Rome's big mistake: bringing jews as slaves to Rome in 70 AD

[yankeedoodle]

Bringing the Jewish prisoners to Rome as slaves in the year 70 was the curse of the Roman Empire that still follows the post-Roman civilization.
https://ioncoja.ro/aducerea-prizonierilor-evrei-in-anul-70-la-roma-ca-sclavi-a-fost-blestemul-imperiului-roman-ce-inca-mai-urmareste-civilizatia-postromana/

MECHANICALLY TRANSLATED FROM ROMANIAN

ASHKENAZI THROUGH EUROPE
By CD

Bringing the Jewish prisoners to Rome as slaves in the year 70 was the curse of the Roman Empire that still follows the post-Roman civilization.

The existence of Jews in Dacia before the Roman conquest is not supported by current historiography. Decebalus' call to the Jews after the destruction of the Second Temple turned out to be a legend. "The theories of some historians of the 19th century regarding the Jewish etymology of the names of the towns of Tălmaciu, Beclean and Aiud or the Jewish contributions to the development of mining on the territory of Transylvania were also disproved." ~ Gyémánt Ladislau: "The Romanian Jewry – Historical Destiny, Tolerance, Integration, Marginalisation", in JSRI (Journal for the Study of Religions and Ideologies), No.3 /Winter 2002, pp. 85-98.

In the Roman or Byzantine Empire, Christianity had been the state church since 380, the Edict of Thessalonica. However, a privileged niche was created for the Jews of the new order.

The Church forbidding Christians to pay interest to their fellow Christians for loans, the only source of loans therefore was the non-Christians, the Jews.

The banking activity was therefore born under church protection and found a good host in medieval Venice.

At the beginning of the early Middle Ages (5th century), Sephardic Jewish communities generally flourished under Visigothic rule in both Gaul and Spain, proving once again their tribal talent to make themselves necessary to the new masters and to opportunistically occupy positions in the new territorial administration.

Alaric II (Gothic - "ruler of all"; c. 458/466 – August 507) was the king of the Visigoths from 484, he was the great-grandson of the more famous Alaric I, who sacked Rome in 410. He established his capital at Aire-sur-l'Adour (Vicus Julii) in Aquitaine. His dominions included not only most of Hispania (except its northwestern corner), but also Gallia Aquitania and most of the still undivided Gallia Narbonensis.

Alaric, the most revered non-Christian king in Jewish historiography, showed similar wisdom in political affairs, appointing a commission headed by the referendum Anianus to prepare a summary of Roman laws and imperial decrees to form the code of authority for his Roman subjects. This is generally known as the Breviarium Alaricianum or Alaric's Breviary.

Alaric also decreed some judicial autonomy for the Jewish communities.

After Sisebut took the Visigothic throne in 612, these privileges were revoked, and the suppression of the Jewish religion became a general European policy, leading to the attempted forced conversion.

The Visigothic king Recceswinth denounced the Jews as "polluting the soil of Spain" in 653 and enacted a new code designed to make it impossible for Jews to remain in Spain. Feeling persecuted, the Jews helped the Muslim invaders conquer Spain, ending the Visigoth rule and proving again, if needed, that their tribal talents as opportunistic traitors help them survive and take cruel revenge.

Located at the time on a major trade artery between Eastern Europe and Southwest Asia, Khazaria became one of the most important trading empires of the early medieval world, commanding the western caravans of the Silk Road and playing a key commercial role as a crossroads between China and the Middle East. and Kievan Rus. For about three centuries (c. 650–965) the Khazars dominated the vast area stretching from the Volga-Don steppes to eastern Crimea and the northern Caucasus.

Some of the Khazars, Kabaris joined the ancient Hungarians in the 9th century. Judah Halevi and Abraham ibn Daud said that the ruling elite of the Khazars converted to Rabbinic Judaism in the 8th century.

In the first decades of the 7th century, Ashina yabgu Tong managed to stabilize the western division, but at his death, after providing Byzantium with crucial military assistance in removing the Sasanian army in the Persian heartland, the West. The Turkic Qağanat dissolved under pressure from the invading Tang dynasty armies and split into two competing federations, each consisting of five tribes, known collectively as the "Ten Arrows" (On Oq).

Both briefly challenged Tang hegemony in eastern Turkestan. In the West, two new nomadic states emerged in the meantime, Old Great Bulgaria under Kubrat, leader of the Duōlù clan, and the Nǔshībì sub-confederation, also made up of five tribes. from the Azov area, while the Khazar Qaganate consolidated further west, apparently led by an Ashina dynasty.

With a resounding victory over the tribes in 657 led by the general Sū Dìngfāng Chinese rule was imposed in the East after a final cleansing operation in 659. But the two confederations of Bulgars and Khazars fought for supremacy in the west on the steppe under Asparukh , son of Kubrat, moved further west across the Danube to establish the First Bulgarian Empire in the Balkans (c. 679).

The late 19th century saw the emergence of the theory that the core of today's Ashkenazi Jews descended from a Khazarian Jewish diaspora that migrated westward from modern Russia and Ukraine to modern France and Germany.

It has been estimated that 25 to 28 distinct ethnic groups made up the population of the Khazar Qaganate apart from the ethnic elite. The ruling elite appears to have been made up of nine tribes/clans, themselves ethnically heterogeneous, spread over nine provinces or principalities, each assigned to a clan. In terms of caste or class, some evidence suggests that there was a distinction between "white Khazars" (ak-khazars) and "black Khazars" (qara-khazars).

The 10th-century Muslim geographer al-Iṣṭakhrī claimed that the White Khazars were more beautiful, with red hair, white skin, and blue eyes, while the Black Khazars were black, like "a kind of Indian". Many Turkic nations had a similar division (political, not racial) between a caste of "white" warrior rulers and a "black" class of commoners.

In the 7th and 8th centuries, the Khazars fought a series of wars against the Umayyad Caliphate and its Abbasid successor.

Around 830, a rebellion broke out in the Khazar Qaganate. As a result, three Kabar tribes of the Khazars joined the Hungarians and moved through Levedia into what the Hungarians call Etelköz, the territory between the Carpathians and the Dnieper River.

The Hungarians faced their first Pecheneg attack around 854, and other sources state that a Pecheneg attack was the reason for their departure from Etelköz.

The Hungarians' new neighbors were the Varangians/Vikings and the Eastern Slavs. From 862 onwards, the Hungarians (already called Hungarians) together with their allies, the Kabari, began a series of raids from Etelköz in the Carpathian Basin, especially against the East Frankish Empire (Germany) and Great Moravia, but also against the principality of Lower Pannonia and Bulgaria.

They then arrived together on the outer slopes of the Carpathians and settled there, where most of the Khazars converted from Judaism to Christianity in the 10th and 13th centuries. There would have been shamans and Christians among these Khazars, apart from the Jews.

By the 9th century, groups of Varangian/Viking Rus, who were developing a strong warrior-trade system, began to probe south along the waterways controlled by the Khazars and their protectorate, the Volga Bulgars, partly in search of Arab silver which flowed north for hoarding from the Khazaro-Volga Bulgarian trade areas, for the fur trade and ironwork.

By 860, Rus' penetrated as far as Kyiv on the Dnieper, towards Constantinople. In the 880s, Khazar control of the Middle Dnieper from Kyiv, where they collected tribute from East Slavic tribes, began to decline as Oleg of Novgorod seized control of the city from the Viking warlords Askold and Dir and embarked in the adventure of what would later prove to be the foundation of a Russian empire.

In the early 960s, the Khazar ruler Joseph wrote to Hasdai ibn Shaprut about the deterioration of Khazar relations with the Russians: "I protect the mouth of the Volga River and prevent the Russians arriving with their ships from leaving by sea. against the Ishmaelites and equally against all their enemies from the departure on land to the Bab.

The Khazar alliance with the Byzantine Empire began to crumble in the early 10th century. Byzantine and Khazar forces would have clashed in the Crimea, and in the 940s Emperor Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus speculated in De Administrando Imperio about ways the Khazars could be isolated and attacked.

The Byzantines at the same time began to attempt alliances with the Pechenegs and Russians, with varying degrees of success. Another factor that undermined the Khazar Qaganate was a change in Islamic routes at this time, as the Muslims of Khwarazmia established trade links with the recently converted Volga Bulgarian Muslims to Islam, a move that caused a drastic decline, perhaps from 80%, in Khazaria's revenue base and a consequent crisis in its ability to pay mercenary troops for its defense.

Sviatoslav I finally succeeded in destroying the Khazar imperial power in the 960s in a circular movement that overran Khazarian fortresses such as Sarkel and Tamatarkha and reached the Caucasian Kassogs/Circassians and back to Kyiv.
Sarkel fell in 965, followed by the capital Atil, c. 968 or 969.
In the Russian chronicle, the defeat of Khazarian traditions is associated with the conversion of Vladimir in 986.

According to the Primary Chronicle, in 986 the Khazarian Jews were present at the Vladimir dispute to decide on the future religion of Kievan Rus. It is not clear whether these were Jews who settled in Kyiv or emissaries from a remnant Jewish Khazarian state. Conversion to one of the faiths of the People of the Scriptures was a prerequisite for any peace treaty with the Arabs, whose Bulgarian envoys had arrived in Kyiv after 985.

The Proto-Hungarian Pontic tribe, although threatening Khazaria as early as 839, practiced its institutional model, such as the dual rule of a ceremonial kende-kündü and a gyula who administered militarily and territorially, as a Khazarian influence. A dissident group of Khazars, the Qabars, joined the Magyars in their westward migration as they moved into Pannonia. Elements within the Hungarian population can be seen as perpetuating the traditions of the Khazars as a successor state.

Documents of the time stated that Jews could be summoned to the Curia and owed taxes to Rome, and that Jewish religious leaders were exempt from curial service, signaling that a unique Jewish community prosperous enough to be taxed had existed in Cologne for some time.

In the Carolingian Period, Jews had a vital function as importers of goods from the East, and their laws and customs were generally tolerated, although they were not allowed to proselytize Christians. During this peaceful period, Jews from other communities immigrated to Francia in the hope of better treatment, the House of Exilarchs, such as Isaac the Jew and Makhir of Narbonne who came to Francia and brought with them a large community of Persian Jews, which later assimilated to European, Sephardic customs.

The letter sent around 960 by Hasdai ibn Shaprut, a Sephardic Jewish physician and diplomat, from Cordoba, asks the Khazar king Joseph to provide him with information about the Kahazars, their origin, their political and military organization; he also points out that the Slavic ambassadors promised to deliver the message to the king of Slavonia[region in Croatia], who in turn would pass it on.

In 1040 Rashi was born, Shlomo Yitzchaki (Hebrew: רבי שלמה יצקאקי‎‎; in Latin: Salomon Isaacides; in French: Salomon de Troyes, February 22, 1040 – July 13, 1105), today generally known by the acronym Rashi, was a rabbi and author of a comprehensive commentary on the Talmud and Tanakh. Acclaimed for his ability to present the basic meaning of the text in a concise and lucid manner, Rashi appeals to scholars and novice students alike, and his works remain a central element of contemporary Jewish religious study.

His commentary on the Talmud, covering the Babylonian Talmud, only 39% of the tractates, due to his death, has been included in every edition of the Talmud since its first printing by Daniel Bomberg in the 1520s. His commentary on the Tanakh, especially the Chumash - "Five Books of Moses" - serves as the basis for more than 300 "supercommentaries" analyzing Rashi's choice of language and quotations, written by some of the greatest names in rabbinical literature.

Following the Norman Conquest of England, the Jews left Normandy to settle in London and other cities such as York, Norwich, Oxford, Bristol and Lincoln, the Jews again proving their opportunistic administrative talents to the new masters (they like the new masters because they don't have the experience and they need them until they clarify who they are dealing with) just when Pope Gregory VII had forbidden Jews to hold positions in Christian administrations.

Iban Iashufin, king of the Arab-Berber dynasty of the Almoravids, captured Granada and destroyed the Jewish community, some of the survivors fled to Toledo.

Under the reign of Saint Ladislaus (1077 – 1095), the synod of Szabolcs decreed on 20 May 1092 that Jews should not be allowed to have Christian wives or own Christian slaves.
The measure was adopted in the Christian countries of Europe since the 5th century, and Saint Ladislas simply extended it to Hungary.

Coloman, king of Croatia and Hungary, in order to regulate commercial and banking transactions between Jews and Christians and to protect the latter, decreed that witnesses must be present in any loan transaction.

Peaceful relations would end with the First Crusade and thousands of Jews in the communities along the Rhine were attacked and mistreated under the assumption that if they would attack the enemies of Christ in Jerusalem, they should also attack the "enemies of Christ" around them in Germany. They were also isolated and expelled during catastrophes such as the Black Death and the Mongol Invasion of Europe.

"Sicut Judaeis" - "Status as Jews" - was the papacy's official position regarding Jews in the Middle Ages and later. This Papal Bull was issued in 1120 by Calixtus II, intended to protect the Jews who suffered during the First Crusade, and was reaffirmed by many popes, even as late as the 15th century.
The bull prohibited, among other things, Christians from forcing Jews to convert or harming them, taking their property or disturbing their feasts, or interfering with their cemeteries, under penalty of excommunication.

Despite the difficulties of German Jewry, the Sephardim merged seamlessly with the Ashkenazim of the east and continued to practice, refine and evolve their famous tribal customs, aided by the same religious and social dogmas, including the development of the Yiddish language and a new identity as Ashkenazi Jews.

They eventually established a new occupation in a unique way, working as "court Jews" within the Holy Roman Empire, enjoying, at least the wealthy, a hidden but persistent protection from the papacy.

In 1095, Henry IV of Germany granted Ashkenazi and Sephardic Jews favorable conditions with a decree against forced baptism.

In 1171 the Jews were accused of committing ritual murder and bloodshed in the city of Blois. Adult Jews in the city were arrested and most were executed after refusing to convert.

In 1210 a group of 300 French and English rabbis made aliyah[traditionally "the act of going up" to the Jewish holy city of Jerusalem; is one of the most basic tenets of Zionism] and settled in Israel.

Ashkenazi Jews still commemorate some of the most memorable tragedies of this period in their liturgy.

The Fourth Lateran Council in 1215 decreed that Jews should be distinguished from others by their type of clothing or marking to avoid intercourse between Jews and Christians. Jews were sometimes required to wear a yellow badge or a pointed hat.

During the reign of King André II (1205 – 1235), some Jews were appointed tax collectors, chamberlains, officials responsible for collecting taxes, as well as the mint and salt tax. However, the country's nobles convinced the king to deny Jews access to these high offices through a decree called the Golden Bull issued in 1222, but not exactly respected by the king

Meanwhile, Pope Honorius III excommunicated Andrew until, in 1233, he promised under oath to the ambassadors of the new Pope Gregory IX to enforce the decrees of the Golden Bull directed against the Jews and Saracens forcing these two peoples to distinguish themselves from Christians by insignia, and forbidding them to buy or keep Christian slaves.

But in 1226, when Andrei needed money, he violated this decree and rented royal properties to the Jews, who complained about many of the "injustices" they were victims of.

In 1229, King Henry III of England forced Jews to pay half the value of their property in taxes after the burning of the Talmud in Paris and the capture of Jerusalem by the Ottomans. During the reign of King Henry III of England he ordered Jewish worship in the synagogue to be kept quiet so that passing Christians would not have to hear it, ordering that Jews should not employ Christian nurses or maids, and no Jew not to prevent another Jew from converting to Christianity. A few years later, the French King Louis IX expelled the Jews from France, ending the Tezafist period. Most of the Jews went to Germany and further east.

The year 1240 corresponds in the Jewish calendar to the end of the fifth millennium.

At this time, the Jews were waiting for the coming of the Messiah. The Mongol invasion of 1241 seemed to correspond to their hopes, for in the imagination of Jewish tradition, the happy messianic times were to be ushered in by the war of Gog and Magog.

Béla IV (1235 – 1270) appointed a Jewish chamber judge, at the same time, Wölfel and his two sons, Altmann and Nickel, took over the governance of Komárom Castle and its properties.

Béla also entrusted the coinage to the Jews, and Hebrew coins from this period are still found in Hungary. In 1251, Béla granted his Jewish subjects a privilege similar to that granted by Duke Frederick II of Austria to Austrian Jews in 1244, but which Béla modified to suit Hungarian conditions. This privilege remained in force until the 1526 Battle of Mohács.

In 1267, the Vienna city council forced the Jews to wear the Jewish Hat, in addition to the yellow badge.

During the Council of Buda, 1279, which took place during the reign of King Ladislaus IV (1272 – 1290), it was decreed, in the presence of the papal nuncio (the Pope's ambassador), that any Jew appearing in public should wear on the left side a piece of red cloth; that any Christian who signs a transaction with an unmarked Jew, or who shares a house or land with a Jew, shall be denied access to Church services, and that any Christian who entrusts an office to a Jew shall be excommunicated.

Jews were frequently accused of ritual murder and the use of human blood, especially the blood of Christian children, for religious rituals. In many cases, these "blood crimes" have resulted in the Catholic Church declaring the victims as martyrs, the Catholic Church has canonized children in over 20 such cases.

England seems to have accounted for the first and most important examples of these. The most influential and best known of these is "Little Saint Hugh of Lincoln" (d. 1255) and who was written about in Chaucer's "Canterbury Tales" as well as the writings of Simon of Trent.

In 1275, Edward I of England issued a decree prohibiting Jews from lending money at interest, while at the same time allowing Jews to engage in crafts, trade and agriculture. However, the Jews continued their profitable activity that they had practiced for centuries, in fact which led to their expulsion from England in 1290 and from France in 1394. And later from numerous districts in Germany, Italy, and the Balkan peninsula between 1200 and 1600, they were scattered in all directions and fled preferentially to the new Slavic kingdoms , where for now they were still tolerated by other denominations. Most fled to Poland, as it had a reputation for religious tolerance unmatched in this era. This religious tolerance may also have been

In 1290, due to political pressure, King Edward I expelled all Jews from England. They were only allowed to take what they could carry and most went to France, paying their passage.
Philip IV of France ordered the expulsion of all Jews from France, confiscating their property at public auction, and approximately 125,000 Jews were forced to leave.

Andréi III (1291-1301), the last king of the Árpádian dynasty, declared, in the privilege he granted to the community of Posonium (Bratislava), that the Jews of this city should enjoy all the liberties of citizens.

During the reign of the foreign kings who occupied the Hungarian throne after the disappearance of the Árpád house, the Hungarian Jews were again expelled, and in 1360 King Louis the Great of Anjou (1342-1382) after the failure of his attempt to convert them to Catholicism expelled them.

Thus, expelled from Hungary, they were received in Moldova by Alexander the Good of Moldavia and Dano Intaiul of Wallachia, who granted them commercial privileges.

Roman I Mușat, lord of Moldavia (between 1391-1394), when he founded the city of Roman, the Ashkenazi Jews were among the first inhabitants, they were exempted from military service in exchange for a tax. In the century In the 14th century, Ashkenazi Jews from Central Europe came to the Romanian Principalities, and during the Ottoman rule, Sephardic Jews, of Spanish origin, settled here in particular.
At the court of Ștefan cel Mare, there was a Jew, Ițhak son of Beniamin Șor. Among Stephen the Great's doctors was a Jewish doctor.

In the Iberian peninsula since the 13th century the Arabs could no longer offer a real resistance to the advancing force of the Christian kings and with the fall of political power, Arab culture declined, having been transmitted to the West mainly through the Jews of northern Spain and from the south of France, who did the translations and interpretations as they saw fit.

At first it was attempted to win the Jews to Christianity by religious writings and disputes, and when these efforts failed, it was turned to restricting the exercise of their civil rights. Soon they were forced to wear humiliating badges on their clothing. They were therefore given up to the contempt and hatred of their fellow-citizens.

In 1391, when a fanatical mob killed thousands of Jews in Seville, many Jews in their terror sought refuge in baptism. And because they often continued to secretly observe the laws of their fathers, the Inquisition soon condemned these professed Christians or Marranos.

In 1422, Pope Martin V issued a Bull reminding Christians where Christianity came from, from Judaism, and warned the brethren not to incite against the Jews, but the Bull was withdrawn the following year.

Sultan Bayazid II of the Ottoman Empire, hearing of the expulsion of the Jews from Spain, dispatched the Ottoman Navy to bring the Jews to safety in Ottoman lands, mainly in the cities of Salonika (Greece) and Smyrna (Turkey). The Judeo-Spanish community spoke a language also known as Ladino (a form of medieval Spanish influenced by Hebrew) widely spoken among some Jewish communities in Europe since the 15th century.

In Bucharest, around the 1550s, a group of Jews led by David Ibn Usa, probably the religious leader of the community, is mentioned; Isac Rufus and Habib Amato, who had shops in Bucharest, are also mentioned.

By the end of the 15th century, the Inquisition was established in Spain. Around the year 1500, Jews found relative security and renewed prosperity to this day in Poland and later in western Ukraine, in Lvov.

The Jewish situation varied throughout Spain. The Jewish quarter of Cervera was sacked by the Catalan troops and they warned the Jews in Tarrega of the same fate. These events triggered the emigration of the wealthy conversos with their households from Barcelona. The situation was less severe for Jews and conversos in Aragon. In the kingdom of Aragon, strong Jewish ties to the monarchy in the form of political support, income and assistance ensured their relatively more secure position.

The introduction of credit mechanisms by Jews in Morvedre facilitated the Jewish revival in the region and gave Jews dominance in the kingdom's credit markets. The Jewish community as a whole has generally functioned with economic success. Jews continued to lend sums to non-Jews, and Jewish usury was no longer publicly challenged, and religious relations remained stable and undisturbed by violent activity.

The Jews enjoyed a period of prosperity until the end of the 15th century in Provence. There were no significant legal distinctions between the citizenship rights of Jews and Christians under the Marseille statutes. Jews were officially granted the same citizenship rights in Saint-Remy-de-Provence in 1345 and by 1467 in Tarascon.

The County of Venaissin and Avignon, both being papal principalities(!), witnessed an era of peace for the Jewish communities. The Jews of Provence received official protection, but this was due to the usefulness of the Jews to royalty as well. However, this did not prevent the anti-Jewish incidents that precipitated the voluntary Jewish departures. Once Provence was annexed by the Kingdom of France in 1481, the thriving Jewish inhabitants found themselves expelled by 1498

Following the pogroms in Ukraine in the 16th century, a wave of Yiddish-speaking Ashkenazi Jews came to Romania. "In 1694, in Bucharest, under Brâncoveanu, the Jews paid 100 ugh as a guild. On January 28, 1739, Constantin Mavrocordat appointed Marco al lui Lazar to be "staroste de jedovi" in Bârlad. In 1740 there were Jewish communities in the cities of Roman, Bacau and Galați. In Iasi, on September 24, 1741, the "captains of the guild" signed an act on its behalf." ~ Constantin C Giurescu,: "History of the Romanians", vol. III, p. 409.

From the second half of the century XVIII and especially in the first part of the century. 19th century, due to the worsening of the situation of the Jews in Galicia, a new wave of Jews took refuge in Moldova and Transylvania, where the authorities were more tolerant and corrupt, and the legislation regarding the Jews became more and more, over time, more and more favorable to the Jews.

The Jewish Enlightenment occurred alongside the European Enlightenment, initially appearing in the late 18th century. Known as the "Haskalah", it would reappear in the 1820s and lasted for the better part of a century. A form of "critical rationalism" inspired by the European Enlightenment, the Haskalah focused on reform in two specific areas: fostering an internal revival of culture and better preparing and instructing Jews to exist in a Christocentric world. He did not force his followers, however victimized they might be, to sacrifice one identity for another, allowing them to be simultaneously Jewish and imitate their non-Jewish contemporaries.