Prescott Bush, Atomic Energy Comm. Chairman

Started by Jenny Lake, April 11, 2009, 12:20:10 AM

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Jenny Lake

Edward Teller says Prescott Bush, who won the seat left by the death of Senator James O'Brien (Brien) McMahon, also took the chair of the JAEC left vacant by McMahon. The JCAE was the overseer of the Atomic Energy Commission, having sole decision-making authority over weapons and research.

McMahon died in July of 1952 at age 48 from cancer diagnosed the month before --you could say he was a "ringer" for nuclear power --in his freshman year as a senator he sponsored the "McMahon Bill" otherwise called the Atomic Energy Act of 1946. He was given the unprecedented role of heading a Congressional committee --the Joint Committee on Atomic Energy-- as a new senator.  He was a native of Connecticut and graduated from Yale with a law degree. The JCAE was the most powerful congressional committee to ever exist, with rights to exclusivity and secrecy from the Congress! It was "abolished" in 1977 and in 1983 declared "unconstitutional" --to prevent another like committee from having so much power, I would guess.

Prescott Bush has no visible presence as the Chairman of the JCAE that I can find, although he appears active in the push for "Atoms for Peace". His tenure would have been brief, a matter of months maybe, BUT it seems like any time at all would have been completely UNcongressional. A seated vice-chair should have taken this post. Very weird.
Anyone heard of this?

CrackSmokeRepublican

Interesting... just as you find OSS and CIA agents helping to shuttle technology to the Israelis post WWII, perhaps Bush was involved as an OSS/CIA agent? Question is, what was he really doing there? Harriman Brothers which Prescott worked for was originally a "Jewish" firm.

I don't fully trust all of Tarpley but this looks interesting:
------
Averell Harriman made Jupiter Island a staging ground for his 1940s takeover of the U.S. national security apparatus. It was in that connection that the island became possibly the most secretive private place in America.

Let us briefly survey the neighborhood, back then in 1946-48, to see some of the uses various of the residents had for the Harriman clique.

Residents on Jupiter Island
# Jupiter Islander Robert A. Lovett,@s4, Prescott Bush's partner at Brown Brothers Harriman, had been Assistant Secretary of War for Air from 1941 to 1945. Lovett was the leading American advocate of the policy of terror-bombing of civilians. He organized the Strategic Bombing Survey, carried out for the American and British governments by the staff of the Prudential Insurance Company, guided by London's Tavistock Psychiatric Clinic.

In the postwar period, Prescott Bush was associated with Prudential Insurance, one of Lovett's intelligence channels to the British secret services. Prescott was listed by Prudential as a director of the company for about two years in the early 1950s.

Their Strategic Bombing Survey failed to demonstrate any real military advantage accruing from such outrages as the fire-bombing of Dresden, Germany. But the Harrimanites nevertheless persisted in the advocacy of terror from the air. They glorified this as `` psychological warfare, '' a part of the utopian military doctrine opposed to the views of military traditionalists such as Gen. Douglas MacArthur.

Robert Lovett later advised President Lyndon Johnson to terror-bomb Vietnam. President George Bush revived the doctrine with the bombing of civilian areas in Panama, and the destruction of Baghdad.

On Oct. 22, 1945, Secretary of War Robert Patterson created the Lovett Committee, chaired by Robert A. Lovett, to advise the government on the post-World War II organization of U.S. intelligence activities. The existence of this committee was unknown to the public until an official CIA history was released from secrecy in 1989. But the CIA's author (who was President Bush's prep school history teacher; see chapter 5) gives no real details of the Lovett Committee's functioning, claiming: `` The record of the testimony of the Lovett Committee, unfortunately, was not in the archives of the agency when this account was written. ''@s5

The CIA's self-history does inform us of the advice that Lovett provided to the Truman cabinet, as the official War Department intelligence proposal.

Lovett decided that there should be a separate Central Intelligence Agency. The new agency would `` consult '' with the armed forces, but it must be the sole collecting agency in the field of foreign espionage and counterespionage. The new agency should have an independent budget, and its appropriations should be granted by Congress without public hearings.

Lovett appeared before the Secretaries of State, War and Navy on November 14, 1945. He spoke highly of the FBI's work because it had `` the best personality file in the world. '' Lovett said the FBI was expert at producing false documents, an art `` which we developed so successfully during the war and at which we became outstandingly adept. '' Lovett pressed for a virtual resumption of the wartime Office of Strategic Services (OSS) in a new CIA.

U.S. military traditionalists centered around Gen. Douglas MacArthur opposed Lovett's proposal.

The continuation of the OSS had been attacked at the end of the war on the grounds that the OSS was entirely under British control, and that it would constitute an American Gestapo.@s6

But the CIA was established in 1947 according to the prescription of Robert Lovett, of Jupiter Island.

http://www.tarpley.net/bush4.htm
---
http://www.tarpley.net/bush8.htm


These fairy tales from the "red Studebaker" school seek to obscure the facts: that Bush's transfer to Texas was arranged from the top by Prescott's Brown Brothers, Harriman cronies, and that every step forward made by Bush in the oil business was assisted by the capital resources of our hero's maternal uncle, George Herbert Walker, Jr., "Uncle Herbie," the boss of G.H. Walker & Co. investment firm of Wall Street. Uncle Herbie had graduated from Yale in 1927, where he had been a member of Skull and Bones. This is the Uncle Herbie who will show up as lead investor and member of the board of Bush-Overbey oil, of Zapata Petroleum, and of Zapata Offshore after 1959. If we assume that the Bush-Walker clan as an extended oligarchical family decided to send cadet son George Bush into the Texas and Oklahoma oilfields, we will not be far wrong.

Father Prescott procured George not one job, but two, in each case contacting cronies who depended at least partially on Brown Brothers, Harriman for business.

One crony contacted by father Prescott was Ray Kravis, who was in the oil business in Tulsa, Oklahoma. Oklahoma had experienced a colossal oil boom between the two world wars, and Ray Kravis had cashed in, building up a personal fortune of some $25 million. Ray was the son of a British tailor whose father had come to America and set up a haberdashery in Atlantic City, New Jersey. Young Ray Kravis had arrived in Tulsa in 1925, in the midst of the oil boom that was making the colossal fortunes of men like J. Paul Getty. Ray Kravis was primarily a tax accountant, and he had invented a very special tax shelter which allowed oil properties to be "packaged" and sold in such a way as to reduce the tax on profits earned from the normal oil property rate of 81% to a mere 15%. This meant that the national tax base was eroded, and each individual taxpayer bilked, in order to subsidize the formation of immense private fortunes; this will be found to be a constant theme among George Bush's business associates down to the present day.

Ray Kravis's dexterity in setting up these tax shelters attracted the attention of Joseph P. Kennedy, the bucaneering bootlegger, entrepreneur, political boss, and patriarch of the Massachusetts Kennedy clan. For many years Ray Kravis functioned as the manager of the Kennedy family fortune (or fondo), the same job that later devolved to Stephen Smith. Ray Kravis and Joe Kennedy both wintered in Palm Beach, where they were sometimes golf partners. [fn 2]

In 1948-49, father Prescott was the managing partner of Brown Brothers, Harriman. Prescott knew Ray Kravis as a local Tulsa finance mogul and wheeler-dealer who was often called upon by Wall Street investment houses as a consultant to evaluate the oil reserves of various companies. The estimates that Ray Kravis provided often involved the amount of oil in the ground that these firms possessed, and these estimates went to the heart of the oil business as a ground rent exploitation in which current oil production was far less important than the reserves still beneath the soil.

Such activity imparted the kind of primitive accumulation mentality that was later seen to animate Ray Kravis's son Henry. During the 1980's, as we will see, Henry Kravis personally generated some $58 billion in debt for the purpose of acquiring 36 companies and assembling the largest corporate empire, in paper terms, of all time. And, as we will also see, Henry Kravis was to become one of the leaders of the leveraged buyout gang which became a mainstay of the political machine of George Bush. But in 1948, these events were all far in the future.

So father Prescott asked Ray if he had a job for young George. The answer was, of course he did.

But in the meantime Prescott Bush had also been talking with another crony beholden to him, Henry Neil Mallon, who was the President and Chairman of the Board of Dresser Industries, a leading manufacturer of drill bits and related oil well drilling equipment. Dresser had been incorporated in 1905 by Solomon R. Dresser, but had been bought up and reorganized by W.A. Harriman & Company in 1928-1929.

Henry Neil Mallon, for whom the infamous Neil Mallon Bush of Hinckley and Silverado fame is named, came from a Cincinnati family who were traditional retainers for the Taft clan in the same way that the Bush-Walker family were retainers for the Harrimans. As a child, Neil Mallon had gone with his family to visit their close friends, President William Howard Taft and his family, at the White House. Mallon had then attended the Taft School in Watertown, Connecticut, and had gone on to Yale University in the fall of 1913, where he met Bunny Harriman, Prescott Bush, Knight Wooley, and the other Bonesmen.

One day in December, 1928 Bunny Harriman, father Prescott and Knight Wooley were sitting around the Harriman counting house discussing their reorganization of Dresser Industries. Mallon, who was returning to Ohio after six months spent mountaineering in the Alps, came by to visit. At a certain point in the conversation, Bunny pointed to Mallon was exclaimed, "Dresser! Dresser!." Mallon was then interviewed by George Herbert Walker, the president of W.A. Harriman & Co. As a result of this interview, Mallon was immediately made president of Dresser, although he had no experience in the oil business. Mallon clearly owed the Walker-Bush clan some favors. [fn 3]

Prescott Bush had become a member of the board of directors of Dresser Industries in 1930, in the wake of the reorganization of the company which he had personally helped to direct. Prescott Bush was destined to remain on the Dresser board for twenty-two years, until 1952, when he entered the United States Senate. Father Prescott was thus calling in a chit when procured George a second job offer, this time with Dresser Industries or one of its subsidiaries.

George Bush knew that the oil boom in Oklahoma had passed its peak, and that Tulsa would no longer offer the sterling opportunities for a fast buck it had presented twenty years earlier. Dresser, by contrast, was a vast international corporation ideally suited to gaining a rapid overview of the oil industry and its looting practices. George Bush accordingly called Ray Kravis and, in the ingratiating tones he was wont to use as he clawed his way towards the top, said that he wished respectfully to decline the job that Kravis had offered him in Tulsa. His first preference was to go to work for Dresser. Ray Kravis, who looked to Prescott for business, released him at once. "I know George Bush well," said Ray Kravis years later. "I've known him since he got out of school. His father was a very good friend of mine." [fn 4] This is the magic moment in which all the official Bush biographies show our hero riding into Odessa, Texas in the legendary red Studebaker, to take up a post as an equipment clerk and trainee for the Dresser subsidiary IDECO (International Derrick and Equipment Company).

But the red Studebaker myth, as already noted, misrepresents the facts. According to the semi-official history of Dresser Industries, George Bush was first employed by Dresser at their corporate headquarters in Cleveland, Ohio, where he worked for Dresser executive R.E. Reimer, an ally of Mallon. [fn 5] This stint in Cleveland is hardly mentioned by the pro-Bush biographers, making us wonder what is being covered up. The Dresser history also has George Bush working for another subsidiary, Pacific Pumps, before working for IDECO. On the same page that relates these interesting facts, there is a picture that shows father Prescott, Dorothy, Barbara Bush, and George holding his infant son George Walker Bush. Young George W. is wearing cowboy boots. They are all standing in front of a Dresser Industries executive airplane, apparently a DC-3. Could this be the way George really arrived in Odessa?

The Dresser history has George Bush working for Pacific Pumps, another Dresser subsidiary, before finally joining IDECO. According to Bush's campaign autobiography, he had been with IDECO for a year in Odessa, Texas before being transferred to work for Pacific Pumps in Huntington Park and Bakersfield, California. Bush says he worked at Huntongton Park as an assemblyman, and it was here that he claims to have joined the United Steelworkers Union, obtaining a union card that he will still pull out when confronted for his long history of union-busting, as for example when he was heckled at a shipyard in Portland, Oregon, during the 1988 campaign. Other accounts place Bush in Ventura, Compton and "Richard Nixon's home town of Whittier" during this same period. [fn 6] If Bush actually went to California first and only later to Odessa, he may be lying in order to stress that he chose Texas as his first choice, a distortion that may have been concocted very early in his political career to defend himself against the constant charge that he was a carpetbagger.

Odessa, Texas, and the nearby city of Midland were both located in the geological formation known as the Permian Basin, the scene of an oil boom that developed in the years after the Second World War. Odessa at this time was a complex of yards and warehouses where oil drilling equipment was brought for distribution to the oil rigs that were drilling all over the landscape.

At IDECO, Bush worked for supervisor Bill Nelson, and had one Hugh Evans among his co-workers. Concerning this period, we are regaled with stories about how Bush and Barbara moved into a shotgun house, an apartment that had been divided by a partition down the middle, with a bathroom they shared with a mother and daughter prostitute team. There was a pervasive odor of gas, which came not from a leak in the oven, but from nearby oil wells where the gas was flared off. George and Barbara were to spend some time slumming in this setting. But Bush was anxious to ingratiate himself with the roughnecks and roustabouts; he began eating the standard Odessa diet of a bowl of chili with crackers and beer for lunch, and chicken-friend steak for dinner. Perhaps his affected liking for country and western music, pork rinds, and other public relations ploys go back to this time. Bush is also fond of recounting the story of how, on Christmas Eve, 1948, he got drunk during various IDECO customer receptions and passed out, dead drunk, on his own front lawn, where he was found by Barbara. George Bush, we can see, is truly a regular guy.

According to the official Bush version of events, George and Bar peregrinated during 1949 far from their beloved Texas to various towns in California where Dresser had subsidiaries. Bush claims that he drove a thousand miles a week through the Carrizo Plains and the Cuyama Valley. During that same year (or was it 1950?) they moved to Midland, another tumbleweed town in west Texas. Midland offered the advantage of being the location of the west Texas headquarters of many of the oil companies that operated in Odessa and the surrounding area. In Midland, George and Bar first stayed at a motel while he commuted by car each day to the IDECO warehouse in Odessa, twenty miles to the southwest. Then, for $7,500, they bought a home on Maple Street in a postwar mini-Levittown development called Easter Egg Row.

Reality was somewhat more complex. The Bush social circle in Odessa was hardly composed of oil field roughnecks. Rather, their peer group was composed more of the sorts of people they had known in New Haven: a clique of well-heeled recent graduates of prestigious eastern colleges who had been attracted to the Permian Basin in the same way that Stanford, Hopkins, Crocker, and their ilk were attracted to San Francisco during the gold rush. Here were Toby Hilliard, John Ashmun, and Pomeroy Smith, all from Princeton. Earle Craig had been at Yale. Midland thus boasted a Yale Club, and Harvard Club, and a Princeton Club. The natives referred to this clique as "the Yalies." Also present on the scene in Midland were J. Hugh Liedtke and William Liedkte, who had grown up in Oklahoma, but who had attended college at Amherst in Massachusetts.
After the Revolution of 1905, the Czar had prudently prepared for further outbreaks by transferring some $400 million in cash to the New York banks, Chase, National City, Guaranty Trust, J.P.Morgan Co., and Hanover Trust. In 1914, these same banks bought the controlling number of shares in the newly organized Federal Reserve Bank of New York, paying for the stock with the Czar\'s sequestered funds. In November 1917,  Red Guards drove a truck to the Imperial Bank and removed the Romanoff gold and jewels. The gold was later shipped directly to Kuhn, Loeb Co. in New York.-- Curse of Canaan

Jenny Lake

If I remember this right, Robert Lovett was responsible for getting J. Robert Oppenheimer on the Manhattan Project as director. Oppenheimer, besides his communist associations, was diagnosed as an incurable schizophrenic after an episode at Oxford where he left a poisoned apple for his teacher. They had alot of leverage on Oppenheimer and it motivated him to perform.

Lovett had a counterpart in "Lord Cherwell", Churchill's closest War advisor who's credited with the idea of "carpet bombing" German civilians. Cherwell's name is Frederick Alexander Lindemann. His older brother, Charles Lionel Lindemann, was the British liason in Wash.DC. and the Lindemanns' mother, Olga Noble, was from...Connecticut!The Lindemanns were both nuclear physicists and  participated in choosing the "talent" recruited for Bomb development. One of the bio sources I came across stated that he carried out experiments "suggested by Einstein". One can only imagine after reading C.J. Bjerknes what that might have been.

Sounds like these guys were getting us all set up for WWIII. If Prescott Bush stepped in to chair the JCAE as senator-elect at the end of 52, he could have had enormous influence on the shape of thermonuclear experimentation. Nov. 1, 1952 was the first real full-fledged H-bomb ("Mike" shot)--the mushroom reached 120,000 ft. in about two minutes. Maybe PSB was there --alot of these guys excursioned to "Hawaii" to witness tests. He could have been handing out contracts and funding at this critical juncture. Possible?
http://www.aracnet.com/%7Epdxavets/ivydoc.htm
(okay--this link doesn't work anymore--a whole series of related nuke links appear inactivated)

Ohio, Texas, and California are all hotspots for nuke tech. GHW Bush could have been running cover for that. It's all energy and chemicals. By the mid-50s, the researchers were working on mini-nukes that could be fired "from a gun", so says Teller --not a rocket launcher but a gun.

Jenny Lake

Town of Jupiter Island, incorporated in 1953 and quoted from its webpage at http://townofjupiterisland.com

The community is unique - it is the one and only, different from all others, having no like or equal. It is unusual, extraordinary and rare. It was cut from one mold and its counterpart cannot be found elsewhere. Many people would consider it dead - but it is very much alive with genteel living, friendship and compatibility. The Town doesn't want what many others have, but many others would be better off if they had more of what this Town has and wants to keep- seclusion, solitude and tranquility.


Charles Lionel Lindemann, in the post-war, lived and died in Florida

CrackSmokeRepublican

#4
That's a very interesting finds on the Lovett-Lindemann relationship and the bombings, Jenny. I'm not surprised at all. Especially the Hawaii factor-  yes they were planning in Florida.  In fact it only confirms the US intelligence agencies took their cues from Israeli-British intelligence which at that time was likely fully penetrated by the Soviets. The Israelis could walk between walls in the East and the West after WWII to secure state secrets and collect all of the patents from the Germans.  Looks like the entire Bush Family operated as a "JP Morgan" in the sense that they were the front men that the Rothschilds could push at every turn by baiting them with power if they succeeded in implementing a Rothschild "Zionist" plan for America. People made money all along this continuum.

Here's another piece of the puzzle that is apocryphal but note that fact that Harriman was called a "Communist agent".  It is probably true according to the script of Harriman-Jews and all Western and Eastern Intelligence operations for Israel's creation and protection.
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In the 1954 race to succeed Republican Thomas Dewey as Governor of New York, Harriman defeated Dewey's protege, Irving M. Ives. He served as governor for one term until Republican Nelson Rockefeller defeated him in 1958. As governor, he increased personal taxes by 11% but his tenure was dominated by his presidential ambitions. Harriman was a candidate for the Democratic Presidential Nomination in 1952, and again in 1956 when he was endorsed by Truman but lost (both times) to Illinois governor Adlai Stevenson. Harriman was generally considered to be on the left or liberal wing of the Democratic party, hence his losing out to the more moderate Stevenson.

His presidential ambitions defeated, Harriman became a widely-respected elder statesman of the party. In January 1961, he was appointed Ambassador at Large in the Kennedy administration, a position he held until November, when he became Assistant Secretary of State for Far Eastern Affairs. In December 1961, Anatoliy Golitsyn defected from the Soviet Union and named Harriman a Soviet spy, but Harriman nonetheless remained in his position until April 1963, when he became Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs. He continued in that position in the Lyndon Johnson administration, until March 1965 when he again became Ambassador at Large, a position he would hold for the remainder of Johnson's presidency. Harriman was the chief US negotiator at the Paris peace talks on Vietnam.

Harriman is noted for supporting, on behalf of the state department, the coup against Vietnam president Ngo Dinh Diem in 1963. Johnson's confession in the assassination of Diem could indicate some complicity on Harriman's part.[6] [7]

Harriman received the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1969 and West Point's Sylvanus Thayer Award in 1975.
After the Revolution of 1905, the Czar had prudently prepared for further outbreaks by transferring some $400 million in cash to the New York banks, Chase, National City, Guaranty Trust, J.P.Morgan Co., and Hanover Trust. In 1914, these same banks bought the controlling number of shares in the newly organized Federal Reserve Bank of New York, paying for the stock with the Czar\'s sequestered funds. In November 1917,  Red Guards drove a truck to the Imperial Bank and removed the Romanoff gold and jewels. The gold was later shipped directly to Kuhn, Loeb Co. in New York.-- Curse of Canaan

CrackSmokeRepublican

Interesting too that Ray Kravis (a Russian Jew of some revolutionary background) had his son Kravis scam Wallstreet with the firm Kohlberg, Kravis and Roberts (all Russian Khazar Jews) in the 1980s and 1990s.  We all know that KKR was the inspiration for the now bankrupt Bush-Kissinger firm the Carlyle Group.  It's all ultimately Jewish piracy and corruption as far as the eye can see.

The Bushes are connected at root to the Rothschilds:
===
The Harriman firm was backed by the Rockefellers' National City Bank and the Morgan family's Guaranty Trust. The English-educated Walker assisted in assembling the Harriman family's overseas business investments.

    In 1921, Walker's favorite daughter, Dorothy, married Samuel Bush's son Prescott, a Yale graduate and a member of the school's exclusive Skull and Bones society. Handsome and athletic, admired for his golf and tennis skills, Prescott Bush was a young man with the easy grace of someone born into the comfortable yet competitive world of upper-crust contacts.

===

The book "Barbarians at the gate"  by Bryan Burrough, John Helyar,  provides even further links between Kravis, Bush and Harriman. It's probably still all Rothschild ZIonism when listening to this criminal:

http://www.achievement.org/autodoc/page/kra0int-2
After the Revolution of 1905, the Czar had prudently prepared for further outbreaks by transferring some $400 million in cash to the New York banks, Chase, National City, Guaranty Trust, J.P.Morgan Co., and Hanover Trust. In 1914, these same banks bought the controlling number of shares in the newly organized Federal Reserve Bank of New York, paying for the stock with the Czar\'s sequestered funds. In November 1917,  Red Guards drove a truck to the Imperial Bank and removed the Romanoff gold and jewels. The gold was later shipped directly to Kuhn, Loeb Co. in New York.-- Curse of Canaan

CrackSmokeRepublican

This is also worth checking out:

http://www.tbrnews.org/Archives/a2928.htm

--------

Sunday, 8 January 1950

                A bad start but a good finish. Philby, who stutters and drinks a great deal, was there and in fine form, entertaining everyone including other people's wives. My man was late because someone stole his automobile and he arrived in a taxi. After about three drinks, he managed to get near Philby and mumble something about atomic bombs. Philby at once seemed to sober himself and took my man aside for a friendly chat. Fortunately, we filled the man with enough accurate information to interest P. and they made an agreement to meet at a room in the Shoreham Hotel on Saturday.

                We reserved two rooms with a connecting door and got all the equipment into one room and the dummy scientist into the other. We were very careful to have the adjoining room "rented" to an elderly couple from New Mexico State and had to be even more careful about the identification we used on the room with our man. Who knows what Philby or others of his breed can check out? That the British have a large number of their spies in Washington we know. One must be very careful and assume, as I always do, that even the smallest detail will be checked out.

                The plan was to have P. come in and our man would at once hand him some very impressive papers that "he was working on." Then he would tell P. that he had left the rest down in the hotel safe and would be right back.

                Just as I thought, Philby was sitting on the edge of the bed, intently reading through the thick file when I came into the room. I had a pistol and there were three men, including Arno, outside with a key in case I needed any help. The pistol was in my pocket and he never looked up. He even said, "Very nice, indeed. You wouldn't happen to have a bottle on the premises, would you?"

                "Mr. Philby," I said in such a friendly way, "what a pleasure to find you so far from home." He looked up very suddenly and shoved the papers inside his coat. "Who the devil are you?"

                (I am taking this from the transcription)

                "We have met a number of times before. In Berlin, 1939. I had more hair then. Remember? We talked about your papa." I thought he was going to have an attack of some kind and he stared at me as if I were the very devil, come to snatch him away. I never needed the gun at all.

                Philby is an amoral, greedy, needful man who works, or has worked, for anyone who will pay him. He worked for the British, for the "London Times," for Franco's intelligence in Spain, gave, or rather sold, information on Franco to the German Thaelmann Brigade, for the Gestapo in general and myself in particular, and finally for the Russians. The latter are the most dangerous because once one begins with them, one cannot just resign. Also, they do not pay well.

                Philby is a masculine, pleasant and often entertaining person. He stutters, drinks too much, is a philanderer (who isn't?) and owes no loyalty to anyone except himself; neither to his wife, his country nor his own honor.

                We spoke together for nearly four hours. I will summarize my talks with him.

                And I am not going to give Hoover what we originally agreed upon. More later.

                Philby, after his initial shock at seeing me again, readily admitted a number of his sins to me. Why not? As I very politely but very firmly pointed out to him, if his Soviet handlers ever found out about his very well documented work for us, they would not hesitate to track him down and kill him. He knows this and I will have no trouble at all with Mr. Harold Philby.

                Aside from the Sikorski business that I will note a little later here, (if I don't get a cramp in my fingers first), he admitted that he was in Washington for one reason: He is here to protect the top Soviet spy in their Embassy!

                Philby said that the previous top agent was the First Secretary, Donald Maclean, who has since been recalled for reassignment. I know nothing about Maclean and will have to make inquiry as to what level of secrets he had access to. P. states that he had access at the very highest levels, especially in the atomic bomb program! Philby initially declined to tell me who M's replacement was but will "think on it" and if the price were right, would tell me.

                This, as I said, I will not pass on to Hoover. He is too provincial, has no understanding at all of such matters and is far too much involved in mindless, bureaucratic manipulations to be given anything so valuable (for me at least) and so potentially damaging to international relations.

                He is actually quite entertaining and we enjoyed the conversation...after the initial shocks had worn off. He knows that I am not an ideologue and will not expose him as long as he cooperates with me...and as long as I pay him well. Maclean is, I am told, "brilliant but unstable," a latent homosexual with a very bad marriage, who is "utterly consumed with a terrible hatred for the United States."

                They knew each other in university and Philby said that of all of the proto-communists he had associations with, he, Philby, was the only heterosexual. This I can believe.

                He went on about Victor Rothschild, the high-level Soviet spy and socialite, and his little place in London where all the fairies congregated and brought their dockworkers, sailors and amateur boxers. I do not need to imagine things like that. There is enough of that here in Washington.

                I didn't take notes because this was being recorded.

                P. knew this because I told him. I am not worried about Hoover watching me and making his own recordings. First, I told H. that the meeting would be next weekend at the American University or Georgetown University libraries. Second, I made certain to avoid anyone who might be following me here. Thirdly, I had the foresight to rent a pair of rooms on the top floor of the hotel, the important one (where the interview was to take place) on the corner of the building. I made certain that there was no one on the roof by putting a man there and the room below was empty. The adjoining room, with the equipment, was occupied by my men and two in the hall outside the room. Besides, Hoover likes to hire the type of serious young men who stand out like turds on a bed sheet and my men know what to look for.

                When we finished our long talk, I suggested new, interesting but not damaging talks for a recording for just Colonel Hoover's ears. It was then that Philby gave me a nice present in return for a small envelope full of American money. (He hates the U.S. but likes their money.) The nice present was information about one Dr. Klaus Fuchs.

                I recognize the name. A German Jew who fled Germany in 1933 and came to the West (one source claims Fuchs was not Jewish, ed.). A well-known communist. How he managed to get into sensitive atomic research for the British, and later American governments is beyond me. Philby says British intelligence is "crammed with communists to the Plimsoll line." This man I certainly will give to Hoover at once so he can get some kind of credit. At this point, I will say to Hoover that Philby is anti-American, sent here to iron out differences between the FBI-CIA and British intelligence.

                I also find out that one of his tasks is to find out just how far the FBI has progressed with a decoding of Soviet agent traffic, both from the war and current. He has some luck, but the FBI agent in charge of this is very careful about what he says. The CIA, on the other hand, are a pack of loose-mouthed idiots. We do have some similar views at that.

                The Sikorski business came as a genuine surprise to me. We had always thought that Churchill had murdered the Polish leader because he was causing trouble over the Soviet slaughter of thousands of Polish officers. Not so, according to P. He tells a different tale.

                P. was in charge of security for the Gibraltar area in 1943. Stalin wanted Sikorski killed, at once. P., in his official capacity, discovered that Sikorski was going to be flying into Gibraltar in July of 1943, and from there to London. The Soviets arranged for Maiski, their Ambassador to London, to fly back, via Gibraltar, and to be there at the same time as S.

                Sikorski was as valuable to the British as he was dangerous to Stalin. Maiski's passenger list included two professional assassins. Both his plane and Sikorski's were on the airfield at the same time.

                The commandant, (of Gibraltar, ed.) Mason-Macfarlane, was asked not to let the two parties meet so S. was sequestered (with his consent) early in the day, allowing Maiski to land and be officially greeted. Later, the Russian was told to leave quickly because the weather was turning bad. When S. and his entourage got into their "Liberator" (a very ill-handling aircraft with inherent control cable problems) it had already been tended to by the Soviets. The rest is known.

                I have to believe Philby because I have some small knowledge of this affair. He told me that although the British had nothing to do with this (other than Philby's treasonable activities), nevertheless, Churchill had been "tipped off" that this would happen and he was so frightened about the possible rupture with Stalin over the dead Polish officers that he said nothing by way of warning.

                At his level, this cannot be called murder but merely "furtherance of policy" after all.

                Philby agreed to keep me "in the picture" and I have agreed to give him any information, aside from American security material...which I would never do... which might help him in his liaison work with U.S. intelligence.

                I concluded with a drink (I had a Cognac and he had three big glasses of whiskey!) and we shook hands on our renewed friendship. I could never trust this man at all but it is not unpleasant to deal with him. He had a number of terrible and amusing anecdotes to tell me about the staff at the Embassy here. Most of them are perverts at best and alcoholic perverts at worst. Almost all of them hate this country and P. will supply me with the names of British (as opposed to Russian) agents working here. We will meet again soon enough and discuss the British spying program in this country. If I agree not to interfere with the ones who are giving him information, he will help with the others. As Lenin said, 'One step backwards for two steps forward.' It is lawful to be taught by the enemy.

                And now to bed.

                Note later: The recordings will be in my wine cellar and the creative one will be prepared for delivery to Hoover, but next weekend. This will give us some time to do creative editing.

                One thing I have noted, and ought to make a study of, is the degree and extent of homosexuality in the U.S. government and most especially in that of England. These miserable assholes seem to be hidden everywhere you look. They support each other; get one another into this or that department where they proliferate like Jews in the banking business. There is no point in attempting to root them out because God alone knows who is a fairy and who is not. This is sort of a pink underground and is almost worth the trouble to catalog. These pests are rampant here in Washington and a normal man has a very difficult time visiting a public lavatory for fear of being accosted by frenzied individuals of some prominence. Given the predominance of Englishmen in this category, we ought to keep an eye on the various locals where they practice their trade. However, bringing this subject up to Hoover ought to be undertaken with some caution. I have revised an earlier opinion of his orientation and have come to the conclusion that his "Special Circle" of friends (some of whom I have met) is certainly highly suspect. Hoover is one who has lived with his mother and I have a great deal of distrust of such people. Like so many others I have encountered in my life, these individuals are rabidly moral.

                I do not think Himmler was a pansy but I do recall one incident where he had his own nephew sentenced to death for homosexual behavior. I brought this sorry business to Hitler's attention and he promptly pardoned the young man. Himmler claimed he was only attempting to enforce his own morality on members of his family. He did a good deal of this moralizing, from morning to night. Better to worry about the condition of the State than the bedroom antics of nephews, nieces and second cousins.

                I have had some such people at the beck and call of the Gestapo but not, certainly, for sexual purposes. Handsome and willing young men are excellent bait for those easily tempted, either men or women (or those in between.)

 

                The story of the Cambridge spies has been told and retold ad nauseum over the years but not from an entirely fresh point of view.

                England, in the years after the First World War, was filled with frustrated youth, disillusioned by the collapse of their Empire and seeking for positive answers to their collective angst. Many turned to the utopian allure of communism and the universities were filled with young men who eagerly clutched at the tattered hem of Karl Marx's overcoat, hoping thereby to find salvation.

                A significant number of these students were practicing homosexuals, their public school system encouraging the development of such behavior. Since homosexuality was neither socially nor legally acceptable in the England of the 1920s, its practitioners quickly developed a hatred for a society which subjected them to ridicule on one hand and imprisonment on the other.

                The Soviets, who long practiced sexual blackmail, found a rich harvest in the universities of England and many of the recruits in their intelligence services later went on to achieve considerable prominence in the British civil service. When rumors of high-level Soviet agents in British intelligence organizations and in their Foreign Office began to surface, both in England and America, the establishment at once went to enormous efforts to protect their own, even to the point of destroying incriminating documents and to persistently lying to American intelligence and other U.S. official agencies.

                These upper-class traitors were not only protected from discovery but when it became evident that American investigators were uncovering deadly truths, the spies were not only warned that exposure and arrest were imminent but assisted to escape their completely just desserts.

                Dr. Klaus Emil Julius Fuchs, born in Rüsselheim, Germany, in 1910, fled from Germany in 1933 and took refuge in England. He was interned as an enemy alien there at the outbreak of the war in 1939 but was subsequently released, becoming a naturalized British citizen in 1942. Fuchs went to the United States in 1943 where he worked on the American atomic bomb program. Although Fuchs was known in Germany as a communist and while in England had openly admitted his political beliefs, he was nevertheless given the highest security clearances by British intelligence and the American government was assured that he was beyond reproach. In August of 1949, the FBI was able to decode a wartime Soviet message whose contents pointed directly at Fuchs as a spy. The scientist, who had returned to England where he was head of the theoretical physics division at Harwell, finally confessed in February of 1950 and was sentenced to fourteen years in prison as a spy. Released in 1959, Fuchs went to East Germany where he worked for that government in their nuclear program. He died in 1988.

                A common theme found in all writings on Soviet espionage concerns the fact that, in spite of his known communist connections, Fuchs was given a prompt security clearance by British authorities, and it was only when the FBI supplied incontrovertible evidence of his treason that Fuchs was finally arrested.

                Müller's information on Fuchs only confirmed what Hoover had recently discovered from his interview with Harold "Kim" Philby.

                This theme of strangely careless British intelligence investigative data concerning known communists recurs with dismal regularity throughout the entire period from 1945 through 1955. This carelessness planned or otherwise (and Müller believed it was quite deliberate and makes an excellent case for this), resulted in the complete distrust by the Americans of both the abilities and the loyalties of Britain's intelligence community.

                Philby, whose father, St. John Philby, was a political advisor to the royal family of Saudi Arabia and a staunch supporter of Adolf Hitler. He was interned in England during the war as an enemy agent. His son attended Cambridge University and had there become acquainted with a number of avowed communist students, members of an elitist group called the Apostles Philby later became a war correspondent for the "London Times" and was decorated for his actions during the Spanish Civil War by Franco. Because of his father's attitudes, Philby joined a German-English friendship group and traveled to Berlin in 1939. It has been long felt in some American intelligence circles that Philby had done more than admire historical buildings while on his visit to the capital of the Third Reich.

                Donald Duart Maclean, born in 1913, attended Cambridge and joined the Foreign Service in 1934. He was the son of Sir Donald Maclean, a former Cabinet member in the MacDonald government, who died in 1932. Maclean was sent to the United States in 1944 where he was First Secretary and acting head of Chancery in the British Embassy. During his tour of duty, Maclean had almost unrestricted access to most of the secrets of the American government, especially those of the Atomic Energy Commission. The amount of vital material he turned over to his Soviet handler in New York was incredible and by all accounts, gave Stalin at least a three-year gain in his own atomic bomb program. Maclean also turned over to the Soviets an enormous quantity of other secrets that proved to be of vital importance to the anti-American, expansionist plans of the Soviet dictator.

                Müller's journals contain a wealth of information about British espionage against the United States. Resisting the urge to develop it all in a single chapter, each incident will be reported as Müller wrote it; in proper chronological sequence
Editor's note: Readers wishing to purchase all of the conversations will find them in a hard- backed edition, published by Bender Publishing. The book is heavily referenced and well-illustrated: It is priced at $35.95.

http://www.bender-publishing.com/Muller ... Years.html
After the Revolution of 1905, the Czar had prudently prepared for further outbreaks by transferring some $400 million in cash to the New York banks, Chase, National City, Guaranty Trust, J.P.Morgan Co., and Hanover Trust. In 1914, these same banks bought the controlling number of shares in the newly organized Federal Reserve Bank of New York, paying for the stock with the Czar\'s sequestered funds. In November 1917,  Red Guards drove a truck to the Imperial Bank and removed the Romanoff gold and jewels. The gold was later shipped directly to Kuhn, Loeb Co. in New York.-- Curse of Canaan

CrackSmokeRepublican

Another interesting link on the Cambridge Spies:



Revealed: Attlee's ignorance of the Cambridge spies who defected

By Robert Verkaik, Law Editor
http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/po ... 30614.html


Three weeks after two of Britain's most notorious spies defected to Soviet Russia, the Prime Minister and his cabinet were more concerned about the moral fibre of the Foreign Office than any threat posed to national security.

Top-secret papers released on New Year's Day reveal the true extent of the ignorance and incompetence at the heart of the then government and the intelligence services during one of the most serious breaches of security in British history. The classified notes, innocuously entitled "Foreign Office officials", were written by the cabinet secretary, Sir Norman Brook, on 11 June 1951.

Three weeks earlier, Donald Maclean, head of the US department in the diplomatic service in London, and Guy Burgess, a diplomat formerly based in Washington, had quietly deserted their posts and left Britain for Russia.

But the cabinet notes show that the prime minister Clement Attlee and the foreign secretary Herbert Morrison appeared more concerned with Donald Maclean's drinking and an allegation of attempted rape.

Although Maclean and Burgess were being investigated by MI5, Morrison defends Maclean, saying: "He has done very well at the Foreign Office. All we know is they have disappeared. Maybe a security aspect but no evidence that there is. Can't say much today." Attlee says both men are "doubtful moral characters". He asks: "Aren't Foreign Office a bit easy over this?"

Sir Richard Rapier Stokes, the Lord Privy Seal, then says Maclean had already been recalled from the British embassy in Cairo because of his drinking and says there was "also [an allegation of] attempted rape."

Attlee demands: "What is the standard of conduct at the Foreign Service? Is it high enough?" The foreign secretary says: "We don't know, one way or the other, whether they may have been engaged in espionage."

That Britain's prime minister and foreign secretary should be so in the dark about the serious implications to national security is extraordinary. Historians say that, along with other key members of the Cambridge spy ring, principally Kim Philby and Anthony Blunt, Burgess and Maclean represented the most effective espionage operation against US and British interests in the 20th century.

One former diplomat called the cabinet notes "surprising". Sir Crispin Tickle, who joined the US department of the British Diplomatic Service in 1954 , three years after Burgess and Maclean had defected, said: "When they left, I would have thought it should have been clear that they were betraying their country. The allegation [of rape] is news to me; in fact I'm not sure anyone knew much about a lot of this."
After the Revolution of 1905, the Czar had prudently prepared for further outbreaks by transferring some $400 million in cash to the New York banks, Chase, National City, Guaranty Trust, J.P.Morgan Co., and Hanover Trust. In 1914, these same banks bought the controlling number of shares in the newly organized Federal Reserve Bank of New York, paying for the stock with the Czar\'s sequestered funds. In November 1917,  Red Guards drove a truck to the Imperial Bank and removed the Romanoff gold and jewels. The gold was later shipped directly to Kuhn, Loeb Co. in New York.-- Curse of Canaan

Jenny Lake

CSR--
You're giving me some good insight into the intelligence hi-jinx --like the false realities being generated by agents, most of whom were severely compartmentalized. Betcha half these guys had no idea what they were doing and were caught up in the importance of their assignments. Any of those putting the bigger picture together disappeared, running like the fictional "Jason Bourne" but losing.

I started another related thread called "Dante Alighieri Society" in Social Engineering, but I'll start another one too and call it "Dying for Atomic Secrets" for summations where we can keep it brief (if you like!) and then keep hammering out the story in their respective subject matters under original thread names.

This is very good. You're input is great.

CrackSmokeRepublican

Hi Jenny,

I found this topic really interesting. It is an important one that needs to be brought up from the historical depths and brushed off.

A really good book on Page 99 describes "Operation SafeHaven":

The secret war against the Jews
 By John Loftus, Mark Aarons
http://books.google.com/books?id=trU7nY-T-4EC
After the Revolution of 1905, the Czar had prudently prepared for further outbreaks by transferring some $400 million in cash to the New York banks, Chase, National City, Guaranty Trust, J.P.Morgan Co., and Hanover Trust. In 1914, these same banks bought the controlling number of shares in the newly organized Federal Reserve Bank of New York, paying for the stock with the Czar\'s sequestered funds. In November 1917,  Red Guards drove a truck to the Imperial Bank and removed the Romanoff gold and jewels. The gold was later shipped directly to Kuhn, Loeb Co. in New York.-- Curse of Canaan

CrackSmokeRepublican

This collection of radio shows gives a nice chronological run down on the Bush family crimes. Deanna Spingola has done a pretty good job in collecting a lot of facts into a pretty damning narrative on 20th century operatives and their disregard for humanity. A lot of it is well known to all but it does have a few threads that are quite good:

http://www.thebyteshow.com/DeannaSpingola.html


The Power Elite Playbook ~ Warfare & Interventions
(An Important New Series)
LISTEN:
Elite Power Play Book - Part 1.mp3
(Part One ~ Promoting War ~ 24 Oct 07)


Elite Power Play Book - Part 2.mp3
(Part Two ~ Viet Nam, A Prototype ~ 24 Oct 07)

Elite Power Play Book - Parts 3 And 4.mp3
(24 Oct 08)
(Part 3: Creating And Controling Chaos)
(Part 4: Anglo American Chess Board)

Elite Power Play Book - Part 5.mp3
(Recorded 31 Oct 08)
(Part 5: Bankers And Their Bombers)

Elite Power Play Book - Parts 6 And 7.mp3
(Recorded 7 Nov 08)
(Part6: Population Reduction Through Genocide)
(Part7: Killing The Competitors)

Elite Power Play Book - Parts 8 And 9.mp3
(Recorded 15 Nov 08)
(Part8: Viet Nam - Democratized & Ready To Plunder)
(Part9: Viet Nam Plundered)

Elite Power Play Book - Parts 10 And 11.mp3
(Recorded 21 Nov 08)
(Part 10: Government By Gunpoint)
(Part 11: Recruiting Willing Puppets)

Elite Power Play Book - Parts 12 And 13.mp3
(Recorded 28 Nov 08)
(Part 12: Beating The Oil War Drums)
(Part 13: Oil War One, 1914 - 1918)


Elite Power Play Book - Parts 14 And 15.mp3
(Recorded 5 Dec 08)
(Part 14: Burn All, Steal All, Kill All)
(Part 15: China: Shanghaied by Communism)


Elite Power Play Book - Parts 16 And 17.mp3
(Recorded 12 Dec 08)
(Part 16: The Power Elite Playbook, Japan, Land of Western Industrialization)
(Part 17: The Power Elite Playbook, Fascism and False Flags = War)

Elite Power Play Book ~ Parts 18 And 19.mp3
(Recorded 19 Dec 08)
Part 18: The Power Elite Playbook, Corporate Generals
Part 19: The Power Elite Playbook, Establishing Precedents

Elite Power Play Book ~ Part 20.mp3
(Recorded 9 Jan 09)
Part 20: Controlled Conflict and Staged Incompetence


---------

Also this interview on Weather Warfare by Jerry Smythe is worth a listen. He's into 4th Reich Secret Nazis stuff which I don't subscribe to at all. Nevertheless, I think he has some good info on Tellar and this time period.  He argues that the powers that be would rather threaten with weather than with Nukes :

WEATHER WARFARE: Science Beyond The Box - HAARP - Geophysical Warfare - Chemtrails? - Environmental Modification - Electromagnetic Waves And Earthquakes - Contrails And Global Warming. Listen: Weather Warfare1.mp3 | Weather Warfare2.mp3 | Weather Warfare3.mp3 (9 May 2007)

Jerry is the author of ~ "HAARP: The Ultimate Weapon of the Conspiracy."
Jerry picks up where the others stop. The science, politics. and players behind the weapon. What can this weapon do? Jerry Says; "My book became an examination of two major questions: what is the fundamental flaw in how we fund and conduct science, and how can a democracy defend itself from its own military and covert intelligence agencies?" Listen Jerry E Smith_HAARP-Update.mp3 (13 May 2006) Listen: HAARP_TheUltimateWeaponofConspiracy (05)

http://www.thebyteshow.com/JerryeSmith.html
After the Revolution of 1905, the Czar had prudently prepared for further outbreaks by transferring some $400 million in cash to the New York banks, Chase, National City, Guaranty Trust, J.P.Morgan Co., and Hanover Trust. In 1914, these same banks bought the controlling number of shares in the newly organized Federal Reserve Bank of New York, paying for the stock with the Czar\'s sequestered funds. In November 1917,  Red Guards drove a truck to the Imperial Bank and removed the Romanoff gold and jewels. The gold was later shipped directly to Kuhn, Loeb Co. in New York.-- Curse of Canaan

Jenny Lake

....so, I'm wondering how P.S. Bush might have used his brief and unrecorded time as the JCAE chair to further his business interests into the nuclear field.
It may be in a future acquisition that would come for Dresser Industries through the growth of a small firm called "Lane-Wells" (named for its two founders). Lane-Wells was licensed to use a patent process developed at Well Surveys Inc of Tulsa, Oklahoma. The Neutron detection instruments were created with the help of physicist Bruno Pontecorvo, who shared patents with Enrico Fermi. Pontecorvo was a Jewish Communist who left Italy for Paris in 1933 and came to the U.S. in 1940 when the Nazis invaded France. His friend Emilio Segre (who went to UCBerkeley to work on the "plutonium team") helped Pontecorvo get a job at Well Surveys Inc. In Sept. of 1950, with nuclear patents being hotly contested for their use-rights, the growing anti-communism, and the evidence of spying during the Manhattan Project, Pontecorvo took an opportunity to "defect" to the USSR while traveling. Basically, on the face of it, many of the patents had to abandoned to the U.S. government and AEC control. The JCAE, ultimate arbiter of nuclear defense contracting and overseer of the AEC, had the right to direct the use of patent processes.

This quote is from wikipedia on the Baker Hughes Corporation, the "world's third largest oilfield services".


QuoteIn 1932, Bill Lane and Walt Wells invented bullet gun perforating and formed the Lane-Wells Company in Vernon, California. They performed their first job on Union Oil's La Merced #17 well in Los Angeles. The company that would become Western Atlas (later Baker Atlas) grew quickly and added other wireline services, including the gamma ray log in 1939 and the neutron log in 1941, which were developed by Well Surveys Inc., an affiliated company. In 1948, a Lane-Wells crew performed the company's 100,000th job on La Merced #17, the site of the first perforating run.

In 1963, Baker Atlas predecessor Lane-Wells introduced the Neutron Lifetime Log service, providing the ability to detect oil through well casing, and initiating the line of Baker Atlas pulsed-neutron logging tools for cased hole logging and reservoir monitoring. It took another five years for competitors to introduce a comparable service. Beginning in 1948, Well Surveys Inc. physicist Arthur Youmans led the team of engineers and scientists to develop this technology. The highly complex instrument included a miniaturized particle generator and sensors to detect and analyze sub-atomic particles. Mr. Youmans went on to become Vice President of Research and Engineering for Dresser Atlas.

In 1968, Lane-Wells and the Pan Geo Atlas Corporation (PGAC) merged to form Dresser Atlas, a name chosen to "position" the company as more than a perforating provider and as part parent company of Dresser Industries. A competitor with Lane-Wells but possessing deeper expertise and an international reputation in open hole logging, PGAC was the perfect merger partner to form an integrated wireline services company. Since its inception, Lane-Wells had generated most of its income from perforating services, but log interpretation had narrowed down producing zones, resulting in fewer perforations and less revenue. During the oil slump of the 1999, Western Atlas was acquired by Baker Hughes and the wireline division was created within the company rebranded as Baker Atlas. Western Geophysical was meanwhile allied with GecoPrakla of Schlumberger and later combined into a separate business entity called WesternGeco.


[edit] Joint venture
In 2000, Baker Hughes and Schlumberger formed a joint venture called WesternGeco. The Joint venture was signed for a period of five years in November 2000. WesternGeco was formed by the merger of Baker Hughes's Western Geophysical and Schlumberger's Geco-Prakla which were the two leading seismic interpretation companies of the time. Due to diminishing exploration markets, new marginal oil fields, and low barrel prices the worldwide business of seismic exploration was surviving on just the corporate strength of the two big service companies. The only new technology that was being introduced at the time was the 4-dimensional seismic survey monitoring.

In 2006, Baker Hughes announced in a press release that it was selling its 30% share of the WesternGeco joint venture to Schlumberger for $2.4 billion in cash. Baker Hughes used the services of Goldman, Sachs & Co. who consulted them on the sale.

For more details about Dresser's involvement in Lane-Wells, and the growth of this division which claims today that "for Baker Atlas the future has never looked brighter" :
http://bakerhughesdirect.com/cgi/atlas/ ... istory.htm