Occidental Petroleum, Lenin, and Communist Jew Mason Armand Hammer

[CrackSmokeRepublican]

Gaddafi and Armand Hammer

In late February 2008, Mulva was "summoned to Sirte for a half-hour 'browbeating' " from Gaddafi, according to a U.S. State Department cable made available by WikiLeaks. Gaddafi "threatened to dramatically reduce Libya's oil production and/or expel . . . U.S. oil and gas companies," the cable said.

Now, this troubled marriage and the promise of billions of barrels of oil have been dashed by the fighting and Gaddafi's refusal to relinquish power. Much is at stake; oil industry executives say companies such as ConocoPhillips and Marathon have each invested about $700 million over the past six years. But the U.S. oil companies have been pushed to the sidelines, waiting for the conflict to end.

In 2004, oil giants and Libya had hopes for a new relationship — and new discoveries.

U.S. companies had historically played a major role in Libya's oil development. The Oasis Group — a consortium of ConocoPhillips, Marathon Oil and Hess — and Occidental Petroleum were particularly prominent. Exxon, Chevron and Italy's state-run Eni were also major players.

They had weathered the 1969 coup when Gaddafi seized power. In 1970, when Gaddafi had threatened to nationalize oil operations, Occidental Chairman Armand Hammer flew to Tripoli for face-to-face negotiations. Each night, he flew back to Paris, where he felt safer. At one meeting, the deputy prime minister put his .45 revolver down on the table. The result: Libya extracted higher prices and a boost in royalties.

http://www.washingtonpost.com/business/ ... story.html
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Occidental Petroleum

Early History

Occidental Petroleum was founded in 1920 in California. Its early years as an oil-finding entity were largely undistinguished, with the company almost bankrupt by the mid-1950s. It was Occidental Petroleum's early difficulties, however, that laid the groundwork for its later success. In 1956 Occidental Petroleum came to the attention of Armand Hammer, a millionaire well-known for his savvy and success in business dealings with the Soviet Union in the 1920s. In 1921 Hammer had met Vladimir Lenin, the leader of the Russian Revolution, and had become the first U.S. businessman to establish ties with the Soviet Union. Among other enterprises, Hammer had operated an asbestos mine, imported grain, and manufactured pencils. While in Moscow, he had purchased Russian art treasures at bargain prices, later reselling many art objects in the United States at considerable profit. (Later it was revealed that many of Hammer's treasures were fakes, and he was well aware of it.)  

In 1956 Hammer and his wife Frances each invested $50,000 in two oil wells that Occidental planned to drill in California. When both wells struck oil, Hammer, nearly 60, took an active interest in further Occidental oil exploration.

At Hammer's first association with Occidental, the company was run by Dave Harris, Roy Roberts, and John Sullivan. Hammer's increased involvement, his strong personality, and his ability to raise money for oil drilling propelled him more and more into the limelight. By July 1957 Hammer had become company president.
Growth Under Hammer in the 1960s

Hammer's influence played a key role in the development of Occidental. As Steve Weinberg wrote in Armand Hammer: The Untold Story, "Few Fortune 500 corporations have come so totally under the sway of one person, especially one who owned such a tiny percentage of stock."

From his earliest days as president of Occidental, one of Hammer's overriding drives was for Oxy to diversify. In his autobiography, Hammer reported that a prime rationale for diversifying was to make Oxy too big for the other major oil companies to take over. Acquisitions included energy and chemical companies, as well as meat-producing operations.

At the time Hammer became involved with Occidental, the company was listed on very small stock exchanges on the West Coast; within several years, however, Oxy was on the American Stock Exchange, boosted by the 1959 Hammer-led acquisition of Gene Reid Drilling Company of Bakersfield, California. This acquisition was to prove fortuitous for the growth of Occidental. Hammer attracted Reid, an engineer, and his son Bud, a geologist, to the cash-poor Occidental by offering them shares of the company. Hammer was to use the stock strategy to attract talent in other acquisitions as well.

In 1961 while working with Occidental employees Richard Vaughn, Robert Teitsworth, and the Reids, Hammer took a chance on drilling the Lathrop field, near San Francisco. It had been drilled previously for natural gas by Texaco and other companies, but only to a depth of about 5,600 feet. Reid and the others suggested that there was gas farther down, and at 6,900 feet they were proven correct. Occidental made one of the largest gas finds in California. Over the course of one night, the company found gas worth hundreds of millions of dollars.

By the end of 1961, Occidental was reporting a $1 million profit on revenues of over $4 million. The company's reputation and fortune were bolstered by continued success in natural gas, as well as through more oil finds. By March 1964 Oxy's shares were trading on the New York Stock Exchange.

Through the mid-1960s, Hammer pushed Oxy more and more to occupy an international position. The company built, for example, a superphosphoric-acid plant in England and helped build a $33 million ammonia and urea plant in Saudi Arabia. Oxy also had dealings with other countries, among them Nicaragua, Venezuela, Morocco, and Turkey.

Throughout the 1960s, Hammer kept up negotiations with Libya's King Idris for the use of Libya's natural resources. This persistence was to pay off handsomely. In 1966 Oxy's potential skyrocketed, with a billion-barrel oilfield find in Libya. The find was vintage Hammer, as he wined and dined important Libyan officials and then took a risk on land previously drilled by others. The Libyan oil finds established Oxy as one of the largest petroleum companies in the world. From early 1967 until November of that same year, Oxy's stock doubled in value to more than $100 a share.

Hammer's skills as a negotiator were put to the test when the Libyan king was overthrown in a bloodless coup in 1969 and replaced by the Revolutionary Command Council, soon to be headed by Muammar Qaddafi. Many analysts feared the new government would nationalize the oilfields. However, Hammer negotiated in late 1970 an agreement by which Libya received an immediate increase of 30 cents per barrel of oil, with another ten-cent increase spread over five years. Some industry observers viewed this agreement as the beginning of the end of cheap energy, as other multinational oil companies quickly signed similar agreements with their host countries. Most petroleum-producing countries called for matching increases, and oil prices headed upward.
Wheeling and Dealing in the 1970s–80s

In the early 1970s, Hammer caused a sensation with a $20 billion long-term deal with the Soviets that featured a barter agreement by which Oxy would supply phosphate fertilizer to the U.S.S.R. in exchange for Soviet ammonia and urea. Many in the U.S. government criticized the deal, saying the agreement helped a communist country, despite the fact that the deal was consummated during a period of détente between the United States and the Soviet Union. Hammer, in fact, considered his dealings as détente through trade, and he continued this notion through trade with the Chinese, with whom he began negotiating in 1979. Oxy ended up with two offshore oil exploration and development contracts and a joint agreement to develop a Chinese coal mine.  

In 1981 Oxy moved beyond the energy and chemical fields to acquire Iowa Beef Packers (IBP), the largest meatpacker in the United States. IBP cost Oxy $750 million in stock and proved a sound investment; in 1987 Oxy sold 49.5 percent of IBP to the public for $960 million. The astute business deal would be somewhat overshadowed, however, by numerous union strikes over pay and working conditions, as the United Food and Commercial Workers Union maintained Oxy management was unconcerned with workers at the packing plants.

In 1982 Hammer engineered Oxy's $4 billion acquisition of Cities Service Company, a huge domestic oil company headquartered in Oklahoma. The deal was viewed with skepticism by many investment bankers who, as reported in Hammer's autobiography, Hammer, regarded it as "Jonah trying to swallow the whale." Nevertheless, the deal made Occidental the eighth largest oil company in the United States and the country's 12th largest industrial concern. One of Hammer's first steps after the acquisition was to sell off those Cities Service units he felt Occidental did not need, resulting in about $1 billion in revenue for Oxy. Some 16,000 jobs were lost as the Cities Service workforce dropped 80 percent.

Company Perspectives:

Clean, efficient and reliable energy supplies are critical to the growth and development of the global economy. In the United States and other industrialized nations, energy is often taken for granted, but cheap, reliable energy is what fuels economic vitality and makes possible our high-tech world, our modern lifestyles and our convenient transportation options. In developing nations, energy is a critical driver of sustained economic expansion that brings more jobs, better health care, improved educational opportunities, and higher living standards overall. As the world's demands grow, so does the need for additional energy resources. Occidental Petroleum Corporation has the expertise and experience to find and develop new sources of oil and natural gas today to fuel tomorrow's economic growth—without compromising our strong commitment to protecting the environment, promoting our high standards of social responsibility and safeguarding the health and safety of employees and neighbors.

In late 1985 Hammer made another multibillion-dollar transaction, acquiring Midcon, the huge domestic natural gas pipeline company, for $3 billion. Shortly after the acquisition, the natural gas industry was deregulated. The industry, as a whole, suffered from strong competition because of deregulation, and Occidental was no exception.

In a reorganization move in May 1986, Occidental Petroleum Corporation of California became a wholly owned subsidiary of the parent company. Corporate headquarters remained in Los Angeles.

The most successful of Oxy's operations during the mid- to late 1980s was its chemical branch, Occidental Chemical (Oxychem). The chemical operations were built largely through the acquisitions of other companies. Occidental purchased holdings from Diamond Shamrock Chemicals in 1986 and from Du Pont and Shell Chemical in 1987, among others. In the five-year period from 1983 through 1987, Oxychem almost doubled its sales to nearly $3 billion. According to J. Roger Hirl, president and chief operating officer of Oxychem, as reported in Chemical & Engineering News, Oxy moved into the chemical industry as a balance to its petroleum business. While noting the cyclical nature of both the petroleum and chemical industries, Hirl said they normally were not in parallel cycles.

In 1988 Occidental, spending $2.2 billion to purchase Cain Chemical, moved up to become the nation's sixth largest chemical producer, with sales accounting for almost 25 percent of Oxy's total. Cain Chemical then became known as Oxy Petro-chemicals Inc.

The late 1980s brought challenges in the form of environmental litigations. In February 1988 Oxy was found liable for cleaning up the toxic wastes at the country's most infamous landfill, Love Canal in Niagara Falls, New York. After eight years of deliberations, a federal judge ruled that Occidental was responsible for the improper disposal by Hooker Chemical of more than 21,000 tons of chemicals on the site, during the 1940s and 1950s. Occidental had purchased Hooker Chemical in 1968, unaware of the problems that began to surface in 1978. Before the ruling, Oxy had paid $20 million in damages to 1,300 former Love Canal residents, but nothing toward the cleanup of the site. Total cleanup costs were expected to exceed $100 million.

Also during this time, Oxy was hit by a disaster unequaled in oil production history. In July 1988, the company's Piper Alpha offshore oil platform exploded in Britain's North Sea, killing 167 people. The accident panicked the oil market, already made nervous by the continuing Iran-Iraq War. Oil prices were driven up immediately after the accident by as much as $1 a barrel. The accident was thought to be caused by a leak in a pressurized natural gas line that triggered the massive explosion. Occidental immediately shut down the pipeline that served the platform and five others. In August 1989 Oxy resumed North Sea production. The accident was estimated to have cost over $1 billion, including an approximately $183 million settlement with families of the victims and surviving workers.

During 1989 Oxy restructured its domestic oil and gas operations, which resulted in the loss of 900 jobs, the majority from the Oxy Oil and Gas subsidiary's headquarters in Tulsa, Oklahoma. For the year 1989, however, Oxy reported an overall increase of about 1,000 workers, due primarily to expansion at IBP and Oxychem.

Hammer's Last Years

Hammer's decisions did not always please stockholders. One such circumstance centered around Occidental's funding of a $95 million museum to house Hammer's valuable painting collection. The collection was worth an estimated $250 million. Many shareholders did not see the expense of building and operating a museum as serving the best financial interest of the company. The disagreement ended in the courts, in 1990, and although the Armand Hammer Museum of Art and Cultural Center would be built as planned alongside Occidental's corporate headquarters in Los Angeles, the proposed settlement called for limits on the amount of future contributions by Occidental to the museum and to other charities associated with Hammer.

Throughout his career Hammer had been able to attract talented people to Occidental. Nowhere was this more evident than with Ray Irani, the president and chief operating officer during Hammer's last years at Occidental. In 1983 Hammer had convinced Irani, the president of Olin Corporation, to run Oxychem. When Irani took over, Oxychem had an operating loss of $23 million and supplied about 9 percent of Occidental's total sales. In 1989 Oxychem had an operating profit of $1.2 billion and supplied about one-quarter of Oxy's total sales. In February 1990, the board of directors of Occidental proposed Irani as the successor to Armand Hammer as chairman and chief executive officer whenever Hammer should vacate those offices.

Key Dates:

1920:
    Occidental Petroleum Corporation is founded.
1957:
    Armand Hammer is appointed president, marking the beginning of a lengthy period of diversification and expansion.
1961:
    The exploration of a gas well in Lathrop field reveals one of the largest gas reserves in California.
1966:
    Oil exploration in Libya greatly increases Occidental's stature.
1968:
    Occidental enters the chemical business with the acquisition of Hooker Chemicals.
1981:
    Occidental acquires Iowa Beef Packers, the largest meatpacker in the United States.
1982:
    Occidental becomes the eighth largest petroleum company in the country after paying $4 billion for an Oklahoma-based oil company, Cities Service Company.
1988:
    The acquisition of Cain Chemical makes Occidental the sixth largest chemical producer in the United States.
1990:
    The death of Hammer ushers in a decade of divestitures.
1997:
    Occidental acquires the Elk Hills Naval Petroleum Reserve and becomes the largest gas producer in California.
2000:
    Occidental acquires Altura Energy, making it the largest oil producer in Texas.
2005:
    Occidental acquires rights to explore for oil in Libya.

In 1989, Occidental reported that 94 percent of its revenues came from domestic operations compared to 55 percent from the same source in 1980. Still, Oxy continued to be involved in large foreign operations. In June 1990, for example, Oxy was the only U.S. company in a four-country agreement to build a $7 billion petrochemical plant in the Soviet Union, the largest-ever joint Soviet-Western project.  

Restructuring in the 1990s

When Armand Hammer died at the age of 92 on December 10, 1990, the changeover in command at the top was expected: Ray Irani, president and chief executive officer under Hammer for six years, took over as chairman of the board. Irani worked quickly to get Oxy out from under Hammer's slew of pet projects, many of which had no place in an oil company's portfolio. He sold the meatpacking business, shed Oxy's investments in Arabian horses, got rid of its 5.4 percent stake in the makers of Arm & Hammer baking soda, and canceled a $485,000 contract for a fourth authorized Hammer biography. The University of California agreed to take over the Armand Hammer Museum, which became known as the UCLA Arts Center. Occidental even sold off the "Codex Hammer," a Leonardo Da Vinci manuscript Hammer had bought with $5.6 million of the company's money and renamed for himself. Irani also announced he was canceling the company's billion-dollar petrochemical deal with the Soviet Union. Perhaps most importantly, Irani outlined a strategy to reduce the company's debt load by 40 percent by 1992. Upon Hammer's death, the company's debt stood at a staggering $8.5 billion, and dealing with this was paramount. Irani's strategy called for selling unneeded assets, and also included slashing stockholder dividends to $1 a share from $2.50.

Occidental's restructuring went on in several stages throughout the early 1990s. By the end of 1992, the company had met its first set of goals, reducing its debt by $3 billion. However, Occidental announced that it still intended to cut its costs by $300 million by cutting capital spending, eliminating jobs, and instituting a salary freeze. At the same time, the company dedicated more money to international oil and gas exploration, increasing its production of oil from abroad, with operations in Yemen, Oman, and Ecuador. At that time, about half of the company's revenues came from its chemical business. In 1995, Oxy announced it was simplifying the management of its oil and gas operations in an attempt to grow that business and get away from its dependence on chemicals. Occidental formed a single operating company to take on all its oil and gas business, and then split this into four divisions: exploration, production, enhanced oil recovery, and finance and administration. The company hoped that by focusing its resources, it could both cut costs and improve future earnings.

Occidental's next big move came in 1997. The company spent $3.65 billion to buy a huge oil field, the Naval Petroleum Reserve, from the U.S. government. The naval reserve, called Elk Hills, produced both oil and natural gas. The field, near Bakersfield, California, had been owned by the government since 1900, as a secure source of domestic oil. Deciding it no longer needed the source, the government auctioned the reserve in a deal that was the largest privatization in U.S. history. Occidental bought 78 percent of Elk Hills; the remainder was already owned by Chevron Corporation. To finance this purchase, Oxy decided to sell its MidCon unit, a huge natural gas pipeline the company operated between the Gulf and western states and Chicago. Oxy soon sold MidCon to KN Energy Inc. for almost $4 billion. The company also sold off various oil production units it judged unnecessary, including properties in Louisiana, Mississippi, and Wyoming. By mid-1998, Occidental had transformed itself into a much more focused company than it had been during Hammer's reign. It had five major oil and gas operations in the United States, including Elk Hills, which was thought to have huge growth potential. For international growth, the company counted on a blossoming oilfield it ran in Qatar. Only about one-third of Occidental was still invested in chemicals, freeing the company somewhat from the volatility of the chemical business cycle.

Occidental in the 21st Century

Occidental's efforts to realign its operations continued as it entered the 21st century. The process of becoming a more focused oil and gas company with large, long-lived oil and gas assets in three primary regions, the United States, the Middle East, and Latin America, meant Occidental needed both to add to its holdings and to strip away those interests deemed outside its new, refined business scope. At the close of the century, the company ended its involvement in Venezuela and the Dutch North Sea and traded its oil and gas interests in the Philippines and Malaysia for Royal Dutch/Shell interests in Yemen and Columbia. The divestitures made room for additions to the company's portfolio, such as the sale of its 29.2 percent interest in Canadian Occidental, which gave Occidental $700 million to complete an important acquisition in 2000. In April, the company purchased Altura Energy Ltd., the largest oil producer in Texas, with proved reserves of 850 million barrels of oil equivalent. The Altura acquisition was a massive deal, a $3.6 billion purchase that made Occidental the largest oil producer in Texas. The acquisition also added substantially to Occidental's debt, which exceeded $6 billion by the end of 2000.

As Occidental entered a new decade, Irani returned to one of Hammer's favorite haunts. When U.S. sanctions against Libya were lifted in the spring of 2004, Irani sent a negotiating team back to the country that had delivered one of Hammer's greatest successes. Occidental was producing 45,000 barrels of oil per day from three fields in 1986, when it was ordered to leave the country. After declaring he had given up his nuclear ambitions, Qaddafi auctioned off exploration rights in the oil-rich Libyan desert, and Irani's lieutenants were there to secure sizeable holdings for Occidental. Of the 15 blocks up for sale, Occidental acquired nine of them, paying dearly for the right to explore for oil. In early 2005, Occidental agreed to pay signing bonuses of $90 million, far more than any other bidder, and the company agreed to give as much as 89 percent of the hydrocarbons it found back to Libya. There were some industry analysts who wondered if Occidental had given up too much to renew its efforts in Libya, but the company was attracted by the easily accessible crude available in the North African desert. In the coming years, it was up to Irani to see if he could replicate Hammer's success and make Libya a major source of Occidental's oil.
Principal Subsidiaries

Centurion Pipeline GP, Inc; Centurion Pipeline LP, Inc.; Centurion Pipeline L.P.; D.S. Ventures, Inc.; Glenn Springs Holdings, Inc.; INDSPEC Chemical Corporation; INDSPEC Holding Corporation; INDSPEC Technologies, Ltd.; Laguna Petroleum Corporation; La Porte Chemicals Corp.; Occidental Andina, LLC; Occidental C.O.B. Partners; Occidental Chemical Chile Limitada; Occidental Chemical Corporation; Occidental Chemical Holding Corporation; Occidental Chemical Nevis, Inc.; Occidental Chile Investments, LLC; Occidental Crude Sales, Inc. (International); Occidental de Colombia, Inc.; Occidental del Ecuador, Inc.; Occidental Dolphin Holdings Ltd. (Bermuda); Occidental Energy Marketing, Inc.; Occidental Exploration and Production Company; Occidental International Holdings Ltd.; Occidental International Oil and Gas Ltd.; Occidental Mexico Holdings, Inc.; Occidental of Elk Hills, Inc.; Occidental of Oman, Inc.; Occidental Oil and Gas Holding Corporation; Occidental Oil and Gas Pakistan LLC; Occidental OOOI Holder, Inc.; Occidental Overseas Operations, Inc.; Occidental Peninsula, Inc.; Occidental Permian Ltd.; Occidental Petroleum (Pakistan), Inc.; Occidental Petroleum Investment Co.; Occidental Petroleum of Qatar Ltd.; Occidental Pipeline Holding Corporation; Occidental PVC LP, Inc.; Occidental Quimica do Brasil Ltda. (Brazil).
Principal Competitors

E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company; Exxon Mobil Corporation; Royal Dutch/Shell Group of Companies.
Further Reading

Brown, Christie, "The Master Cynic," Forbes, October 17, 1994, pp. 364–68.

Bryant, Adam, "At Occidental, So-So Results But Big Pay for the Boss," New York Times, March 19, 1998, pp. D1, D8.

Fan, Aliza, "Occidental Plans Broad Restructuring to Save Firm $100 Million per Year," Oil Daily, October 26, 1995, p. 1.

Fritsch, Peter, "Occidental Plans $3.65 Billion Purchase," Wall Street Journal, October 7, 1997, pp. A3, A6.

Glover, Kara, "Ray Irani Brings New Ways to Occidental," Los Angeles Business Journal, March 23, 1992, p. 12.

Hammer, Armand, and Neil Lyndon, Hammer, New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1987.

Helman, Christopher, "Oxy Moron?," Forbes, February 28, 2005, p. 46.

Marcial, Gene G., "To the Shores of Tripoli?," Business Week, February 16, 2004, p. 97.

"Occidental Awarded Nine Exploration Blocks in Libya," PrimeZone Media Network, January 31, 2005, p. 32.

"Oxy Chief Sees Return to Libya This Year," Oil Daily, January 25, 2005.

"Oxy Makeover Continues," International Petroleum Finance, August 2001, p. 14.

Rundle, Rhonda, "Occidental Acts to Pare Further Its 1993 Costs," Wall Street Journal, November 20, 1992, p. A3.

Shook, Barbara, "Chevron Settles with Oxy for $775 Million," Oil Daily, November 19, 1999, p. 31.

——, "Oxy Nears Emergence from Restructuring As Simpler Company with New Profile," Oil Daily, April 1, 1998, p. 62.

" 'Treason' Ups Political Heat," LatAm Energy, October 6, 2004, p. 1.

Waldner, Erin, "Occidental Petroleum's Earnings Balloon in Fourth Quarter," Bakersfield Californian, January 25, 2005, p. B2.

Weinberg, Steve, Armand Hammer: The Untold Story, Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1989.

—Mark Uri Toch

—updates: A. Woodward;

Jeffrey L. Covell

http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/his ... ation.html


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Armand Hammer (whose father Julius named his first name after the Communists arm and hammer symbol) was Jewish and the top man for the Communists under Lenin and Stalin in the United States. I spent several days as the guest of a woman who had been programmed with Illuminati mind-control to be a sexual slave for Armand Hammer. This convinced me that it was no accident that Armand Hammer was great friends of the European Rothschilds, and many other prominent Illuminati members. It clearly showed me what seemed obvious anyway, the man was Illuminati. It helps explain why J. Edgar Hoover, Richard Nixon, and many other supposedly anti-Communists were friendly with Hammer. William Casey (once head of the CIA) while he was head of the Export-Import Bank was in favor of Hammer activities in Russia, and in 1974 loaned Russia $216 million dollars on unprofitable ventures that Hammer wanted to carry out in Russia. In 1966, when the Arabs found out that Hammer was Jewish, he nominally joined a Unitarian church so that he could claim he wasn't Jewish. This man, Armand Hammer, was the man who got Robert Schuller into Russia and regularly onto Russian T.V.

Robert Schuller taught a Masonic gospel. Schuller told Moslems that if he, Schuller, came back in 100 years and found his descendants to be Moslems it wouldn't bother him. The Record (Spring, 1997) reports that 80 homosexual pastors and lay leaders from the Metropolitan Community Churches participated in Schuller's 1997 Robert Schuller Institute for Successful Church Leadership.

Masons within the Masonic lodges know that Kenneth Copeland, Billy Graham and others are Freemasons. They have been reported saying so to other Masons, and to Christians. For instance, some friends of mine went to a Masonic open house where they were trying to impress new comers (probably hoping for new recruits) and one of the Masons boasted that Billy Graham was a Freemason. My friends were very impressed because it confirmed what they had read in my material.

http://educate-yourself.org/cn/robertsc ... eier.shtml

[CrackSmokeRepublican]

Immediately after World War II the political status of Libya, which had been controlled by Italy, was uncertain. There was no state which could guarantee petroleum exploring companies the rights to what they might find. Therefore no exploration was carried out until after Libya became an independent kingdom in 1951. The new kingdom developed mineral rights law through consultation with the international petroleum companies. In 1953 Libya granted prospecting permits to eleven petroleum companies. Geologic surveys were undertaken by those companies. In 1955 a petroleum well was successfully drilled under desert conditions just across the border in Algeria.

The Libyan leaders were determined to keep the market for exploratory permits in Libya rather than granting a concession to one company or a consortium of a few companies. Furthermore even when one company was given a concession in a particular area it would have to relinquish one quarter of the concession after five years. This was to allow the government to grant that territory to a new company in hopes that a new company might succeed where another had failed.

The conditions were that the oil companies would have to pay a 12.5 percent royalty on their revenues and a 50 percent tax on profits. The royalty and other operating expenses were of course deductible in computing the profits of the company.

Oil companies were highly interested in developing sources of petroleum in Libya because it was located on the Mediterranean Sea. Their sources from Iran were limited by a political crisis there in the years 1951 to 1954. The Suez Crisis of 1956-57 resulted in the closing of the Suez Canal. All petroleum from east of Suez had to be brought around the southern tip of Africa at great additional expense. Additionally Libya was thought to have a stable, pro-Western government.

By 1957 there were about a dozen companies operating in Libya on about sixty different concessions. The companies operating there included the seven majors and the French para-statal Compagnie Française des Pétroles. There was also Oasis, a consortium of three companies new to international petroleum exploration, Amerada Hess, Conoco and Marathon. There was also the oil company of Bunker Hunt, the son of the American oil magnate H.L. Hunt.

In 1957 Esso decided to drill in the area across the border from where the Algerian oil well had been brought in. It drilled three wells and one of them was successful. It was brought-in in January of 1958 with a flow of 500 barrels per day. This was not much considering the expenses of drilling.

In 1959 Esso drilled in the Siritica region, which is the north central part of the country. It brought in a well flowing at 17,500 barrels per day. This followed by another well flowing at 15,000 barrels per day. Later in 1959 other oil wells in Siritica were brought in. Altogether six major oil fields in Libya were discovered in 1959. Esso and Oasis were the leaders in the field.
The Pipelines

In 1960 Esso decided that its discoveries and the prospect for more justified its building a pipeline and export terminal. It chose Marsa Brega as the site for the terminal and contracted for the construction of a 110 mile long 30 inch in diameter pipeline from its Zelten field. That gave it a capacity for delivering 200 thousand barrels per day for export. The terminal was inaugurated on October 25th of 1961 and the first shipment went to Great Britain. The total shipments of Libyan oil for 1961 was in the neighborhood of seven million barrels.

The Oasis group was not long behind Esso in developing a pipeline and export terminal. By May of 1962 it had an 88 mile pipeline linked to an export terminal about a hundred miles west of the Esso terminal, at a place called Es Sidra.

At the end of 1964 a third terminal was opened at a site about twenty miles east of Es Sidra by a subsidiary of Mobil and Amosea oil companies. It received oil from a pipeline about 170 miles long.

As a result of new discoveries Esso and Oasis extended their pipelines.

British Petroleum was eager to develop sources of petroleum that were not vulnerable to closures of the Suez Canal. It had eight concessions in Libya but found no oil. It then decided to buy a half share of the concessions owned by Nelson Bunker Hunt. On the Hunt concession British Petroleum brought in a four thousand barrel per day well in November of 1961 and then went on to develop other wells which brought in about 21 thousand barrels per day. The drawback for this field is that it is located more than 300 miles from the coast in eastern Libya. The terminal was built at a natural deep water harbor near the city of Tobruk at a place called Marsa Hariga. The petroleum from this field was so waxy that it had to be heated to get it to flow in the pipeline. Given the length and other difficulties it was not surprising that it was not until 1967 that the British Petroleum did not commence exporting Libyan oil until 1967.

Occidental Petroleum

A distinctive feature of the Libyan concessions was that one quarter of the original concession had to be relinquished after five years and more after eight and ten years. This was to give other companies the chance to try to find oil at sites where the original concessionaires had failed. Concessions on the land that was handed back were awarded on a competitive basis. This system allowed the entry of new companies into the Libyan search for oil.

One of the companies new to the field was Occidental Petroleum, a company being created by Armand Hammer. Hammer was from a New York Jewish family with close ties to the Communist Party. Armand Hammer successfully managed a medical supply and pharmaceutical business as a young man. Later he created a system in which he could safely trade with the Soviet Union in the 1930's. Hammer would send a ship loaded with the commodities the Soviets wanted and they would load the ship with their trade goods. Initially those trade goods were art treasures of Russia. Armand Hammer was adept at dealing financially successfully with politically sensitive situations.

(Jews looted the art treasures of Russia--CSR)  

Occidental did acquire a concession, in part because its bid involved a proposal to invest five percent of its profits in an agricultural project in Libya. Soon after the award of its concession in 1966, on land handed back by Oasis and Mobil, Occidental had survey teams operating and within six months had drilled its first well. In November of 1966 Occidental had brought in a fifteen thousand barrel per day well and in early 1967 had discovered a new oil field. By the end of April of 1967 the Occidental oil well on that field were producing sixty thousand barrels per day. In May of 1967 Occidental brought in a well on a new field that produced forty thousand barrels per day.

In February of 1968, only two years after Occidental had received its concession, it was exporting oil from a terminal at Zueitina on the east coast of the Gulf of Sirte. The terminal was fed by a pipeline 40 inches in diameter and 125 mile long. By 1970 Occidental Petroleum was vying with Esso and Oasis for being the second largest exporter of oil from Libya.

The Italian para-statal Azienda Generale Italiana Petroli (AGIP) in 1968, after years of failure, found a new oil field near the Occidental operations. It was going to be able to feed its production into Occidental's pipeline and export from Occidental's terminal. However in 1969 a group of military officers carried out a coup de'état, deposed the king and began restructuring the rules of government. The oil companies in Libya survived but only with diminished opportunities.

http://www.applet-magic.com/libya.htm


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The Oasis Group (originally the Conorada Group) is a consortium composed of three U.S. "independent" oil companies: Amerada (now Amerada Hess), Continental (now ConocoPhillips), and Marathon. Bidding independently, the companies won concessions throughout Libya during the first auction of oil rights in 1955. Following the concession awards, the Oasis companies pooled their acquisitions. By 1965, when Libya opened a second round of concession bidding, Oasis was the number two producer of oil in Libya, bringing in more than 300,000 barrels per day.

Beginning in mid-1970, Libya's militant post-revolutionary government threatened to limit or halt oil production in selected concessions unless their owners agreed to higher prices. Two weeks after Occidental Petroleum capitulated to this pressure, the Oasis Group followed suit. The government continued its pressure on foreign oil companies. It nationalized part of Oasis, amounting to 51 percent by 1973.

Meanwhile, U.S. relations with Libya deteriorated steadily, reaching a nadir in 1986 when the United States imposed economic sanctions as part of President Ronald Reagan's declaration of war against terrorism. The Oasis partners were three of only five U.S. oil companies to retain properties in Libya after sanctions were imposed, by that time amounting to only 40.8 percent of Oasis. In 1992 the addition of United Nations sanctions further dimmed prospects for U.S. oil companies hoping to resume operations in Libya.

UN sanctions ended in 1999, following the Libyan government's surrender of suspects in the Lockerbie bombing of Pan Am flight 103. The ending of sanctions brought foreign oil companies back to Libya, but continuing U.S. sanctions prevented U.S. companies from returning. Despite energetic lobbying, Congress passed a five-year extension of U.S. sanctions in August 2001, and Libya remains on the State Department list of countries accused of sponsoring international terror. Oasis companies continue their efforts to be allowed to resume operations in Libya. They face the prospect of losing their properties if the Libyan government decides that progress in negotiations with the United States to end the sanctions is unlikely to bear fruit. A large number of foreign companies are eager to acquire concessions in Libya and could bid on the Oasis properties if and when they are re-tendered by the Libyan government.

Bibliography

Rand, Christopher T. Making Democracy Safe for Oil: Oilmen and the Islamic East. Boston: Little, Brown, 1975.

Sampson, Anthony. The Seven Sisters: The Great Oil Companies and the World They Shaped. New York: Viking, 1975.

Tétreault, Mary Ann. Revolution in the World Petroleum Market. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1985.

Wardell, Simon. "Middle East: Scaling Back Energy Investment." World Markets in Focus 2002 - Energy. London: World Markets Research Centre, 2002.

http://www.answers.com/topic/oasis-group

[CrackSmokeRepublican]

A True Pirate Tale
Edward Jay Epstein   , Dossier: The Secret History of Armand Hammer (New York, 1996) (a Jew Press CIA agent)

At last the truth about oil tycoon Armand Hammer seems to be coming out.

From time to time over the past fifteen years we have highlighted the extraordinary materials that we have found about this noted philanthropist in the various archives, which revealed the man as an unreconstructed Soviet agent until the very end of his life.

Now Edward Jay Epstein, one of the United States' foremost biographers and historians, has unmasked him as just that, relying on newly released FBI files and on secret papers disgorged by the new masters of the Kremlin.

FBI director J Edgar Hoover had known this since 1952 at least; the mystery remains, how Hammer could escape the fate that befell two other leading Jews, Julius and Ethel Rosenberg (or at very least the life sentence earned by another trusted Jewish official who spied on his host country, Jonathan Pollard).

Hammer's father Julius Hammer was already known to be a leading communist agent.

Armand Hammer was a born survivor. Writes Epstein: "Pleading guilty to illegal Nixon campaign contributions in 1976, Hammer "arrived in Federal court in a wheelchair... Two doctors attached dozens of wires to him so they could monitor his heart in an adjoining room. Attendants stood by with an oxygen tent and other emergency paraphernalia.

"On leaving the courtroom, Hammer, as his lawyer put it, underwent 'a miraculous recovery.'

"He checked out of the hospital, discarding like the props they were his wheelchair, electrocardiogram, and oxygen tent. The next day, he was back in his office."

Armand Hammer and Robert Maxwell: two of the biggest gangsters to grace, or disgrace, God's earth.

http://www.heretical.com/miscella/irving2.html

-----------
Jew and CIA Coverup artist Epstein on Hammer. Note Epstein covered up Angleton's hit on Kennedy.

Question:

Why did President Ronald Reagan refuse to give Armand Hammer a pardon, even though Hammer promised over $1 million to the Reagan Library, and President George Bush grant him a pardon, even though Hammer made no contribution to his library?  

Answer:

Armand Hammer had committed two crimes after Nixon had won the election. The first was violating the campaign finance law that had gone into effect on April 7,1972 that made it a federal crime to contribute money anonymously to political campaigns. He had had delivered an anonymous contribution of laundered hundred dollar bills, in "safe money" on January 17, 1973 that had been used in the Watergate coverup (Money Hammer kept in a slush fund a UBS. account in Switzerland.)

His second and more serious crime was obstruction of justice. To conceal his illegal cash contribution from the Watergate investigation, Hammer had coordinated a cover-up involving false witnesses, perjury, back-dated promissory notes and false statements to the FBI by a half-dozen individuals. Although Hammer's hastily improvised cover up might have worked against a superficial examination of campaign contributions, it did not stand up against the Watergate Special Prosecution Force. His false witnesses made deals and identified Hammer as the true source of the illegal funds and conspiracy to obstruct justice.

His lawyer, Washington insider Edward Bennett Williams, worked out a deal in which Hammer would plead guilty to the lesser charges of making an illegal campaign contribution and, in return, the government would not prosecute Hammer for obstruction of justices. So Hammer pleaded guilty to three counts of making illegal campaign contributions and, in 1976, Judge Lawrence Lydick sentenced Hammer to a $3,000 fine and one year's probation.  

In 1984, Hammer began his four-year campaign to get a pardon from President Reagan. He retained Bruce Kauffman, a former Pennsylvania Supreme Court justice and a team of top Washington lawyers, and insisted that his pardon should be based on a "finding of innocence." In his petition, Kauffman asserted: "The need for rectification is urgent because, among other things... The Nobel Prize will be decided [and]... Dr. Hammer is under consideration for such honor, but will be impeded by this unjust blot on his otherwise unblemished record."

In addition, Hammer made a direct appeal for assistance in the matter to Edwin Meese III, Reagan's newly appointed Attorney-General. He stressed to Meese the need "to clear my name from the unjust blemish received in the aftermath of the Nixon Administration." He then invited Meese and others in Reagan's inner circle to his gala birthday party and me contributed heavily to the Presidential Dinner, which helped fund the Republican Party.

But Hammer's application went through channels to the Department of Justice, where the FBI noted Hammer had been the subject of an inconclusive Corruption of Public Officials investigation in 1979, and attorneys in the criminal prosecution division objected to the President granting Hammer a pardon based on a finding of innocence. Since, if granted, it implied that an innocent person had been coerced into pleading guilty. Hammer of was not innocent: he had voluntarily agreed to admit his guilt to misdemeanors in return for the government dropping the more serious felony charges of obstruction of justice.

Reagan, without the concurrence of the Department of Justice, did not grant Hammer his pardon in 1985. Hammer persisted, however.

In 1986, he pledged one million dollars to the planned Ronald Reagan Library, which made him the largest single pledger of funds for this project. Even so, he did not receive his pardon in 1986 or in 1987. Hammer then increased his commitment to the Reagan Library $1.3 million.  

On leaving office, Reagan granted 32 pardons, none of which went to Hammer. (Hammer afterwards did not fulfill his pledge to the Reagan library fund.)

Hammer next turned to George Bush. He hired Howard Baker, the former chief of staff to Reagan, who also had a close liaison with Bush when he served as Vice President, as his lobbyist. He also contributed $110,000 to the Republican Party's National State Election Committee. But President Bush also looked to his Justice Department.

So Hammer, now 91, had his lawyers modify his pardon application. Instead of asking for a finding of innocence, he settled for a pardon based on Presidential compassion. The prosecutors did not object to a pardon that did not vindicate Hammer. And, on August 14th, Bush granted Hammer his pardon.

Thus, Presidents Reagan and Bush predicated their decisions on pardoning Hammer on the objections, or lack of objections, of their respective Department of Justice. Reagan elected not override its recommendation even though Hammer was the single-largest supporter of his library. Bush granted the pardon only after the prosecutors in the Department of Justice withdrew their objections.

http://edwardjayepstein.com/question_hammer.htm

[CrackSmokeRepublican]

DOSSIER: THE SECRET HISTORY OF ARMAND HAMMER
by Edward Jay Epstein (covered up Kennedy's assassination by Crypto-Jew Angleton)  

Armand Hammer was one of the odder, more odious characters of American business and politics, "famous" chiefly because he was rich enough to promote his mammoth ego. He has met his match in investigative writer Edward Jay Epstein, who performs the ultimate unmasking of a man who deceived, even betrayed, his country, his family and the hired toadies who posed as his friends.

The public persona that Hammer polished, at great expense, was that of a renegade oilman who made billions from Libyan oil, chummed around with politicians up to White House level and adorned acres of galleries with paintings, some priceless, others fake. Hammer's lawyers bedeviled honest journalists who tried to write otherwise while he was alive, and they mostly succeeded. Steve Weinberg, author of an earlier critical biography, estimated to me that his British publisher spent $2 million defending a libel suit; it died when Hammer did, at age 92, in 1990.

But now that the wretch is dead, let's get on with the deferred fun. For Mr. Epstein, the story actually began in 1981, when he interviewed Hammer for the New York Times Magazine. Hammer put on the charm, taking Mr. Epstein to dine with the paper's publisher, Arthur O. "Punch" Sulzberger, and treating him to six months of travel aboard the Oxy One, owned by his Occidental Petroleum.

Unfortunately for Hammer, another of Mr. Epstein's sources, James Jesus Angleton, head of counterintelligence for the Central Intelligence Agency, whispered a tip about a Soviet agent of influence whom a defector identified as "The Capitalist Prince." Mr. Angleton would not accuse Hammer directly but suggested that "another side" of his activities could be found in documents in a 1927 raid on Arcos, the Soviet trade mission in London.

Mr. Epstein's Times article suggested that Hammer's trade with the Soviet Union helped Soviet interests, including espionage, but he had no direct proof. Now the evidence is at hand, and in damning detail, straight from old Soviet archives. The account is of a man who bribed and cheated his way to great wealth --- and started with Soviet gold. (Stolen Czarist gold..CSR)

Hammer came to communism legitimately. His father, Julius, a Russian immigrant, linked up with Vladimir Lenin at a socialist conference in Berlin in 1907 and "agreed to become part of the elite underground cadre that Lenin would depend on to change the world." A physician by training, Julius built a small drug chain into Allied Drug and Chemical, purveyor of skin creams and herbal medicines.

When the Bolsheviks seized Russia in 1919, Julius worked with Ludwig Martens, Lenin's de facto "ambassador" in the United States. Julius used Allied, of which Martens was the covert half-owner, to launder sales proceeds of smuggled diamonds --- money that financed a revolutionary Communist Labor Party (CLP) dedicated to "overthrowing the government, expropriating banks, and establishing a proletarian dictatorship." Julius held card No. 1. The CLP eventually became the Communist Party USA and part of the Communist International (Comintern).

On another level, Julius used Allied Drug to ship equipment to the Soviet Union for which the U.S. government refused export licenses. Julius certified that the shipments were bound for Latvia; in fact, they continued on to Russia. The Soviets were so pleased with Julius' services that they offered Allied a trading concession that stood to earn him millions.

Then, disaster. Julius ran a small clinic in which young Armand worked while attending medical school. In 1919, the wife of a czarist-era Russian diplomat went to the clinic for an abortion; she died the next day. Julius would not deny that an abortion had been performed, but he insisted that it had been medically justified. A judge disagreed and sent him off to three and one half to twelve years of hard labor. Years later, Armand Hammer confided to a mistress that the wrong Hammer went to jail, that in fact he had performed the fatal operation. Julius had reasoned that a licensed doctor might beat the charge but that a medical student stood no chance.

With his father in jail, in 1921 Armand took over the import deals and left for Moscow on the first leg of an odyssey that would make him "one of the great con men of the twentieth century," in Mr. Epstein's words.

Hammer's cover story was that he helped feed starving Bolsheviks. This was a lie. The Soviets, from Lenin on down, saw him as the ultimate "useful tool" in breaking the Soviet Union out of economic isolation and in providing a conduit through which Moscow could finance espionage and subversion abroad. Mr. Epstein tells in gripping detail how the Soviets used the willing Hammer as a financial errand boy.

Lenin's grand scheme was to "advance the image of a non-threatening and potentially profitable Soviet Russia." Lenin relied on capitalist greed to make U.S. German and British businesses vie for Russian concessions and to force their governments to lift trade restrictions. When one of Lenin's aides asked where he would obtain the rope with which to hang the capitalists, he replied famously, "They'll supply us with it."

(Jew Lie of course... they were working directly with Jews in the "West")

Lenin used Hammer as his opening pawn in this economic chess game, offering him an abandoned asbestos mine in return for a promise to bring in wheat. Everyone concerned realized the mine was worthless, but it gave the Soviets a means to transfer money to Comintern agents. Lenin issued orders to" make note of Armand Hammer and in every way help him on my behalf if he applies." There were admonitions to keep the relationship secret lest there be a "fatal effect" on Hammer.

Expansion was swift. Hammer persuaded automaker Henry Ford to move into the Soviet Union to develop the "Fordson" tractor. There were fur deals, and a Hammer pencil factory was given a Soviet monopoly. The Soviets permitted Hammer sweetheart deals on sales abroad of precious czarist art. (When Hammer depleted his stock of Faberge eggs, no problem: He counterfeited them in New York.)

The most important element was Allied Drug, which acted as the Soviets' de facto banker in the United States, laundering millions of Soviet dollars through sham transactions. Hammer eventually made millions in such enterprises as liquor, oil refining and art. The constant element, according to Mr. Epstein, was bribery and sharp dealing, including his capstone deal, the acquisition of Libyan oil rights for his Occidental Petroleum Co.

Hammer never deceived the FBI's J. Edgar Hoover, who in 1919 began creating a massive file, "61-280 --- Armand Hammer, Internal Security --- Russia," scrawling across the front, "a rotten bunch." Hoover knew that Hammer financed Comintern agents but did not move, knowing that "it is often more profitable not to arrest a detected courier" when there is no assurance that the replacement will be detected.

Hammer recognized the utility of buying politicians, and here Mr. Epstein understates one of his juicier stories: how the impecunious Senator Albert Gore Sr. got the wealth to enable him to live in splendor in Washington's Fairfax Hotel and to send son, Al Jr., now the vice president, to the pricey St. Albans school.

In 1950, Hammer made Mr. Gore "a partner in a cattle-breeding business, from which the Senator made a substantial profit." Thereafter, Gore was Hammer's designated door-opener in official Washington. When Mr. Gore retired, Hammer made him president of Occidental's coal division, where he "earned more than $500,000 a year."

Son Al next put the family's Senate seat at Hammer's service. At the 1981 inauguration of Ronald Reagan, Junior managed for Hammer to be seated in a section reserved for senators. Hammer lurked in the doorway, hoping to glad-hand the president, but Mr. Reagan brushed by him without a glance, and with reason. Years earlier, Alexandre de Marenches, the head of French intelligence, had warned him that Hammer was a Soviet "agent of influence."

If Hades has a reading room, I hope, for the sake of various souls who are damned to share eternity with this sleazy character, that it stocks Mr. Epstein's book. A rousing read!

source:
http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a661957.htm

[CrackSmokeRepublican]

The G-D Jews in Russia stole these eggs from the Imperial family...and slimy Jews like Arm-and-Hammer resold them to Jew Dealers in the UK and even the Rothschilds... incredibly disgusting! It's like 1991-2001 revisited during second Jew Rape of Russia's treasures... --CSR

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Fabergé eggs





The Moscow Kremlin egg, 1906.
Bouquet of Lilies Clock egg.

A Fabergé egg (Russian: Яйца Фаберже; Yaĭtsa Faberzhe) is any one of the thousands of jeweled eggs made by the House of Fabergé from 1885 to 1917. Most were miniature eggs that were popular gifts at Eastertide.[citation needed] They were worn on a neck chain either singly or in groups.[citation needed]

The most famous eggs produced by the House were the larger ones made for Alexander III and Nicholas II of Russia; these are often referred to as the 'Imperial' Fabergé eggs. Of the 50 made, 42 have survived.[1] A further two eggs, the Constellation and Karelian Birch eggs, were planned for 1918 but not delivered, as Nicholas II and his family were assassinated that year, and Nicholas had abdicated the crown the year before.

Seven large eggs were made for the Kelch family of Moscow.[2]

The eggs are made of precious metals or hard stones decorated with combinations of enamel and gem stones. The Fabergé egg has become a symbol of luxury, and the eggs are regarded as masterpieces of the jeweler's art.

'Fabergé egg' typically refers to products made by the company before the 1917 Revolution, but use of the Fabergé name has occasionally been disputed, and the trademark has been sold several times since the Fabergé family left Russia after 1917 (see House of Fabergé), so several companies have subsequently retailed egg-related merchandise using the Fabergé name. The trademark is currently owned by Fabergé Limited, which also makes egg-themed jewellery[3].

History

The first Fabergé egg was crafted for Tsar Alexander III, who decided to give his wife, the Empress Maria Fedorovna, an Easter Egg in 1885, possibly to celebrate the 20th anniversary of their betrothal. It is believed that the Tsar's inspiration for the piece was an egg owned by the Empress's aunt, Princess Wilhelmine Marie of Denmark, which had captivated Maria's imagination in her childhood. Known as the Hen Egg, it is crafted from gold. Its opaque white enameled 'shell' opens to reveal its first surprise, a matte yellow gold yolk. This in turn opens to reveal a multi-coloured gold hen that also opens. It contains a minute diamond replica of the Imperial Crown from which a small ruby pendant was suspended. Unfortunately, these last two surprises have been lost.[4]

Empress Maria was so delighted by this gift that Alexander appointed Fabergé a 'goldsmith by special appointment to the Imperial Crown'. He commissioned another egg the following year. After that, Peter Carl Fabergé, who headed the House, was apparently given complete freedom for future Imperial Easter Eggs, as from this date their designs become more elaborate. According to the Fabergé family tradition, not even the Tsar knew what form they would take: the only requirement was that each one should contain a surprise. Following the death of Alexander III on November 1, 1894, his son presented a Fabergé egg to both his wife, the Empress Alexandra Fedorovna, and to his mother, the Dowager Empress Maria Fedorovna.


Location of eggs

Of the 65 known large Fabergé eggs,[5] only 57 have survived to the present day. Ten of the Imperial Easter Eggs are displayed at the Kremlin Armoury Museum, Moscow in Russia. Of the 50 known Imperial eggs, 42 have survived.

Of the eight lost Imperial eggs, photographs exist of only two,[6] the 1903 Royal Danish, and the 1909 Alexander III Commemorative eggs.

Only one, 1916's Order of St. George egg, left Bolshevik Russia with its original recipient, the Dowager Empress Maria Feodorovna.[7] The rest remained in Petrograd.

Following the Russian Revolution, the House of Fabergé was nationalized by the Bolsheviks, and the Fabergé family fled to Switzerland, where Peter Carl Fabergé died in 1920.[8] The Romanov palaces were ransacked and their treasures moved on order of Vladimir Lenin to the Kremlin Armoury.[8]

In a bid to acquire more foreign currency, Joseph Stalin had many of the eggs sold in 1927, after their value had been appraised by Agathon Fabergé. Between 1930 and 1933, 14 Imperial eggs left Russia. Many of the eggs were sold to Armand Hammer, president of Occidental Petroleum and a personal friend of Lenin, whose father was founder of the United States Communist party, and Emanuel Snowman of the London antique dealers Wartski.

After the collection in the Kremlin Armoury, the largest gathering of Fabergé eggs was assembled by Malcolm Forbes, and displayed in New York City. Totalling nine eggs, and approximately 180 other Fabergé objects, the collection was put up for auction at Sotheby's in February 2004 by Forbes' heirs. Before the auction even began the collection was purchased in its entirety by the oligarch Victor Vekselberg for a sum estimated between $90 and $120 million.[9]

In November 2007, a Fabergé clock, named by Christie's auction house the Rothschild egg, sold at auction for £8.9 million (including commission).[10] The price achieved by the egg set three auction records: it is the most expensive timepiece, Russian object and Fabergé object ever sold at auction, surpassing the $9.6 million sale of the 1913 Winter egg in 2002.[11][12]


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Morris Wartski and (Abraham) Kenneth Snowman  

History
Morris Wartski's first shop on High Street, Bangor, North Wales


The firm was founded in Bangor, North Wales by Morris Wartski in 1865, a refugee from the Tsarist pogroms, who had established, first, a jewellery business on Bangor's High Street, and then a drapery store. His son, Isidore, went on to develop the drapery business and to create a large, fashionable, store. He also developed the Castle Inn on High Street in Bangor, into the high-class Castle Hotel. He was a popular mayor of the city and a patron of local sports and charities. Wartski Fields were bequeathed to the city and people of Bangor by his widow, Winifred Marie, in memory of Isidore Wartski.

Another of Morris' sons went on to develop the jewellery part of the business into an international player. Morris Wartski's two sons, Harry and Charles, went into the business but when Charles was injured in a cycling accident, the business was moved in 1907 to the seaside town of Llandudno for the sake of his health. The Marquess of Anglesey was the best customer and David Lloyd George was engaged as the firm's lawyer. When Charles died in 1914, Harry ran the business with his father Morris and two brothers-in-law Mr S M Benjamin and Mr E Snowman. After the death of Morris Wartski and Mr Benjamin, Harry was joined in the business in Llandudno by his son, Charles Wartski, and a nephew, Cecil Manson. A second jewellery and antique establishment was opened in Mostyn street, Llandudno. So fond of Llandudno was Harry Wartski that when the firm opened a branch in London's Regent street 1n 1911, it was given the name of Wartski of Llandudno.

With the Russian revolution, many of the aristocracy took with them large quantities of jewellery made by Carl Faberge, jeweller to the Tsar. The pieces found their way into shops all over Europe. Harry Wartski painstakingly tracked them down and bought them for his shop. He and Mr Snowman also bought some pieces from the soviet government, which collection attracted Royal patronage to the firm. Emanuel Snowman travelled at the behest of Harry Wartski to the U.S.S.R. from 1925 to negotiate the purchase of former Romanoff jewels and objets d'art from the Antiquariat set up to attract essential foreign currency. When King Farouk was deposed, Charles Wartski, and nephew Kenneth Snowman (Emmanuel Snowman's son) went to Cairo to buy up some of the Egyptian crown jewels which also included many Faberge pieces.

(Abraham) Kenneth Snowman (1919-2002), ran the London shop and wrote standard works, The Art of Carl Fabergé (1953), followed by Carl Fabergé: Goldsmith to the Imperial Court of Russia and Eighteenth Century Gold Boxes of Europe (1966), written at the urging of Sacheverell Sitwell. As a curator, Snowman organised the exhibitions of Febergé at the Victoria and Albert Museum (1977) and at the Cooper-Hewitt Museum, New York (1983). He was elected a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries in 1994 and appointed CBE for his services to the arts and to charitable institutions in 1997.  

Wartski is owned by Nicholas Snowman, son of Kenneth and great grandson of Morris Wartski. Geoffrey Munn is the present managing director of Wartski; his specialisation is 19th-century precious metalwork and Fabergé.    (This is obviously a Jew Entry on Wikipedia...--CSR)  :x


Wartski created the ring for the wedding of Prince William, Duke of Cambridge, and Catherine Middleton, which took place on April 29, 2011.[1] The ring of the bride was fashioned from a piece of Welsh gold given to Prince William by Queen Elizabeth II.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wartski

[Michael K.]

http://www.hermes-press.com/impintro1.htm

At the end of World War II, the British-Persian Oil Company controlled the vast oil fields in Iran. The Persians had declared their alignment with Adolf Hitler's Nazi "Aryan Race" movement and were fully expecting German General Rommel to come rushing across Africa and "free" them from the British. They had even proclaimed their alignment with Hitler by changing the name of their country from Persia to "Aryan," (or "Iran" in the Farsi language), but the Germans failed to save them.

     To take control of Persian Gulf oil from the British, in 1954 Kermit Roosevelt, nephew of Franklin, led an American CIA coup to take control of Iran and place in power the American-backed Shah of Iran. The Shah expelled the British, and Rockefeller's Standard Oil now had control of the British-Persian petroleum fields.

     In the early 1950s, Occidental Petroleum's Armand Hammer, a satrap of the Rockefellers, negotiated a deal with Russian dictator Joseph Stalin to buy his oil--thus effectively stealing it from the Russian people. Russian oil was then sold on the world market at a much higher price than Stalin could get by marketing it himself, because few countries were willing to buy oil from Stalin.

      Occidental Petroleum and Russia built two large pipelines, from the Russian oil fields down along both sides of the Caspian Sea, terminating in the old British-Persian--now Standard Oil--oil fields in Iran. For the next 45 years, Russia secretly sent its oil out through those pipelines and Standard Oil sold the oil on the world market at the "West Texas Crude" price by calling it Iranian oil. For almost fifty yeas most Americans used Russian oil in their cars.

     Standard Oil refineries, which produce gasoline from crude oil, are located at large sea ports like San Francisco, Houston or Los Angeles, not near any of the large American oil fields. Most oil from the Persian Gulf is shipped in oil tankers to those large American refinery-ports.

[CrackSmokeRepublican]

This ugly Scam Jew bought the Imperial Family eggs... for $100+ million after the Jew experiment known as Communism failed whereupon the J-Tribers brought another invented Kosher revolution led by ugly Harvard Jews... Free-market Capitalism.    

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Vekselberg Viktor

Feliksovich Viktor Vekselberg

Feliksovich Viktor Vekselberg was born in 1957 in Drogobych Lviv region. The family had a strange building of relationships. It was my mother had from her uncles, aunts, Viktor had a lot of cousins, grandmother, large Ukrainian family, hospitable.

And there was Dad. Pope with the name Felix Solomonovich Vekselberg, and there was not a relative, or brother or sister or grandmother or grandfather. When he was little, everyone said that they died during the war. The whole tragedy of the story is that in Drogobych before the war (he was actually on the border with Germany) lived approximately around 15 thousand Poles, Ukrainians around 10 thousand and 15 thousand Jews. When the war began, almost no one left town. Fled units, including Felix Solomonovich. Until 1944 almost all the people living in normal conditions. But then they simply copied, distributed label stuck to the chest, and all were shot in 4 days. Such a small Babi Yar. Be shot buried in large pits dug in the woods near the city. Viktor Vekselberg, has lived in this city 17 years and did not know that 18 members of his family, grandparents, aunts, uncles, buried in the forest. There was no monument, but remained an isolated Jewish community was afraid to officially, publicly, to go to the graves and pay tribute to their relatives. And only in the early 90's there was erected a small monument, and Viktor Vekselberg, with his father made a small plate, which was listed 17 names of family members. Perhaps that is why he Vekselberg is not very fond of remembering their Jewish roots. In any case, on the passport he was Russian. In an interview, he explained the situation: "Jews do not consider me a Jew because my mother - Russian. For its part, Russian, too, did not see me as a Russian, because my father - a Jew."  

http://www.wealthyrussian.com/vekselber ... raphy.html