THE KINGDOM OF KHAZARIA

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THE KINGDOM OF KHAZARIA
By CD
https://ioncoja.ro/regatul-cazaria/

The Khazar Jewish Kingdom dominated Central Europe, southern Russia, and the Caucasus in the 7th-10th centuries. the keystone of the newly created trade routes of the Silk Road. uniting Asia with the Tang Confucian Chinese dynasty (618-912 AD) with Europe.

Dieter Ludwig, in his doctoral dissertation "Struktur und Gesellschaft des Chazaren-Reiches im Licht der schriftlichen Quellen" (Münster, 1982) suggested that the Khazars were Turkish members of the Heftalit Empire, where the lingua franca was a variety of Iranian language (Golden 2007a, pp. 40–41; Brook 2010, pp. 4).

The Hephthalites (Bactrian: ηβοδαλο, Romanized: Evodalo), sometimes called the White Huns, were a people who lived in Central Asia during the 5th-8th centuries AD. They formed an empire, the Imperial Hephthalites, and were militarily important from 450 AD, when they defeated the Kidarites, to 560 AD, when the combined forces of the first Turkish Khaganat and the Sasanian Empire defeated them. After 560 AD, they established "principalities" in the area of ​​Tokharistan, under the suzerainty of the Western Turks and the Sasanian Empire before Tokhara Yabghus took over in 625.

The Imperial Hephthalites, based in Bactria, extended east to the Tarim Basin, west to Sogdia, and south through Afghanistan, but never passed beyond the Hindu-Kush, which was occupied by the Alchon Huns. previously erroneously as an extension of the hephthalites.
All these Hun people were often related to the Huns who invaded Eastern Europe at the same time and / or were called "Huns", but scientists have not reached a consensus on such a connection.

They appear to have been called Ebodalo (ηβοδαλο, hence Hephthal), often abbreviated Eb (ηβ), a name they wrote in the Bactrian script on some of their coins.
Hephthalites could have come from the East, through the Pamir Mountains, possibly from the Badakshan area. Alternatively, it is possible that it migrated from the Altai region, among the waves of invading Huns.

According to most scholars, the Hephthalites adopted Bactrian as their official language, as the Kushans had done after settling in Bactria / Tokharistan.
Bactrian was an Eastern Iranian language, but was written in the Greek alphabet, a remnant of the Greco-Bactrian kingdom from the 3rd-2nd centuries BC. Bactrian, in addition to being an official language, was also the language of the local populations ruled by the Hephthalites.

Some scholars, such as Marquart and Grousset, have proposed proto-Mongol origins. Yu Taishan traced the origins of the heftalites to Xianbei and further to Goguryeo.
The Byzantine historian of the sixth century Procopius of Caesarea in "History of Wars", Book I. chap. 3, related them to the Huns in Europe, but insisted on cultural and sociological differences, highlighting the refinement of the heftalites.

Hephthalites were first known to the Chinese in 456 AD, when a Hephthalite embassy arrived at the Chinese court in North Wei.
Kazuo Enoki made a first revolutionary analysis of Chinese sources in 1959, suggesting that the Hephthalites were a local tribe in the region of Tokharistan (Bactria), originating in the nearby Western Himalayas. He also used as an argument the presence of many bacterial names among the Hephthalites and the fact that the Chinese reported practicing POLYANDRIA, the marriage of a woman with several men, a well-known cultural feature of the Western Himalayas.

In 552, the Göktürks took over Mongolia, formed the First Turkish Khaganate, and by 558 had reached the Volga. In 555-567, the Turks of the first Turkish Khaganat and the Sassanids under Khosrow I allied against the Hephthalites and defeated them after an eight-day battle near Qarshi, the Battle of Bukhara in 557.
These events put an end to the Hephthalite Empire. which fragmented into semi-independent Principalities, paying tribute to either the Sassanians or the Turks, depending on the military situation.

From 625 AD, the territory of the Hephthalites from Toharistan to Kabulistan was taken over by the Western Turks, forming an entity led by the Western Turkish nobles, Tokhara Yabghus. according to Baumer, Christoph "History of Central Asia." Bloomsbury Publishing.
In 718 AD, Chinese chronicles still mention the Hephthalites (悒 達 Yida) as one of the policies under the suzerainty of the Turk Tokhara Yabghus, capable of offering 50,000 soldiers in the service of their master.

Some remnants, not necessarily dynastic, of the Hephthalite confederation are said to have been incorporated into Göktürks, as an ancient Tibetan document dating to the 8th century mentions the Heb-dal tribe among the 12 Dru-gu tribes led by the Eastern Turkish Khagan Bug-chor. , i.e. Qapaghan Qaghan. Chinese chronicles report embassies from the "heftalite kingdom" until 748 AD.

An embryonic state in Khazaria began to form sometime after 630, when it emerged from the larger breakdown of the Göktürk Khaganate. The Göktürk armies had penetrated the Volga until 549, driving out the Avars, who were then forced to flee to the shrine in the Pannonian Plain.

The Western Turkish Qağan dissolved under pressure from the invading Tang Dynasty armies and split into two competing federations, each consisting of five tribes, collectively known as the "Ten Arrows" (On Oq).

In the West, two new nomadic states have emerged, Old Greater Bulgaria under Kubrat, the leader of the Duōlù clan, and the Nǔshībì sub-confederation, which also consists of five tribes.
Duōlù provoked the Avars in the Kuban-Azov River area, while the Khazar Qağanate consolidated further west, apparently ruled by an Ashina dynasty.

With a resounding victory over the tribes in 657, conceived by General Sū Dìngfāng (蘇 定 方), Chinese rule was imposed in their east after a final cleansing operation in 659, but the two confederations of Bulgarians and Khazars fought for supremacy in the west, in the steppe.
The Bulgarians under Asparukh, the son of Kubrat, moved further west across the Danube to lay the foundations of the First Bulgarian Empire in the Balkans in 679.

The Khazar Qağanates took shape from the ruins of this nomadic empire, as it disintegrated under pressure from the armies of the Chinese Tang Dynasty in the Far East, sometime between 630 and 650. After the conquest of the lower Volga region to the east and an area west between the Danube and the Dnieper. the subjugation of the Onoğur-Bulğar union, sometime around 670, a properly constituted Khazar Qaganate appears, becoming the westernmost successor of the formidable Göktürk Qağanate after its disintegration.

According to Omeljan Pritsak, the language of the Onoğur-Bulğar federation was to become the lingua franca of Khazaria as it developed into what Lev Gumilev called a "steppe Atlantis" (stepnaia Atlantida / Степная Атлантида).
Historians have often referred to this period of Khazar rule as Pax Khazarica, since the state became an international trading center, allowing traders in Western Eurasia to pass through it safely to conduct business without interference.

The ruling class was a relatively small group, differing ethnically and linguistically from its subjugated peoples, namely the Turkish, Alanic, and Ojuric tribes, who were numerically superior in Khazaria.
They controlled and demanded tribute from 25 to 30 different nations and tribes living in the vast territories between the Caucasus, the Aral Sea, the Ural Mountains and the Ukrainian steppes. Which is why genetic testing cannot be edifying.

However, khazars are generally described by early Arab sources as having a white complexion, blue eyes and red hair.
Subsequent Russian chronicles, which comment on the role of the Khazars in the Hungarianization of Hungary, refer to them as "White Ogres" and the Hungarians as "Black Ogres".

Khazaria was first established in the mid-7th century by the Western Turkish Kaghanate, which had become independent of any submission to the Eastern Turkish parent empire when it was defeated militarily by Emperor Taizong of China's Tang Dynasty in 643 AD With the defeat of the Western Khaganate, an important Sino-Turkish alliance was established that lasted another century.

With this victory in 643, the Chinese emperor was named "Tengri Khagan" (Heavenly King), the supreme authority over all Turks. Letters from various Turkish leaders to the Tang court until 741 AD. they continued to recognize the Chinese emperors as the Heavenly Khagan.

Confucianism spread electrically throughout the Turkish Empire, and the newly independent Turks in the west quickly established a highly developed centralized government in Khazaria whose economy would be based primarily on fishing and agriculture. Khazaria became a vaulting stone of the Silk Road, with the main routes of the Steppe Silk Road running from east-west on land from the eastern Uygur territory to western Crimea and the export / import lines along the Dnieper, Don rivers. and the Volga, which were returning to the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea.

Khazaria also owned the vital North-South trade route along the Volga, from Scandinavia through Central Russia to Islamic Iran and Azerbaijan. Because the Venetian wars with Islam made the Mediterranean trade impossible and also made it unsafe for Christians or Muslim merchants to move through each other's territories, this Khazarian route was vital and the role of the Jews indispensable for trade.

The fact that Khazaria was founded by the Turks with a strong connection to China cannot be ignored. Countless scholars have noted the strong Confucian philosophy embedded in the Western Turkish Khaganate that established the Khazaria Kingdom before King Bulan's subsequent conversion to Judaism, sometime around 750 AD. Even though they were shamans, the Confucian principle of the Mandate of Heaven was a basic belief of the Khazarian Turks.

The presence of the Khazars in China at this time was abnormally high, the first influx recorded by the Turks took place in 618 AD, with the beginning of the Tang Dynasty. As Emperor Tang revived the Silk Road trade routes, which had collapsed after the fall of the Han dynasty in 200 AD, Buddhists, Hindus, Nestorian Christians, Zoroastrians, Muslims, and Jews gathered in China.

This was a particularly positive breath of fresh air for the Turks, as Professor Pan Guang said: "It could preserve its native religious customs and beliefs." In education, work, buying and selling land, marriage, and the right to move, they enjoyed the same rights and treatment as Han Chinese. They have never faced discrimination. "

This tolerant Chinese policy was in stark contrast to the persecution and forced conversions that took place in the West. Much of this persecution came less from religious reasons and more from geopolitical reasons, as the earlier conversion of the Arab Himyaritic Kingdom to Judaism in 380 AD. destroyed Byzantium's plans to take control of Yemen. Waves of violence descended on the Jews during this period and after the collapse of Himyaria in 525 AD, as revenge for the resistance of imperial hegemony.

The main group in this early phase of the renewed Silk Road routes were Radhanite Jewish traders from the Iraqi city of Radhan. According to the Persian scholar Masudi (896-956), these Jewish traders spoke Arabic, Greek, Persian, Slavic, Spanish, and French, and according to ninth-century geographer Ibn Khurdabhe, there were four Radhanite trade routes linking Europe to China. The main and most active corridor moving through the Middle East and Europe was the "Steppe Silk Road", much of which was under the jurisdiction of Khazaria.

Al Masudi reported that the Jewish Khazars had established an incredible military alliance with the Abbasid Islamic dynasty, which provided an army of 10,000 Muslim soldiers to the Jewish Khazars, provided that if any future Jewish leader were to declare war on Islam, that army would fight for Islam! This incredible protection was a creative flank that brought together the interests of both cultures in a way that made the orchestrated imperial conflict almost impossible.

Another distinctive feature of Khazaria was its unique judicial system, which represented the various faiths that sought refuge in this land that had become Jewish. Khazaria had become famous for its tolerance and openness, the majority of the population was a mixture of Christians, Muslims and pagans, although the king and his court were Jews.

The 10th-century Persian historian Abu al-Istakhri described the Khazarian Supreme Court of Justice whose judges were two Christians, two Muslims, two Jews and a pagan, stating: "The king has 7 judges [hukkan] among the Jews, Christians, Muslims and idolaters. When people have a trial, they are the ones who judge it. The parties do not approach the king himself, but only these judges. "

The Abbasid dynasty played another indispensable role in preserving the Silk Road and the Confucian renaissance, along with their alliance with Khazaria. At a crucial time in 755 AD, the Tang dynasty faced a terrible crisis known as the An-Shi Rebellion, when a renegade general An Lushan declared himself emperor of the North, threatening both the civil war and the dissolution of the new Silk Road.

Caliph al-Mahdi (grandfather of the great Harun al Rashid) sent 4,000 Muslim soldiers to help the Emperor suppress the rebellion, maintaining the ecumenical alliance!
It is unfortunate that the Tang dynasty was never able to regain its pre-Civil War prestige, and the Silk Road lost its vital vitality when the Christian-Jewish-Muslim alliance reached its peak.

The Byzantine diplomatic policy towards the steppe peoples generally consisted in encouraging them to fight among themselves. The Pechenegs provided great assistance to the Byzantines in the ninth century in exchange for regular payments. Byzantium also sought alliances with Göktürks against common enemies; At the beginning of the 7th century, such an alliance was brokered with the Western Turks against the Persian Sassanians in the Byzantine-Sassanian War of 602–628. The Byzantines called Khazaria Tourkía and, in the ninth century, referred to the Khazars as "Turks".

Once the Khazars emerged as a power, the Byzantines also began to form alliances with them, dynastic and military. In 695, the last Heraclian emperor, Justinian II, nicknamed the "split nose" after being mutilated, was exiled to Kherson in the Crimea, where he advised a Khazar (Tudun) governor. He escaped to Khazar territory in 704 or 705 and was granted asylum by the qağan Busir Glavan, who married his sister, probably in response to an offer from Justinian, who would have thought that a dynastic marriage would have sealed. by kinship. a strong tribal support for his attempts to regain the throne.
The Khazar wife then changed her name to Theodora

Busir was bribed by the Byzantine usurper Tiberius III to kill Justinian. Warned by Theodora, Justinian escaped, killing two Khazar officials in the process. He fled to Bulgaria, whose inn Tervel helped him regain his throne. After re-enthronement and despite Busir's betrayal during exile, he sent him after Theodora; Busir complied, and she was crowned as Augustus, suggesting that they both valued the alliance.

Decades later, Leo III (led 717–741) formed a similar alliance to coordinate strategy against a common enemy, the Muslim Arabs. He sent an embassy to the Khazar khazar Bihar and married his son, the future Constantine V (ruled 741–775), to Bihar's daughter, a princess named Tzitzak, in 732. After converting to Christianity, she took the name Irina.

Constantine and Irina had a son, the future Leo IV (775–780), who later bore the name "Hazarul". Leon died in mysterious circumstances after his Athenian wife gave birth to a son, Constantine VI, who, for the most part, ruled with his mother, a widow. He proved unpopular, and his death put an end to the Khazar dynastic connection with the Byzantine throne.

Until the eighth century, the Khazars dominated Crimea (650 – c. 950) and even extended their influence in the Byzantine peninsula of Kherson until it was torn away in the tenth century. The mercenaries Khazari and Farghâniani formed part of the Byzantine imperial bodyguard Hetaireia after its formation in 840, a position that could be openly acquired through a payment of seven pounds of gold.

In 737, Marwan Ibn Muhammad entered Khazar territory under the pretext of seeking an armistice. The Qagan was forced to accept terms involving conversion to Islam and submit to the caliphate, but the accommodation was short-lived as a combination of internal instability among the Umayyads and Byzantine support overturned the agreement in three years, and the Khazars returned.

The suggestion that the Khazars had adopted Judaism since 740 is based on the idea that it was partly a reaffirmation of independence from both Byzantium and the Caliphate, while conforming to a general Eurasian tendency to embrace a religion. .

Around 830, a rebellion broke out in the Khazar khaganate. As a result, three Kabar tribes of the Khazars (probably most ethnic Khazars) joined the Hungarians and moved through Levedia to what the Hungarians call Etelköz, the territory between the Carpathians and the Dnieper River. The Hungarians faced their first Pecheneg attack around 854, although other sources claim that a Pecheneg attack was the reason for their departure to Etelköz.

The new neighbors of the Hungarians were the Varangians and the Eastern Slavs. From 862, the Hungarians (already called Hungarians) together with their allies, Kabari, began a series of raids from Etelköz in the Carpathian Basin, especially against the Frankish Eastern Empire (Germany) and the Great Moravian, but also against the principality of Lower Pannonia. and Bulgaria.

Then they came together on the outer slopes of the Carpathians and settled there, where most of the Khazars converted from Judaism to Christianity in the tenth and thirteenth centuries. There were also shamans and Christians among these Khazars, in addition to Jews.

The direct sources for the Khazara religion are not many, but in all probability, they were initially engaged in a traditional Turkish form of religious practices known as Tengrism, which focused on the god of the sky Tengri. Something of its nature can be deduced from what we know about the rites and beliefs of neighboring tribes, such as the Huns of the North Caucasus. Horse sacrifices were made to this supreme deity.

Khazaria long served as a buffer state between the Byzantine Empire and both the nomads of the northern steppes and the Umayyad Empire, after serving as Byzantine envoy against the Sassanid Persian Empire. The alliance was abandoned around 900. Byzantium began to encourage the Alans to attack Khazaria and weaken its control over Crimea and the Caucasus, while trying to gain an agreement with Russia's growing power in the north. who aspired to convert her to Christianity.

On the southern flank of Khazia, both Islam and Byzantine Christianity proselytized. Byzantine success in the north was sporadic, although Armenian and Albanian missions in Derbend built large-scale churches in maritime Dagestan, then a Khazar district. Buddhism had also attracted attraction from both Eastern (552–742) and Western Qaganate (552–659) leaders, the latter being the ancestor of the Khazar state.

In 682, according to Movsês Dasxuranc'i's Armenian chronicle, the king of Caucasian Albania, Varaz Trdat, sent a bishop, Israyêl, to convert the Caucasian "Huns" who were subject to the Khazars and succeeded in convincing Alp Ilut'uêr. , a son-in-law of the khazar qagan, and his army, to abandon their shamanic cults and join the Christian group.

The conversion of the Khazars to Judaism is also reported by external sources in the Khazara Correspondence, although doubts persist. Jewish documents, the authenticity of which has long been questioned and disputed, are now widely accepted by scholars either as authentic or as reflecting Khazar internal traditions.
Archaeological evidence for conversion, on the other hand, remains elusive and may reflect either the incomplete nature of the excavations or the thin layer of modern adherents.

Conversion of steppe or peripheral tribes. in a universal religion it is a fairly well-attested phenomenon, and the conversion of the Khazar to Judaism, though unusual, would not have been unprecedented. The subject is emotionally charged in Israel, and some scientists such as Moshe Gil and Shaul Stampfer claim that the conversion of the Khazar elite to Judaism never took place.

It is known that Jews from both the Islamic world and Byzantium migrated to Khazaria during the periods of persecution under Heraclius, Justinian II, Leo III and Romanus Lakapēnos. For Simon Schama, the Jewish communities in the Balkans and the Bosphorus Crimea, especially in the Panticapaeum, began to migrate to the more welcoming climate of pagan Khazar after these persecutions and were joined there by the Jews of Armenia.

The fragments in the cemetery, he claims, clearly show that Jewish reforms have rooted the entire population. The model is one of an elite conversion prior to the widespread adoption of the new religion by the general population, which often resisted imposition. An important condition for mass conversion was a settled urban state, in which churches, synagogues or mosques provided an emphasis on religion, as opposed to the free nomadic lifestyle in the open steppes.
A legend in the tradition of Iranian Jews. claims that their ancestors were responsible for the conversion of the khazar.

In 965, while the Qaganah was fighting against the victorious campaign of Russian Prince Sviatoslav, the Islamic historian Ibn al-Athîr mentions that Khazaria, attacked by Oğuz, asked for help from Khwarezm, but their appeal was rejected because they were considered " unbelievers "(al-kuffâr: pagans).

By the ninth century, Russian Varangian groups, developing a strong warrior-merchant system, began to search south, on the waterways controlled by the Khazars and their protectorate, the Bulgarians in the Volga, partly in search of flowing Arab silver. to the north to hoard. Bulgarian shopping areas Khazarian-Volga, partly for trade in furs and blacksmithing.

The northern merchant fleets passing through Attila were tenth, as they were at Byzantine Kherson. It is possible that their presence led to the formation of a Russian state, convincing the Slavs, Merja and Chud 'to unite to protect common interests against the imposition of tribute taxes. It is often claimed that a Russian khaganate, modeled after the Khazar state, formed in the east and that the Varangian leader of the coalition assumed the title of qagan (khagan) as early as the 830s: the title survived to appoint the princes of Kiev.

Russia, whose capital, Kyiv, is often associated with a Khazarian foundation. The construction of the Sarkel fortress, with technical assistance from the Byzantine ally of Khazar at the time, along with the minting of an autonomous Khazar coin around 830, could have been a defensive measure against emerging threats from the Varangi to the north and the steppe Hungarians. Of east.
By 860, Rus had penetrated. to Kyiv and through the Dnieper to Constantinople.

Alliances have often changed. Byzantium, threatened by the warriors of Varangian Russia, will help Khazaria, and Khazaria sometimes allowed the Norse to pass through their territory in exchange for part of the spoils. From the beginning of the tenth century, the Khazars found themselves fighting on several fronts, as nomadic incursions were exacerbated by the revolts of former customers and invasions by former allies.

Pax Khazarica was caught in a pincer movement between the steppe Pechenegs and the strengthening of Russia's emerging power in the north, both undermining the Khazar tributary empire. King Khazar, King Benjamin (ca. 880–890) fought against Allied forces in five countries whose movements were probably encouraged by Byzantium. another invasion, this time led by the Alans, whose leader had converted to Christianity and entered into an alliance with Byzantium, which, under Leo VI the Wise, encouraged them to fight the Khazars.

In the early 960s, the leader of the Khazar Joseph wrote to Hasdai ibn Shaprut about the deterioration of the Khazar's relations with the Russians: against the Ishmaelites, and also against all their enemies from the land of Babylon. "

The Khazar's alliance with the Byzantine Empire began to collapse in the early tenth century. Byzantine and Khazar forces allegedly clashed in the Crimea, and in the 940s Emperor Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus speculated in "De Administrando Imperio" about the ways in which the Khazars could be isolated and attacked. During the same period, the Byzantines began to try alliances with the Pechenegs and the Russians, with varying degrees of success.

Sviatoslav I finally managed to destroy the Khazar imperial power in 960, in a circular motion that overwhelmed the Khazar fortresses such as Sarkel and Tamatarkha and reached the Caucasian Kassogii / Circassians and then back to Kyiv. Sarkel fell in 965, following the capital Attila, c. 968 or 969.

In the Russian chronicle, the defeat of Khazar traditions is associated with the conversion of Vladimir in 986. According to the Primary Chronicle, in 986 Khazar Jews were present at Vladimir's dispute to decide on the future religion of Kievan Rus'. It is not clear whether these were Jews who settled in Kyiv or emissaries from a Jewish remnant state of Khazar. Conversion to one of the beliefs of the Scriptural people was a precondition for any peace treaty with the Arabs, whose Bulgarian envoys had arrived in Kyiv after 985.

The German Orientalist Karl Neumann, in the context of a previous controversy about possible links between Khazars and the ancestors of Slavic peoples, suggested as early as 1847 that emigrant Khazars may have influenced the base population of Jews in Eastern Europe.
The theory was then taken up by Albert Harkavi in ​​1869, when he also argued for a possible link between Khazars and Ashkenazi, but the theory that Khazari converts formed a major proportion of Ashkenazi was first proposed to the Western public in a lecture. by Ernest Renan in 1883.

In 1909, Hugo von Kutschera developed the notion in a study arguing that the Khazars formed the core of modern Ashkenazi.
Maurice Fishberg introduced the notion of the American public in 1911. The idea was also taken up by the Polish-Jewish economic historian and Zionist general Yitzhak Schipper in 1918. Israel Bartal suggested that from Haskalah onwards the controversial pamphlets against the Khazars were inspired by Sephardic organizations. they opposed the Khazaro-Ashkenazi.

The Khazar-Ashkenazi hypothesis came to the attention of a much wider audience with the publication of Arthur Koestler's 1976 book "The Thirteenth Tribe," which was both positively reviewed and rejected as a fantasy and a kind. dangerous.

Kuzari is an influential work written by the medieval Spanish Jewish philosopher and poet Rabbi Yehuda Halevi (c. 1075–1141). Divided into five essays (ma'amarim), it takes the form of a fictional dialogue between the pagan king of the Khazars and a Jew who was invited to instruct him in the principles of the Jewish religion. The intention of the paper, although based on Ḥasdai ibn Shaprūṭ's correspondence with King Khazar, was not historical, but rather legendary, to defend Judaism as a revealed religion, written in context, primarily of Karaite challenges to Spanish rabbinic intellectuals and then against the temptations to adapt Aristotelianism and Islamic philosophy to the Jewish faith. Originally written in Arabic, it was translated into Hebrew by Judah ibn Tibbon.

Much of the empirical information is due to the pioneering work of the historian Pierre Beaudry in his online book "The Charlemagne Ecumenical Principle."
According to a primitive version of Samuel Huntington's Clash of Civilizations doctrine, the "Venetian Empire and the Ultramontane Church", who were the heirs of the recently collapsed Roman oligarchy, hated the rise of the Carolingian Empire under Charlemagne and the Augustinian humanistic educational and economic reforms implemented. during the reign of Charlemagne.

More importantly, they hated the brilliant alliances that Charlemagne oversaw with his co-thinker Harun al Rashid (caliph of the Abassid dynasty in Baghdad, who ruled between 786-809 AD) and the new king Bulan of Khazariei, who converted his kingdom to Judaism in the mid-eighth century.

We have already noticed many surprising and important ecumenical alliances around a superior concept of divine justice and the common good, as opposed to the policies of the Second Roman Empire which operated exclusively on the "divide to rule" tactic. However, we have omitted another important creative alliance that is worth mentioning.

In 751, the Umayyad Caliphate of Spain lost an important territory called Septimania to the new Carolingian dynasty of a Frankish king named Pippin the Short (father of Charlemagne), who ruled from 751-768. Septimania, a large area that houses the strategic port city of Narbonne, had a large Jewish and Muslim population with which Pepin and his son allied against the intrigues of Venice.

This area later became a peak Renaissance area, reviving the study of Greek classics, astronomy, poetry and medicine during the Andalusian Renaissance centuries later.
Instead of falling into Jewish vs. Christian vs. Muslim conflicts that the oligarchy would have wanted, Pepin instead demanded that a Jewish leader from Baghdad, a descendant of the House of David, named Natronai al Makhir (725-765), become king of Septimania, even giving his daughter Alda to Makhir as his wife. Al Makhir, in turn, married the Jewish daughter of King Charlemagne as part of a diplomatic flank against the warriors in Rome.

Charlemagne put an end to the dominant anti-Jewish policy in Europe for centuries and even gave the Jews property rights over the land and titles unprecedented at the time. Whenever Charlemagne or his father established diplomatic embassies with Muslim Abbasids, the selected diplomatic envoys were always Jewish.

The ultramontane Pope Stephen III, who supported a policy of "clash of civilizations", attacked the policy of Charlemagne in 768 AD, writing to Archbishop Aribert:
"Christians work the vineyards and fields of these Jews. Christian men and women live under the same roof with these prevaricators, listening to their blasphemous language, night and day; these men and women must always humble themselves before the humiliating appearance of dogs. What communion does light have with darkness and what concord does Christ have with Balial? "

Both Pepin and Charlemagne ignored the Vatican's numerous demands to give up their ecumenical program.
The government of Septimania was later divided by Charlemagne with 1/3 under the authority of Archbishop Thomas of Normandy, 1/3 under the Islamic viscount and 1/3 under Jewish rule, ironically placing Muslim territory under Jewish and Christian protection!

This policy of creative war avoidance and win-win collaboration was linked to a Muslim-Christian agreement led by Harun al-Rashid in 800 AD, when he gave control of the Holy Land to Charlemagne, declaring that the land of the Christian leader he will be protected from Muslim rule. According to the records of the monk Zacharias, this diplomatic agreement was negotiated by the Jewish ambassador of Charlemagne in Baghdad Isaac de Rachen.

Linking this alliance to the international geopolitical scene, it is important to recall that Narbonne / Septimania was the key entry point for Silk Road goods into Europe, and its early collapse would have been devastating for the humanist cause. This ecumenical alliance was strong enough to last 90 years before it collapsed under the subsequent intrigues of Venice, which had succeeded in making the grandchildren with the small minds of Charlemagne fall into a civil war, breaking The Carolingian Empire with the Strasbourg Oath of 842, in conflict regions that later became the borders of modern Europe.

Without going into the details of the bold reforms of Pepin and Charlemagne, centered on infrastructure (wide roads, bridges over the Rhine, canals, cathedrals and schools), the movement of their Irish monastery and financial reforms that caused private financiers to lose control of as the government of Charlemagne took control of currency and credit, it is enough to say for the time being that the Carolingian Renaissance earned its name for the right reasons.

The philosophical basis of Charlemagne's ability to break with anti-Jewish hatred was found in the doctrine of the Witness formulated by St. Augustine in the early fifth century, which stated that Jews should no longer be slaughtered, but rather protected. from their existence and adherence, because the Old Testament was a living testimony of the Christian faith.

Historian Thomas MacDonald said of the Doctrine of Augustine: "His positions are that Jews are under a divine order of physical protection and that not only must they be protected, but they must be allowed to worship as Jews... His reason for this conception is degrading. for Jews, but also informed centuries of theology and countless orders to protect Jews living in Christian lands. When the Jews were persecuted by Christians, it was in direct defiance of this doctrine, and when they were protected it was because of this influence. "

In Islam, Augustine's doctrine found a parallel in Dimi's Doctrine, which stated that Muslims must protect Jews because they had direct relations with the One God, whom all Abrahamic beliefs have in common.
It is also noteworthy that the Abbasid dynasty was rightly known as the "Islamic Golden Age", which led to a parallel bureaucratic, monetary and educational reform under the Confucian principle of HEAVEN'S MANDATE, namely: THE RIGHT TO LEAD TO A LEADER IT WAS VALID ONLY BY HEARING HIS LAWS OF NATURE AND THE COMMON GOOD.

This was an anti-oligarchic concept of government shared by Charlemagne and the Caliph of Rashid. Under the humanist leadership of Caliph Al Mahdi, his son Harun Al Rashid and Mamun's nephew, networks of humanities education centers called "Houses of Wisdom" were set up, bringing together Muslim, Christian and Jewish scholars to translate works. ancient in Greek and Latin, they studied astronomy, literature, medicine and engineering. Paper mills were established in 832 CE in Samarkand, Cairo, Damascus and Baghdad, applying Chinese technology to expand humanity's access to knowledge.

In China, the Tang Dynasty (618-907) was early noted as a safe ecumenical refuge for all cultures and saw influxes of Muslims, Jews, and large groups of Nestorian Christians who made China their home. In the 300 years of Tang's reign, the arts grew to new heights, and the Poet-statesman became an updated ideal, as the greatest poets and painters (such as Wang Wei, Li Bai, and Du Fu) played major roles as political figures.

Torture and the death penalty were almost eliminated, and public schools were built to a record number. Unfortunately, wars with Muslims, Turks and Tibetans took place over the years and many internal struggles took place from within, weakening the dynasty.

The physical evidence of the Khazar Kingdom has almost all been destroyed or suppressed, leaving very little empirical evidence for modern scholars to work with. Fortunately, dozens of Christian and Muslim scholars of the 8th-12th centuries have written extensively about its existence, and some of the 250,000 fragments discovered at the end of the 19th century in Genoa in Cairo have finally been made public. direct to light for the first time in millennia.
One question remains unanswered: why did the Khazar Kingdom end in the tenth century and why were all traces of this golden age between Confucianism, Judaism, Christianity, and Islam destroyed?

Here we must look at that ugly center of the spiritual pus: the heirs of the Roman oligarchy found in the lagoons of Venice and the Byzantine Empire that will soon be annihilated by the cunning Venetians in 1251.
Although it took several hundred years of effort, the oligarchy he finally succeeded in breaking the unified kingdom of Charlemagne into factions in the war, and the Islamic Empire soon fell into its own internal and external discord.

Finally, in 1095, Venice and the ultramontane papacy were successful in launching the first crusade against Islam, overthrowing the world. It is noteworthy that all the trade routes established by the Radanized Jews were the first things destroyed in Europe by the Crusaders who then took over those routes, using this infrastructure to wage the most holy war.

It is not clear what happened to cause the final weakening and collapse of Khazar during the Russian invasions of Kyiv in 969. What is clear is that anti-Jewish laws were imposed at unprecedented rates in the 11th-16th centuries of Venetian global domination. At the end of the 10th century, the Jews were expelled from Khazaria, and all east-west trade routes were taken over by Genoa and Venice.

Although other nations soon followed in success, Venice was the first to ban the participation of Jews in any international trade, with the Venetian Senate passing a law in 945 AD. which forbade any ship to Asia to carry a Jew. Laws were soon passed throughout Europe forbidding Jews from owning land, joining trade unions with weavers, painters, carpenters, or blacksmiths, or owning any trading companies. Other laws, such as the English Assize Law of 1181, forbade Jews from possessing weapons, serving in the army, or even in agriculture.

The word ghetto began in Venice because Jews were relegated here to a small neighborhood called the Ghetto and were excluded from any normal form of profession by being forced to either deal with old rags or borrow money from Christian oligarchs. . families who used them as HofJuden servants.

"In Venice, for example, until the end of the eighteenth century, the Jewish community was tolerated only on the express condition that it maintain four loan banks in the Ghetto, a more polite term for pawn shops... the legally permitted professions were trade with old clothes and export wholesale to the Levant, which did not compete with Christian traders.

What is certain is that from the beginning of Khazar Judaism and until now there has been no love between Sephardic Jews, true Semites and Ashkenazi, Khazars / Turkish-Mongols. The disappearance of the Khazar kingdom did not attract Sephardic sympathy either, and later when the Ashkenazi began to dominate the financial world, the Khazars returned to the Serfs with a high and thick antipathy and favors from the past.

Today's Khazars, Ashkenazi and Sephardim are no longer pioneers or even followers of the "Silk Road", but oppose this multilateral project. They completely forgot about the Heavenly Mandate, about the fight for the COMMON GOOD.
Other times other Jews, only the Chinese prove to be consistent with the Heavenly Doctrine.