre-war years ran through the prominent figures in the people's commissariats. The main personage behind collectivization, Yakovlev, had met his bullet; the same happened to his comrades-in-arms, Kalmanovich and Rukhimovich, and many others. The meat-grinder devoured many old "honored" Bolsheviks, such as the long-retired Ryazanov or the organizer of the murder of the Tsar Goloshchekin, not to mention Kamenev and Zinovyev. (Lazar Kaganovich was spared although, he himself was the "iron broom" in several purges during 1937-38; for example, they called his swift purge of the city of Ivanov the "Black Tornado.")[66]

They offer us the following interpretation: "This is a question about the victims of the Soviet dictatorship; they were used by it and then mercilessly discarded when their services became redundant."[67] What a great argument! So for twenty years these powerful Jews were really used? Yet weren't they themselves the zealous cogs in the mechanism of that very dictatorship right up to the very time when their "services became redundant"? Did not they make the great contribution to the destruction of religion and culture, the intelligentsia, and the multi-million peasantry?

A great many Red Army commanders fell under the axe. "By the summer of 1938 without exception all... commanders of military districts ... who occupied these posts by June 1937 disappeared without a trace." The Political Administration of the Red Army "suffered the highest losses from the terror" during the massacre of 1937, after the suicide of Gamarnik. Of the highest political officers of the Red Army, death claimed all 17 army commissars, 25 out of 28 corps commissars, and 34 out of 36 brigade (divisional) commissars.[68] We see a significant percentage of Jews in the now-published lists of military chiefs executed in 1937-38.[69]

Grigory Shtern had a very special military career; he advanced along the political officer's  path. During the Civil War he was military commissar at regimental, brigade, and divisional levels. In 1923-25 he was the head of all special detachments in the Khorezm [a short-lived republic after the Bolshevik revolution] troops during the suppression of rebellions in Central Asia. Until 1926, he was the head of the political administration division. Later he studied at the military academy for senior military officers [and thus became eligible for proper military posts]; in 1929-34 he was a "military advisor to the Republican government in Spain" (not to be confused with Manfred Shtern, who also distinguished himself among the Red Spaniards under the alias of "General Kleber"). Later he was the Chief of Staff of the Far Eastern Front and conducted bloody battles at Lake Khasan in 1938 together with Mekhlis, at the same time conspiring against Marshall Blücher, whom he ruined and whose post of the front commander he took over after the arrest of the latter. In March 1939, at the 18th Party Congress, he made this speech: "Together we have destroyed a bunch of good-for-nothings— the Tukhachevskys, Gamarniks, Uborevichs [former Soviet Marshalls[ and similar others." Well, he himself was shot later, in autumn 1941.[70] Shtern's comrade-in-arms in aviation, Yakov Smushkevich, also had a head-spinning career. He too began as a political officer (until the mid-1930s); then he studied at the academy for top officers. In 1936-37 he had also fought in Spain, in aviation, and was known as "General Douglas". In 1939 he was commander of the aviation group at Khalkhin Gol [on the Manchurian-Mongolian border, site of Soviet-Japanese battles won by the Russians]. After that he rose to the commander of all air forces of the Red Army – the General Inspector of the Air Force; he was arrested in May 1941 and executed in the same year.[71]

The wave of terror spared neither administrators, nor diplomats; almost all of the diplomats mentioned above were executed.

Let's name those party, military, diplomatic, and managerial figures whom we mentioned before on these pages who now were persecuted (the names of the executed are italicized):

Samuil Agursky, arrested in 1938; Lazar Aronshtam, 1938; Boris Belenky, 1938; Grigory Belenky, 1938; Zakhar Belenky,1940;  Mark Belenky, 1938; Moris Belotsky, 1938; German Bitker, 1937; Aron Vainshtein, 1938; Yakov Vesnik, 1938; Izrail Veitser, 1938; Abram Volpe, 1937; Yan Gamarnik, committed suicide in 1937; Mikhail Gerchikov, 1937; Evgeny Gnedin, arrested in 1939; Philip Goloshchekin, 1941; Ya. Goldin, 1938; Lev Gordon, arrested in 1939; Isaak Grinberg, 1938; Yakov Gugel, 1937; Aleksandr Gurevich, 1937; Sholom Dvoilatsky, 1937; Maks Deych, 1937; Semyon Dimanshtein, 1938; Efim Dreitser, 1936; Semyon Zhukovsky, 1940; Samuil Zaks, 1937; Zinovy Zangvil, Isaak Zelensky, 1938; Grigory Zinovyev, 1936; S. Zorin-Gomberg, 1937; Boris Ippo, 1937; Mikhail Kaganovich, committed suicide in expectation of arrest, 1941; Moisey Kalmanovich, 1937; Lev Kamenev, 1936; Abram Kamensky, 1938; Grigoriy Kaminsky, 1938; Ilya Kit-Viytenko, arrested in 1937 and spent 20 years in camps; I.M. Kleiner, 1937; Evgeniya Kogan, 1938; Aleksandr Krasnoshchyokov-Tobinson, 1937; Lev Kritsman, 1937; Solomon Kruglikov, 1938; Vladimir Lazarevich, 1938; Mikhail Landa, 1938; Ruvim Levin, 1937; Yakov Livshits, 1937; Moisey Lisovsky, arrested in 1938; Frid Markus, 1938; Lev Maryasin, 1938; Grigory Melnichansky, 1937; Aleksandr Minkin-Menson, died in camp in 1955; Nadezhda Ostrovskaya, 1937; Lev Pechersky, 1937; I. Pinson, 1936; Iosif Pyatnitsky-Tarshis, 1938; Izrail Razgon, 1937; Moisey Rafes, 1942; Grigory Roginsky, 1939; Marsel Rozenberg, 1938; Arkady Rozengolts, 1938; Naum Rozovsky, 1942; Boris Royzenman, 1938; E. Rubinin, spent 15 years in camps; Yakov Rubinov, 1937; Moisey Rukhimovich, 1938; Oskar Ryvkin, 1937; David Ryazanov, 1938; Veniamin Sverdlov, 1939; Boris Skvirsky, 1941; Iosif Slavin, 1938; Grigoriy Sokolnikov-Brilliant, killed in prison, 1939; Isaak Solts, died in confinement in 1940; Naum Sokrin, 1938; Lev Sosnovsky, 1937; Artur Stashevsky-Girshfeld, 1937; Yury Steklov-Nakhamkis, 1941; Nikolay Sukhanov-Gimmer, 1940; Boris Tal, 1938; Semyon Turovsky, 1936; Semyon Uritsky, 1937; Evgeny Fainberg, 1937; Vladimir Feigin, 1937; Boris Feldman, 1937; Yakov Fishman, arrested in 1937; Moisey Frumkin, 1938; Maria Frumkina-Ester, died in camp, 1943; Leon Khaikis, 1938; Avenir Khanukaev; Moisey Kharitonov, died in camp, 1948; Mendel Khataevich, 1937; Tikhon Khvesin, 1938; Iosif Khodorovsky, 1938; Mordukh Khorosh, 1937; Isay Tsalkovich, arrested in 1937; Efim Tsetlin, 1937; Yakov Chubin; N. Chuzhak-Nasimovich; Lazar Shatskin, 1937; Akhiy Shilman, 1937; Ierokhim Epshtein, arrested in 1938; Iona Yakir, 1937; Yakov Yakovlev-Epshtein, 1938; Grigory Shtern, 1941.

This is indeed a commemoration roster of many top-placed Jews.

Below are the fates of some prominent Russian Jewish socialists, who did not join the Bolsheviks or who even struggled against them.

Boris Osipovich Bogdanov (born 1884) was an Odessan, the grandson and son of lumber suppliers. He graduated from the best commerce school in Odessa. While studying, he joined Social Democrat societies. In June 1905, he was the first civilian who got on board the mutinous battleship, Potemkin, when she entered the port of Odessa; he gave a speech for her crew, urging sailors to join Odessa's labor strike; he delivered letters with appeals to consulates of the European powers in Russia. He avoided punishment by departing for St. Petersburg where he worked in the Social Democratic underground; he was a Menshevik. He was sentenced to two 2-year-long exiles, one after another, to Solvychegodsk and to Vologda. Before the war, he entered the elite of the Menshevik movement; he worked legally on labor questions. In 1915 he became the secretary of the Labor Group at the Military Industrial Committee, was arrested in January 1917 and freed by the February Revolution. He was a member of the Executive Committee of the Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies of Petrograd, and regularly chaired its noisy sessions which attracted thousands of people. From June 1917 he was a member of the Bureau of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and persistently opposed ongoing attempts of the Bolsheviks to seize power. After the failed Bolshevik rebellion in July 1917 he accepted the surrender of the squad of sailors besieged in the Petropavlovsk Fortress. After the October coup, in 1918 he was one of the organizers of anti-Bolshevik workers movement in Petrograd. During the Civil War he lived in Odessa. After the Civil War he tried to restart the Menshevik political activity, but at the end of 1920 he was arrested for one year. That was the beginning of many years of unceasing arrests and sentences, exiles and camps, and numerous transfers between different camps — the so-called "Great Road" of so many socialists in the USSR. And all that was just for being a Menshevik in the past and for having Menshevik convictions even though by that time he no longer engaged in politics and during brief respites simply worked on economic posts and just wanted a quiet life; however, he was suspected of economic "sabotage." In 1922 he requested permission to emigrate, but shortly before departure was arrested again. First he was sent to the Solovki prison camp and later exiled to the Pechora camp [in the Urals]; his sentences were repeatedly extended by three years; he experienced solitary confinement in the Suzdal camp and was repeatedly exiled. In 1931 they attempted to incriminate him in the case of the "All-Soviet Bureau of Mensheviks," but he was lucky and they left him alone. Yet he was hauled in again in 1937, imprisoned in the Omsk jail (together with already-imprisoned communists), where he survived non-stop interrogations which sometimes continued without a pause for weeks, at any time of the day or night (there were three shifts of investigators); he served out 7 years in the Kargopol camp (several other Mensheviks were shot there); later he was exiled to Syktyvkar; in 1948 he was again sentenced and exiled to Kazakhstan. In 1956 he was rehabilitated; he died in 1960, a worn-out old man.

Boris Davidovich Kamkov-Kats (born 1885) was the son of a country doctor. From adolescence, he was a member of the Socialist Revolutionary Party. Exiled in 1905 to the Turukhan Krai, he escaped. Abroad, he graduated from the Heidelberg University School of Law. He was a participant in the Zimmerwald [Switzerland] Conference of socialists (1915). After the February Revolution he returned to Russia. He was one of the founders of the Left Socialist Revolutionary Party; at the time of the October coup he entered into a coalition with the Bolsheviks. He took part in the dispersal of the Russian Constituent Assembly in January 1918. From April he urged breaking the alliance with the Bolsheviks; in June he already urged "a revolutionary uprising against them. After the failed rebellion of the Socialist Revolutionaries, he went underground. After a brief arrest in 1920, he was arrested again in 1921, and exiled in 1923. Between exiles he spent two years in prison and experienced the same "Great Road." In 1933 he was exiled to Archangel; he was arrested again in 1937 and executed in 1938.

Abram Rafailovich Gots (born 1882) was the grandson of a millionaire tea merchant, V.Ya. Visotsky. From the age of 14, he was in the the Socialist Revolutionary movement from the very creation of the SR party in 1901 (his brother Mikhail was the party leader). From 1906, he was a terrorist, a member of the militant wing of the SRs. From 1907-1915 he was in hard labor camps; he spent some time sitting in the infamous Aleksandrovsky Central. He was a participant of the February Revolution in Irkutsk and later in Petrograd. He was a member of the executive committees of the Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies of Petrograd and of the Soviet Peasant's Deputies and a member of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. From 25 October 1917 he headed the anti-Bolshevik Committee for the Salvation of the Motherland and Revolution. During the Civil War he continued his struggle against Bolsheviks. In 1920 he was arrested; at the trial of the Socialist Revolutionaries in 1922 he was sentenced to death, commuted to 5 years of imprisonment. Later he experienced the "Great Road" of endless new prison terms and exiles. In 1939 he was sentenced to 25 years in the camps and died in one a year later.

Mikhail Yakovlevich Gendelman (born 1881) was an attorney-at-law and a Socialist Revolutionary from 1902. He participated in the February Revolution in Moscow, was a member of the Executive Committee of the Soviet of Soldiers' and Workers' Deputies, a member of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, and a member of the Central Committee of the Socialist Revolutionary Party. On 25 October 1917, he left the meeting of the 2nd All-Russian Congress of the Soviets in protest against the Bolsheviks. He was elected to the Constituent Assembly and participated in its only session, on 5 January 1918. Later in Samara he participated in the Committee of Members of the Constituent Assemby. He was arrested in 1921; in 1922 he was sentenced to death at the trial of the Socialist Revolutionaries, commuted to 5 years in prison. After numerous prison terms and exiles, he was shot in 1938.

Mikhail Isaakovich Liber-Goldman (born 1880) was one of the founders of the Bund (1897), a member of the Central Committee of the [General Jewish Labor] Bund of Lithuania, Poland and Russia in Emigration; he represented the Bund at the congresses of the Russian Social Democratic Workers' Party. He participated in the revolution of 1905-06. In 1910 he was exiled for three years to Vologda Province, fled soon thereafter and emigrated again. He was a steady and uncompromising opponent of Lenin. He returned to Russia after 1914, and joined the Socialist "Defender" movement ("Defense of the Motherland in War"). After the February revolution, he was a member of the Executive Committee of the Petrograd Soviet of Soldiers' and Workers' Deputies, and later he was a member of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. (He left the latter post after the October coup). Then he briefly participated in the Social Democratic Workers' Party of the Mensheviks. He worked on economic positions andwas one of the leaders of the Menshevik underground in the USSR. His "Great Road" arrests and exiles began in1923. He was arrested again and executed in Alma-Ata in 1937.

For many, there was a similar fate, with repeated sentences and exiles, right up to the climax of 1937-38.

Yet in those years purges swept all over the country, destroying the lives of countless ordinary people, including Jews, people who had nothing to do with politics or authority. Here are some of the Jews who perished:

Nathan Bernshtein (born 1876) a music scholar and critic; he taught the history of music and aesthetics and wrote a number of books; arrested in 1937, he died in prison.

Matvei Bronshtein (born 1906) a talented theoretical physicist, Doctor of Science, who achieved extraordinary results. He was the husband of Lyudmila K. Chukovskaya. Arrested in 1937, he was executed in 1938.

Sergey Ginter (born 1870) an architect and engineer; arrested in 1934, exiled to Siberia, arrested again in 1937 and executed.

Veniamin Zilbermints (born 1887) a mineralogist and geochemist; specialist on rare elements, he laid the foundation for semi-conductor science; he was persecuted in 1938.

Mikhail Kokin (born 1906) an Orientalist, Sinologist and historian, arrested in 1937 and executed.

Ilya Krichevsky (born 1885) a microbiologist, immunologist (also trained in physics and mathematics), Doctor of Medical Sciences, founder of a scientific school, chairman of the National Association of Microbiologists; arrested in 1938 and died in 1943.

Solomon Levit (born 1894), geneticist; he studied the role of heredity and environment in pathology. Arrested in 1938 and died in prison.

Iokhiel Ravrebe (born 1883), an Orientalist,  Judaist, one of the founders of the reestablished Jewish Ethnographic Society in 1920. Accused of creating a Zionist organization, he was arrested in 1937 and died in prison.

Vladimir Finkelshtein (born 1896), a chemical physicist, professor, corresponding member of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences; he had many works in applied electrical chemistry; persecuted in 1937.

Ilya Khetsrov (born 1887), a hygienist and epidemiologist; he studied environmental hygiene, protection of water resources, and community hygiene. Arrested in 1938 and executed.

Nakhum Schwartz (born 1888), a psychiatrist, studied Jewish psychology. In 1921-23 he taught Hebrew and wrote poetry in Hebrew. Accused of Zionist activity, he was arrested in 1937 and later died in prison.

Here are the fates of the three brothers Shpilrein from Rostov-on-Don. Jan (born 1887) was a mathematician; he applied mathematical methods in electrical and heat engineering, he was professor at the Bauman Moscow State Technical University and later the dean of its Electrical Engineering Department. He was persecuted and died in 1937. Isaak (born 1891) was a psychologist, Doctor of Philosophy. In 1927 he became the head of the All-Russian Society of Psychotechnology and Applied Psychophysiology; he performed extensive psychological analysis of professions and optimization of working environment. He was arrested in 1935 and later executed. Emil (born 1899) was a biologist, the dean of the Biology Department of Rostov University. He was shot in 1937.

Leonid Yurovsky (born 1884) Doctor of Political Economy, one of the authors of the monetary reform of 1922-24.  A close friend to A.V. Chayanov and N.D. Kondratev [prominent Russian scientists], he was arrested in 1930, freed in 1935, then arrested again in 1937 and executed.

***

Despite the overwhelming percentage of high-placed, "aristocratic" Jews, who fell under Stalin's axe, the free Western press did not perceive the events as specifically the persecution of Jews: the Jews were massacred simply because of their abundance in the top tiers of the Soviet hierarchy. Indeed, we read such a stipulation in the collection of works Evreysky Mir [The Jewish World] (1939): "No doubt that the Jews in the USSR have numerous opportunities, which they did not have before the revolution, and which they do not have even now in some democratic countries. They can become generals, ministers

[CrackSmokeRepublican]

3. Jews and Corruption

It is no exaggeration to say that public life in those days was governed by an epidemic of corruption. This was by no means confined to Germany. Europe and the United States of America were similarly affected. Jews played a leading part in corruption scandals everywhere. In France it was Hanau, Oustric and Stavisky; in the United States of America it was Insull and in Austria, Bosel, Berliner and Castiglioni were the outstanding figures.
Fundamentally it is not surprising that this plague of corruption became most widespread and acute in the period which followed the disastrous World War. On the other hand, however, it is typical of the Jew and his character that he should be the bearer and the principal beneficiary of this process of disintegration.
It is understandable that Germany, as the loser of the war, became infected to a particularly acute degree with the germ of corruption. During its most distressful period of trial and tribulation -- the result of the Dictate of Versailles ­ Germany therefore became acquainted with Jewry as the exploiters and beneficiaries of its national misfortunes. No other country can point to a similar experience.

The list of Jewish profiteers in those years of national distress who veritably swamped the crumbling structure of German economic life and finally were responsible for its total collapse and ruin -- ranges from the company promoter type and inflation profiteer to all the various types of soldiers of fortune and large-scale swindlers. In no other national economy has Jewish nature with its selfishness, its unscrupulousness and its urge for quick profits developed itself so unrestrictedly as in Germany throughout that particular tragic period.

Even the war companies, which during the Great War attended to the supplies of raw materials, were allowed to come more and more under Jewish influence. The largest concern of its kind, the Zentral Einkaufsgesellschaft -- the Central Buying Company -- for example, was controlled by a Jew. The important Kriegs Metall Company -- the War Metals Company -- was in charge of 14 governing men of whom 12 were Jews. A public scandal as the result of the business methods of this company was avoided for the simple reason that the political and military developments of the war confronted Germany with other and more pressing tasks.
Jewry's great and triumphant hour of corruption came with the end of the Great War, The liquidation of the armaments. factories and the sale of military stores and equipment offered splendid opportunities for handsome profits and the Jews were not backward in exploiting this state of affairs. The Jew, Richard Kahn, to mention an example, made a contract with the Deutsche Werke -- the largest state-owned armaments plant -- whereby the whole of its valuable stock was sold to him at scrap-metal price. Kahn was not the only Jew who profiteered enormously as the result of Germany's downfall. Felix Pinner, a Jewish author, in his book entitled: Deutsche Wirtschaftsführer -- German Leaders of Economy -- (Berlin 1924) has characterized the innumerable Jewish profiteers as follows:
"Many of them . . . started business as army suppliers. In a number of cases it was difficult to say whether their chief motive was a desire to deal in military supplies or an excuse for shirking military duties. In many cases their big opportunity came when military stores and equipment were finally sold. Others again firmly established themselves financially with the advent of the currency inflation period."

Business in deflated currency in the years 1919 to 1923 brought many outstanding triumphs to corruptive and speculative dealers. The Jews in particular were prominent in floating large companies as the result of shady transactions on the exchange. These concerns, which were none too securely established, paid out large dividends in the early stages before finally crashing. The most well-known names in this respect are the Jews Jakob Michael, Richard Kahn and the Eastern Jew Ciprut and his brother. These two brothers are referred to by Pinner, the Jewish author, in his book from which we have already quoted. He states: "The Ciprut brothers are of the breed that comes from the south-eastern plains of Roumania or Persia; soldiers of fortune attracted by the decomposing stench of German currency."
All these cases however were not the deciding factors that turned the Jewish question in Germany into a most burning problem for the whole nation. No. They took place at a time when all phases of economic and political law and order were extremely lax. To a certain extent they even passed unnoticed in the general chaotic state of affairs during the first post-war years. But nothing was more calculated to open the eyes of the general public in Germany and fan the flame of anti-semitism than the huge wave of Jewish corruption which had assumed such a criminal character that one public scandal followed another in rapid succession.
We refer in particular to the five Sklarz brothers, the three Barmat, the three Sklarek and the two Rotter brothers as well as the scandals associated with Michael Holzmann and Ludwig Katzenellenbogen. All these Jewish past-masters in corruption were, with the exception of Katzenellenbogen, Easterners i. e. Galician or Polish Jews who had migrated to Germany either during or after the Great War.

The first of the big corruption cases was the one in connexion with the five Sklarz brothers. With the help of influential connexions in the social-democrat party they succeeded, shortly after the war, in obtaining a monopoly for supplies to those troops that had been commissioned with the task of restoring domestic law and order. These contracts led to enormous profits within a short space of time. These brothers increased their wealth considerably by further shady manipulations and by discreet bribes to leading government officials. All this helped these unscrupulous Jewish black­ guards materially when they subsequently came up for trial. Very little light could be thrown on their shady conduct and after a well-nigh endless trial, only one of the five brothers was convicted in 1926.
These five brothers were ably assisted by a Russian Jew, Parvus-Helphand, one of the most unscrupulous blackguards and swindlers produced by the war. He utilized the millions he made out of war supplies in order to establish good relations with the social-democrats in power at that time. As a principal wire-puller he remained in the background of many corruption scandals. No one dared to institute proceedings against a man who had successfully bribed so many leading government officials.
The three Barmat brothers were artists in corruption on a more imposing scale. Their home was at Kiev and during the war they were engaged in business in Holland as food merchants. With the help of Heilmann, the Jewish politician, the five Sklarz brothers and Parvus-Helphand these three Barmat brothers ultimately received permission to settle in Germany. By means of ruthless exploitation of human weaknesses, small and large favours which culminated in direct bribes, these brothers were able finally to win the confidence of influential friends and members of the government. In this way they soon became the owners of ten banks and a great number of industrial concerns. With the help of fraudulent balance sheets they procured a loan of 38 million Marks, partly granted by the Prussian State bank and partly by the Reich Ministry of Posts and Telegraphs. When finally this inflated Barrnat concern crashed, its debts were estimated at 70 million gold Marks, and half of this sum had to be covered by the savings of small investors.

The subsequent court proceedings against these Barrnat brothers ended in very small terms of imprisonment. Herr Bauer, the social-democrat Reich Chancellor at that time, who had become involved in the proceedings was forced to resign.

After the crash, Julius Barmat went abroad again. In his new surroundings he applied with great success the methods which he had adopted in Germany. By bribing influential politicians he was able to obtain loans and finally defrauded the Belgian National Bank of 34 million gold francs. He evaded the law by committing suicide in 1937.
The three Jews, Iwan Baruch, Alexander Kutisker and Michael Holzmann were less successful in their efforts than their predecessors. Nevertheless they are worthy of mention. They turned their attention to the Prussian State Bank which Barmat had previously defrauded. They also succeeded in defrauding this institution to the extent of 14 million gold Marks.

By far the largest scandal however was brought about by the Sklarek brothers of whom there were three. The case is certainly unparalleled in the history of crime, politics, business and bribery. The principle sufferers were the city authorities in Berlin.

By a clever and crafty system of favours, presents and bribes of every description these three Jews had literally purchased goodwill in various civic quarters in Berlin -- where social-democrats and communists were chiefly in power. In this way they secured an absolute monopoly for the supply of clothing either to the police force, traffic department, social aid depots or public works department. All municipal officials were systematically bribed who might in any way prove useful to the Sklareks in obtaining and keeping their monopoly. Even the Oberbürgermeister, Berlin's Lord Mayor, was bribed. In this way, therefore, it was possible to obtain payment from the Stadtbank -- the Berlin Municipal Bank -- for all faked invoices in respect of goods never supplied. The sums paid on this account ran into enormous figures. When the firm of Sklarek finally suspended payments, the municipal bank had been defrauded of 12,5 million Marks. An enquiry to ascertain the whereabouts of a further 10 million Marks brought no results.

The legal proceedings against these three Jews commenced in 1932 and lasted nine months. In accordance with public feeling the sentences were more severe than in previous cases. Two of the brothers (one had died in the meantime) were sentenced to long terms of imprisonment with hard labour.

Mention must still be made of the Jewish Director-General Katzenellenbogen. He was head of the Schultheiss-Patzenhofer concern, one of the largest industrial undertakings in Germany with a share capital of 75 million Marks and a pre­ ferential capital of 15 million Marks. By means of disreputable speculation with a view to personal enrichment at the expense of the company, Katzenellenbogen brought this vast concern to the verge of bankruptcy. The shareholders were defrauded to the extent of thirty million Marks. Part of his dishonest profits Katzenellenbogen used for the purpose of financing Erwin Piscator, the bolshevik theatrical director. Katzenellenbogen was finally convicted for fraud and for issuing false balance sheets and sentenced to imprisonment.

The final case in this long series of corruption scandals was the one dealing with the Rotter brothers. These two Jewish speculators had formed a combine embracing seven of the largest Berlin theatres. The work of exploiting these theatres was considerably facilitated by the flotation of several companies whose affairs were placed in the hands of an ignorant though willing person acting as a mere figure head. In one single year, 1932, these two adventurers were able to squeeze no less than 300,000 Marks clear profit out of these under­ takings after all expenses had been met. Their monthly salaries, which they themselves had fixed at 2,000 Marks each were not included in this figure. A further 400,000 Marks accrued to them as the result of a fraudulent contract respecting two cultural undertakings. While Christian actors in these theatres were badly underpaid, the Jewish "stars" on the other hand received fantastic salaries, as much as 1,000 to 2,500 Marks per evening being no rare occurrence. The Rotter brothers lived a life of splendid luxury and the day came in 1932 when their concern also finally crashed with debts amounting to 3.5 million Marks. The two brothers declined all responsibility for the crash and decamped to Liechtenstein for which country they had taken care to obtain papers of naturalization.

We have already stated that Austria also had its Jewish corruption scandals on a large scale. Apart from Castiglioni and Bosel mention must be made of Berliner, the large-scale Jewish swindler. As Director-General of the large Phönix Life Insurance Company, he utilized the funds of this company for political purposes. Berliner maintained excellent relations with all political parties in Austria and paid out a total of three million schillings in bribes in respect of elections and the occupation of certain important positions. He influenced the press in his time by payments amounting to 170 million schillings. The trade unions and the military Heimwehr organization were also supported by him from funds fraudulently appropriated from his company. In this way, the debts of the Phönix Company finally totalled the mammoth sum of 670 million schillings. 330,000 policy holders of the company, chiefly of the non-wealthy middle class type, were the principal sufferers and had to foot the bill by means of increased premiums and reduced benefits.

This list of Jewish corruption by no means lays claim to being complete. Attention has only been drawn to those cases which in Germany and elsewhere have focussed particular public attention by reason of their magnitude. But the instances quoted suffice to deny the oft -- repeated Jewish charge that Jews were in no way more involved in corruption than Christians. Here it can be said that during the period which has been referred to, only two great corruption scandals by Christians have taken place. These are the Raiffeisen Bank and the Lahusen cases. Jewish participation in corruption is therefore not only greater on a percentage basis -- that is when compared with the Jewish population ratio ­ but also totally dominant in every respect.

A decisive factor in judging Jewish corruption is that legal punishment of this crime was either invariably a long-winded affair or no charge was subsequently preferred against the criminals. When a conviction did take place punishment was invariably mild. The reason for this was to be found in the very friendly and mutually profitable relations existing between these Jews and various influential personages in the government and other public bodies. And here again, Jews were always to be found in highly-placed and important key positions.

This inter-connexion of interests has already been referred to above. Reference has already been made to Heilmann, the Jewish social-democrat Reichstag member who paved the way for the Barmats. The Jewish Secretary of State Abegg has also been mentioned as acting in a similar capacity. As further examples of Jewish corruption in the Prussian Civil Service, mention must be made of Dr. Weismann, Secretary of State and State Commissar for Public Law and Order in Prussia. Further, Dr. Weiss, Deputy Chief of Police in Berlin. Both were officially responsible for law and order; Dr. Weismann himself was classified as the senior official in Prussia, the largest of the federal states.

Dr. Weismann played a particularly shady part in the proceedings against the Sklarz brothers. It is characteristic of him that he attempted to bribe Herr Gutjahr, the leading state prosecutor, with a sum of three million Marks with a view to having the charge modified. Gutjahr refused to be bribed and subsequently Weismann was responsible for this trusted official being officially reprimanded.

Weismann and Dr. Weiss were both heavy gamblers in private life. The Jewish periodical Die Weltbühne even criticized Weismann in 1920 as "one of the most notorious gamblers in Berlin." Dr. Weiss -- the deputy chief of police ­ was frequently surprised in 1932 in various illicit gaming dens. Before the national socialists came into power the Court of Appeal in Berlin even confirmed that he had committed an offence against the law and that he "did not possess the moral qualities necessary for such a responsible position."

http://anonymouse.org/cgi-bin/anon-www. ... roblem.pdf

[CrackSmokeRepublican]

Reactionary Press Exploits the Rapid Enrichment of Sklarz Brothers. NO DISHONESTY DISCLOSED But the Firm Owes Its Prosperity to the Government, Whose Projects It Furthered.


Socialist Jews supported the Sklarz Brothers.

Copyright, 1919, by The New York Times Company. Special Cable to THE NEW YORK TIMES. ();
November 30, 1919,

http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-fr ... 5B898DF1D3

Published: November 30, 1919
Copyright © The New York Times

[CrackSmokeRepublican]

Jews, Zionists Behind Armenian Genocide Holocaust
By Jack Manuelian
4-23-5
 

The plans of the 1915-23 Armenian Genocide, where a million and half Armenians perished in a barbaric way in their ancestral lands in modern Turkey, actually were drawn up and were in place by the year 1910 or 1912.
 
There is the book "Inner Folds of the Ottoman Revolution" written by Mevlan Zadeh Rifat in Turkish and published in 1929, the author, a pro-sultan Turk, claims that the "Armenian genocide was decided in August 1910 and October 1911, by a Young Turk committee composed entirely of displaced Balkan Jews in the format of a syncretist Jewish-Muslim sect which included Talaat, Enver, Behaeddin Shakir, Jemal, and Nizam posting as Muslims. It met in the Rothschild-funded Grand Orient loge/hotel of Salonika." Syncretism means a combination of different forms of belief or practice; masonism fits that description. As the masons started the 1897 revolution in France with the cry "liberty, fraternity, equality," Young Turks used the same slogan in their revolution of 1908.
 
A 1994 conference paper/lecture by Joseph Brewda of Schiller Institute entitled "Palmerson launches Young Turks to permanently control Middle East " claims the founder of the Young Turks to be a certain Jew by the name of Emmanuel Carasso. He states: "Carasso set up the Young Turk secret society in the 1890s in Salonika, then part of Turkey, and now part of Greece. Carasso was also the grand master of an Italian masonic lodge there, called 'Macedonia Resurrected.' The lodge was the headquarters of the Young Turks, and all the top Young Turk leadership were members."
 
Further on Mr. Brewda says: "During the Young Turk regime, Carasso continued to play a leading role. He met with the sultan, to tell him that he was overthrown. He was in charge of putting the sultan under house arrest. He ran the Young Turk intelligence network in the Balkans. And he was in charge of all food supplies in the empire during World War I." It is ironic that four centuries after the Turkish sultans welcomed the expelled European Jews into Turkey, certain Jews belonging to secret societies and to Zionism will kick the sultan out of power early in 20th century, destroy the Ottoman Empire, and celebrated their victory by massacring by proxy almost the whole Christian Armenian people, one million and half Armenians; half million Greeks; and half million Christian Assyrians & Arameans.
 
In 1982, after the Israeli army conquered Lebanon, they celebrated their victory by massacring by proxy children and women in the Palestinian camp of Shattila, in Lebanon, by allowing Lebanese Phalanger militia fighters to move into the camp for two days and murder its inhabitants. Eighty percent of the camp were killed. Nearly all of the dead were old men, women and children and all of them had been unarmed. Not one gun, not one knife was found in their possession, claims a Palestinian witness.
 
All this according to the percepts of the Talmud, the Satanic Bible of the Jews, which encourages Jews to kill, directly or indirectly, by sayings like: "Every Jew who spills the blood of the godless, is doing the same as making a sacrifice to God." Talmud: Bammidber Raba c21 & Jalkut 772. In the eyes of Talmudists all non-Jews are godless. And "It is the law to kill anyone who denies the Torah. The Christians belong to the denying ones of the Torah." Talmud: Coschen Hamischpat, Hagah 425. Very neatly put sentence indeed.
 
Jesus came and shed his blood for us in order to save humanity and put an end to human and animal sacrifices practiced by Talmudist Jews who believe that the shedding of the blood of the innocents is a prerequisite of their reptilian gods, specially before embarking on an enterprise. They have orchestrated the massacres and slaughters of millions and millions of humanity so that their demonic gods will be appeased and grand them a new homeland in the near-east. Apparently, the sacrifice of hundreds of millions of humanity during the first half of the twenty century (including the six million Jews of Nazi Holocaust) have appeased their gods and their wish was granted.
 
Back to the Young Turks. Mr. Brewda writes: "Another important area was the press. While in power, the Young Turks ran several newspapers, including 'The Young Turk,' whose editor was none other than the Russian Zionist leader Vladimir Jabotinsky. Jabotinsky had been educated as a young man in Italy."
 
Mr. Brewda, ignoring the possibility that Talaat could have been a secret infiltrated Jew, writes: "Of course, there were also some Turks who helped lead the Young Turk movement. For example, Talaat Pasha. Talaat was the interior minister and dictator of the regime during World war I. He had been a member of Carasso's Italian masonic lodge in Salonika. One year prior to the 1908 coup, Talaat became the grand master of the Scottish Rite Masons in the Ottoman Empire. If you go to the [archives of] Scottish Rite headquarters in Washington, D.C., you can find that most of the Young Turk leaders were officials in the Scottish Rite."
 
By 1916 the British and French, overpowered by greed, already had a secret agreement to divide the Ottoman Empire between themselves. Presently Hitler's "Mien Kempt " anti-semitic book is a best-seller in Turkey, it is published by various Turkish publishers by thousands and thousands. Are the Turks finally waking up and realizing that their Sultan's refusal to grant Palestine to the Zionist Jews as a homeland had cost them their centuries-old empire? And are the subjugated Turks about to discover who their real rulers are? There are claims that the blue-eyed founder of modern Turkey, Kemal Ataturk had Jewish origins. And it is known that at least two presidents of modern Turkey (Inonu and Bayar) were Jewish.
 
In Istanbul, which was the capital and the power center of the Ottoman Empire, there was only few thousands (less than 10,000) Jews and some 200,000 Armenians and Greeks who controlled the trade, finances and arts of the Empire. Jews and Christians were in strong competition through hundreds of years of the life of the empire. Jews were the losers and Christians were the winner always because the Sultans ( there were very few bad sultans who killed Christians) listened to and favored the Christians. For the Zionist Jews to take over Turkey, its Christians had to be eliminated; and that is another ugly facade of the first Genocide of the 20th Century in Turkey.
 
Another source is the lengthy article "The Armenian & Jewish Genocide Project: Eliminating Ethnic Conflict Along the Oil Route From Baku to the Suez Canal Region " written by Clifford Shack and posted in his web-site.

Mr. Shack writes: "In the 1880's, the French branch of the Rothschild family acquired interests in Russia's Baku oil fields in an effort to supply their refinery on the Adriatic with cheap Russian oil. In exchange for these interests they built a railroad linking Baku to the newly acquired Black Sea port of Batum. This opened up the Baku oil, a major world supply, to the world. With the success of the new railroad, the Rothschilds had more oil than they could actually sell. Overcoming their fear of competing with the giant Standard oil [of USA], they sought out the huge [Far East] markets east of Suez."
 
Further on Mr. Shack makes his point: "The decision by the shrewd French Rothschild branch to diversify into other areas of oil exploitation was, presumably, a calculated one. Three years after they joined Royal Dutch, production at Baku would come to an abrupt halt in 1905. Although shaken by political activity, the principal disruption was due to the violence of the ethnic conflict between the region's Muslims and the minority population of Armenians who are Christians. This ethnic conflict caused the first interruption of oil distribution to the world market. Standard oil was quick to supplant the needs of the effected markets as its source was operating under the blanket of peace. The Royal/Dutch/Shell Group (and the Nobles) watched their Baku investments go up in flames. Ethnic conflict was at the root of the matter. It could be safely assumed that they were taking measures to eliminate the possibility of that happening in the future." Oil corporations seem to have learned their lessons from history because before the construction of present-day Baku-Ceyhan pipeline has began, someone has made sure that no Armenians were left in Baku anymore. Mr. Shack notes that "the mere elimination of the Armenian population of Baku would not solve the problem of ethnic conflict in that region. The surrounding areas would provide reservoir effect in resupplying the conflicting minority element." And he asks: "was the removal [in 1915-23] of a small minority like the Armenians [from historical Armenia] a fair price to pay for the peace in a region so crucial to the development and investment of the Far East?" Apparently Mr. Shack ignores the factor of revenge raging in the heart of human beasts.
 
Mr. Shacks answers his own question by stating in his article about the big business or big corporations: "It would be fair to say that the genocide of a group of a million or so, to serve the benefit of a billion or so [in the Far East], is less of a question of should it be done, than how it could be done. So as not to reveal any plausible motive which could link the actual planners to the genocide, the scheme involved a proxy party [namely the Muslim Turks, Kurds & Azeris] , which was manipulated through layers of influence, providing sufficient cover for the planners."

In chapter 30 of the book of Isaiah we read God speaking by His prophet: "Woe to the rebellious children, who execute a plan, but not Mine, and make an alliance, but not of My Spirit, in order to add sin to sin;...For this is a rebellious people, false sons, sons who refuse to listen to the instruction of the Lord."

...
_____
 
This research article is not copyrighted. Reproduction is permitted. No one need waste time calling the author an 'anti-semite.' He will be the first to come to the help of a Jew if and when a Jewish life is in peril. Before you call him anti-semite your better call the God of the Bible and His prophets 'anti-semites.' If not, then you have to re-read the Bible...carefully.
 
For Joseph Brewda's article go to : SchillerInstitute.org then put the name of the author or title of his article in the search tab of the web-site of the institute. For Clifford Shack's article, put his name in the search tap of Yahoo in order to find his web-site where his article is posted.
 
The Turkish book "Inner Folds of the Ottoman Revolution" has no known English translation. It was translated into Armenian in 1939 in Beirut, Lebanon, by Donigian Press.

http://www.rense.com/general64/genoc.htm

[CrackSmokeRepublican]

It would be logical to suppose that this Socialist society was built on the confiscated fortune of the
late Czar Nicholas II, but this is not the case. In 1913, the Czar was undoubtedly the richest man in
the world, with a personal fortune amounting to some thirty billion dollars in 1913 dollars. He
personally owned 150,000,000 acres of land, and had some 30,000 servants, 500 automobiles in his
personal fleet, 6,000 horses, 2 yachts, a personal gold reserve of one billion dollars in the Imperial
Bank, with five hundred million dollars worth of jewels, including the $200,000 Great Mogul
diamond, a Crown valued at $75 million and 32,000 diamonds. He controlled one-sixth of the
surface of the entire globe. On the night of November 6, 1917, at 2:00 a.m., Red Guards drove a
truck to the Imperial Bank and removed all of the Romanoff gold and jewels. Much of the gold was
later shipped directly to Kuhn, Loeb Co. in New York. We may recall that the senior partner of
Kuhn, Loeb Co., Jacob Schiff, had put up some $20 million of his own funds to finance the
Revolution. Apparently it was a good investment. Victor Hammer fenced many of the Crown jewels
to collectors in Europe and the United States.

The Dowager Empress Maria escaped with the considerable jewels in her personal collection. Both
King George V and King Christian of Denmark repeatedly tried to get her to "entrust" her jewels to
them for "safekeeping" or at least for" appraisal." She steadfastly refused, knowing that she
probably would never see them again. When she died in 1928, special agents seized the jewels and
immediately whisked them to Buckingham Palace. Her more important pieces later were seen in
Queen Mary's personal collection.

After the Revolution of 1905, the Czar had prudently prepared for further outbreaks by transferring
some $400 million in cash to the New York banks, Chase, National City, Guaranty Trust, J. P.
Morgan Co., and Hanover Trust. In 1914, these same banks bought the controlling number of shares
in the newly organized Federal Reserve Bank of New York, paying for the stock with the Czar's
sequestered funds. Thus the Romanoff family actually owns the controlling interest in the Federal
Reserve Banks today!

Other deposits of the Czar included $35-50 million in the Bank of England, $25 million in
Barclay's, $30 million in Lloyd's Bank, $100 million in the Bank of France, $80 million in the
Rothschild Bank in Paris, and $132 million in the Mendelssohn Bank in Berlin. Since 1917, a cloud
has hung over the financial structure of the Western democracies, threatening their jerrybuilt
financial structure, the fear that some court somewhere, might eventually rule that the Czar's funds
must be turned over to the rightful heirs. This would affect not only the ownership of the Federal
Reserve Bank stock, but, with payment of interest, would mean the end of our ten largest financial
institutions. Does anyone wonder why the United States government, which is under the total
direction of the Big Ten Banks, continually makes every effort to finance and feed the crumbling
Soviet empire? Can anyone predict the financial calamity which would ensue if the Romanoffs were
restored to the throne of Russia, and asked for their money back, or if they got a court ruling
anywhere in the world to that effect?

This catastrophe loomed on the horizon at one point. The New York Times of July 20, 1929,
reported on the progress of a lawsuit brought by the Czar's mother and thirty-two of the Romanoff
heirs against Guaranty Trust and National City Bank. F. Dudley Kohler, an attorney representing
James Egan, Public Administrator, issued the following Legal Notice which appeared in the Law
Journal, "Notice is hereby given to all persons, corporations, banks, trustees having assets, deposits
and securities of the late Nicholas II, that a statement and account of same is forthwith demanded,
and in the event that no such statement of account is rendered, all such persons will be held
responsible for the amounts, plus interest and the cost of discovery proceedings." Both the case and
Kohler then disappeared from the pages of the New York Times. Apparently no account or
statement was ever given. To have done so would have provided legal evidence of the debt, and
would have made repayment inevitable. Charles Recht, counsel for the Soviet Union, retained
Edward H. Fallows to represent the Soviet government, but no further legal proceedings are to be
found.

Nevertheless, the Romanoff demand did have tremendous repercussions. The threat of a tremendous
withdrawal from two of New York's most over-extended and precarious banks caused an
underground pressure against call money, or cash, on Wall Street, which then precipitated the Crash
of 1929. Even though the Masonic Canaanites controlled the courts in the United States, they could
not be certain that the Romanoffs might not find a court in some other country which would grant
them a judgment, or even an injunction against Guaranty Trust, a J. P. Morgan controlled bank, and
National City Bank, the Rothschild and Rockefeller bank in New York. This threat, coming at the
very height of the stock market boom of the 1920s, cast a pall over the wheelings and dealings of
the speculators, and caused immediate pressure on short term funds, resulting in the Great
Depression.

To avoid such threats in the future, Roosevelt-Litvinoff agreements were concluded between the
United States and Russia in 1933 and 1934. In these agreements, the United States unilaterally
recognized all claims of the Soviet Government to funds of the Imperial Russian Government.
Whether this could be made applicable to the funds of Czar Nicholas has never been tested in court.
The Roosevelt-Litvinoff Pact also put the diplomats of the world on notice that Roosevelt had now
formalized the extended support formerly rendered to the Soviet Government by "private interests"
such as the Federal Reserve Bank of New York and J. P. Morgan Co. since 1917. Not all of this was
from private banks. It included a gift of $20 million from Woodrow Wilson's Special War Fund
which had been voted him by Congress; the money was dispatched to Russia by way of Elihu Root.
The Red Cross, Kuhn, Loeb. Co., and many other Wall Street firms had been active in financing the
Soviet Government; henceforth, that burden would be borne directly by the American taxpayers,
through subsidies provided to the Communists by the U.S. Government.

The dedicated financial support of the Communists by the world's leading bankers did not go
unnoticed. Francois Coty, founder of the perfume firm, wrote, in "Tearing Away the Veils,"
published by Revue Internationale des Secret Societies, 1930, Paris, "The terms, Capitalism,
Socialism, Communism, are so many themes distributed among well-paid demagogues to create
confusion in the minds of the masses destined to become slaves. Universal Slavery is the immediate
aim of the Bleichroder Group which they strive to attain through the medium of a new war." The
Bleichroders were the German representatives of the House of Rothschild.

Wyndham Lewis, who during the First World War had co-edited Blast and Vortex with Ezra Pound,
wrote in his book, "Count Your Dead; They Are Alive!", "A Rothschild or a Morgan makes his
money in a very different way from a Nuffield or a Ford. The former deals in money as a
commodity. His business is essentially allied to that of a moneylender. He makes nothing .... He
toils not, neither does he spin. But for all that, he is no lily, as a rule! The latter, on the other hand,
of the Nuffield-Ford type, are creative in the sense that they do at least make something .... Without
Loan Capital there would be no Communism. The straight Bolshevik --say a Pollitt or a Strachey--
though perfectly ideological-- does not understand Capitalism .... Even Henry Ford is only a
gigantic kulak [Ezra Pound called him 'the epitome of the American hired hand.' Ed.], and of all
things the Marxist hates most on earth he hates the kulak most. With Loan Capital; on the other
hand, he has many affinities. Indeed, if Loan Capital were allowed to proceed on its way without
interference, it would automatically result in Communism .... I felt that the Soviets were altogether
too thick with the Capitalists. I remarked that these Lords of Capital who do not seem to hate
Communism quite as much as we would expect do not belong to us. We get nothing out of these
people, but they get a great deal out of us. The richer they become-and they are a very few-the
poorer we become."

Wyndham Lewis' observations may have been inspired by the activities of the Left Book club,
which was directed by Victor Gollancz during the 1930s, featuring Harry Pollitt, head of the
Communist Party of Great Britain, John Strachey of the Daily Worker, and Claud Cockburn, alias
Frank Pitcairn, editor of The Week, who was special correspondent for the Daily Worker at the
Spanish Civil War battlefields. Gollancz headed many front groups, such as Friends of the Soviet
Union, Young Communists League, and Committee for the Victims of Fascism. No intellectual has
ever started a Committee for the Victims of Communism.

After the Bolshevik Revolution, there were abortive Communist uprisings in Germany and
Hungary. The German revolution was quickly eradicated, but Bela Kun, in Hungary, actually
established a short-lived Communist Reign of Terror. His mass murders and lunatic orgies (he had
formerly been a mental patient) left the nation bankrupt and devastated. When a legal government
was restored, the Hungarian government published the archives of the Masonic Lodges, proving
that the "Communist Revolution" had entirely originated as the work of the Freemasons. The
Hungarian government then closed down all Masonic Lodges throughout the country. The
Hungarian government later sought a loan from the United States to rebuild their shattered
economy. Their officials were promptly informed that the "United States government" made only
one stipulation before granting the loan-that all the Masonic Lodges be restored and reopened. This
proves that even in the 1920s, the Masonic Canaanites had already assumed full control over the
government of the United States.

Another great slaughter of the people of Shem during the twentieth century occurred during the
Spanish Revolution (1936-1939). The massacres were significant because they were a war of the
Canaanites against Christians, and because they took place on the Iberian Peninsula (from Heber, of
the people of Shem).

Eustace Mullins, Curse of Canaan pages 137-139.