The 1920 Palestine riots

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1920 Palestine riots

The 1920 Palestine riots, or Nabi Musa riots, took place in British Mandate of Palestine April 4–7, 1920 in and around the Old City of Jerusalem.

The events coincided with and are named after the Christian/Muslim Easter holiday Nabi Musa and followed rising tensions in Arab-Jewish relations over the implications of Zionist immigration, tensions which coincided with attacks on outlying Jewish settlements in the Galilee. Speeches by Arab religious leaders during the festival, in which traditionally large numbers of Muslims gathered for a religious procession, led to a serious outbreak of violent assaults on the city's Jews, with five Jews killed and hundreds wounded.

The British military administration's erratic response failed to contain the rioting, which continued for four days. As a result of the events, trust between the British, Jews, and Arabs eroded. One consequence was that the Jewish community increased moves towards an autonomous infrastructure and security apparatus parallel to that of the British administration.


Prelude

British security forces searching Arab civilians, April 1920.

On 5 December 1918, The Eastern Committee of the British Cabinet met to discuss the future of Palestine. Lord Curzon chaired the meeting. General Smuts, Lord Balfour, Lord Robert Cecil, General Sir Henry Wilson, Chief of the Imperial General Staff, T. E. Lawrence, and representatives of the Foreign Office, the India Office, the Admiralty, the War Office, and the Treasury were present. Lord Curzon stated:

'The Palestine position is this. If we deal with our commitments, there is first the general pledge to Hussein in October 1915, under which Palestine was included in the areas as to which Great Britain pledged itself that they should be Arab and independent in the future . . . Great Britain and France - Italy subsequently agreeing - committed themselves to an international administration of Palestine in consultation with Russia, who was an ally at that time . . . A new feature was brought into the case in November 1917, when Mr Balfour, with the authority of the War Cabinet, issued his famous declaration to the Zionists that Palestine 'should be the national home of the Jewish people, but that nothing should be done - and this, of course, was a most important proviso - to prejudice the civil and religious rights of the existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine. Those, as far as I know, are the only actual engagements into which we entered with regard to Palestine.

    Now, as regards the facts, they are these. First, Palestine has been conquered by the British, with only very insignificant aid from small French and Italian contingents, and it is now being administered by the British. The Zionist declaration of our Government has been followed by a very considerable immigration of Jews. One of the difficulties of the situation arises from the fact that the Zionists have taken full advantage - and are disposed to take even fuller advantage - of the opportunity which was then offered to them. You have only to read, as probably most of us do, their periodical 'Palestine', and, indeed, their pronouncements in the papers, to see that their programme is expanding from day to day. They now talk about a Jewish State. The Arab portion of the population is well-nigh forgotten and is to be ignored. They not only claim the boundaries of the old Palestine, but they claim to spread across the Jordan into the rich countries lying to the east, and, indeed, there seems to be very small limit to the aspirations which they now form. The Zionist programme, and the energy with which it is being carried out, have not unnaturally had the consequence of arousing the keen suspicions of the Arabs. By 'the Arabs' I do not merely mean Feisal and his followers at Damascus, but the so-called Arabs who inhabit the country. There seems, from the telegrams we receive, to be growing up an increasing friction between the two communities, a feeling by the Arabs that we are really behind the Zionists and not behind the Arabs, and altogether a situation which is becoming rather critical . . .' [1]

After Emir Faisal I expressed support for a Jewish National Home in Palestine by signing the Faisal-Weizmann Agreement at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, and the subsequent breakdown of that agreement led to worsening relations among Arabs, Jews and the British military authorities in Palestine.
Musa Kazim al-Husayni, the mayor of Jerusalem, was dismissed by the British after the April riots

The Faisal-Clemenceau agreement was to be considered, according to Faisal himself, still-born. Every decision regarding Syria, Palestine and Mesopotamia taken without his active participation would not be recognized by Arabs and would provoke difficulties for which he disclaimed any future responsibility. Between France and the United Kingdom, serious disagreements existed over borders, water rights, Zionist claims over areas of French-held Lebanese and Syrian territory, and the rights of Christians, for whose security in Palestine France had traditional capitulary responsibilities. In Syria, under French authority, pan-Arab nationalists pressed for the "liberation" of Palestine.

From January 1920 onwards, relations between Zionist leaders and the British military administration deteriorated, as the former, led by Chaim Weizmann, pressed for unconditional immigration, the loosening of wartime restrictions on land purchase and the reduction of Syrians in the administration, in favour of more British and Jewish functionaries, and the latter posed as defenders of the Arab population. A declaration by General Louis Bols on 18 February, drafted to reassure Arabs, had little effect. Nine days later, Palestinian Arabs in Damascus held a general congress calling for the unification of the territory with Syria, while Muslims and Christians held peaceful public protest rallies throughout Palestine.[2]

Both occupying powers experienced difficulties with local peasant armed bands ( 'isabat), after Britain had withdrawn its troops from both the Bekaa valley and the Galilee in autumn 1919. By February 1920, these groups, which often operated in liaison with political organisations, began attacking Jewish settlements in the Galilee, such as Metula, Tel Hai and Kfar Giladi.

On March 1, the death at Tel Hai of Joseph Trumpeldor, who became a symbol of heroism to Zionists and a veteran of the Russo-Japanese War who mobilized the defence of the settlements, at the hands of a Shiite gang from Southern Lebanon, caused deep concerns among Zionist leaders, who made numerous requests to the Mandate administration to address the Yishuv's security and forbid a pro-Syrian public rally. Their fears were largely discounted, however, by the Chief Administrative Officer General Louis Bols, Governor Sir Ronald Storrs and General Edmund Allenby, despite a warning from the President of the World Zionist Organization Dr. Chaim Weizmann that "pogrom is in the air", supported by assessments available to Storrs.[3]

Weizmann was convinced the British Army identified the Jews with Bolsheviks intent on driving out the local population, and he interpreted comuniqués about foreseeable troubles between Arabs and Jews, given that the administration must impose on the former unpopular policies, as reminiscent of instructions Russian generals had issued on the eve of pogroms.[4] In the meantime, local expectations had been raised to a pitch by the declaration of the Syrian Congress on March 7 of the independence of Syria and Palestine, with Faisal as its king. Preoccupied by the possible menacing reverberations of this announcement, Bols reverted his decision.[5]

Storrs issued a warning to Arab leaders, but his forces included only 188 policemen, among them but eight officers. The Ottoman Turks had usually deployed thousands of soldiers, and even an artillery piece, to keep order in the narrow streets of Jerusalem during the Nabi Musa procession. Zionist leaders request that the British authorities allow arming of the Jewish defenders to make up for the lack of adequate troops. Although this request was declined, Ze'ev Jabotinsky, together with Pinhas Rutenberg, led an effort to openly train Jewish volunteers in self-defense, an effort which the Zionist Commission kept the British informed of. Many of them members of the Maccabi sports club and some of them veterans of the Jewish Legion, their month of training largely consisted of callisthenics and hand to hand combat with sticks.[3] By the end of March, about 600 were said to be performing military drill daily in Jerusalem.[6] Jabotinsky and Rutenberg also began organising the collection of arms.[6]

Richard Meinertzhagen, "at once a great antisemite and a great Zionist",[7] chief political officer of the British forces, in an analysis of the atmosphere written at the end of March, identified Palestinian awareness that they would now be dispossessed of their lands by an intellectually and financially superior people, together with Faisal's recent proclamations as king of both Syria and Palestine, as the causes for their constant agitation.[8] However, in the short term, he foresaw no prospect of troubles, and his position was adopted by Herbert Samuels, who thought the Army was overreacting, in an alarmist fashion, to the Faisal declaration

April 4–7, 1920 in the Old City
Nebi Musa procession—April 4, 1920

The annual Nabi Musa spring festival was instituted by the Ottoman Turks to ensure a Muslim presence in Jerusalem during the influx of Christian pilgrims celebrating the Easter holiday. Arab educator and essayist Khalil al-Sakakini described how tribes and caravans would come with banners and weapons.[3]

By 10:30 a.m. on April 4, 1920, 60,000–70,000 Arabs had already congregated in the city square, and groups of them had already been attacking Jews in the Old City's alleys for over an hour; the Jews hid. Inflammatory anti-Zionist rhetoric was being delivered from the balcony of the Arab Club. One inciter was Hajj Amin al-Husayni; his uncle, the mayor, spoke from the municipal building's balcony.

The editor of the newspaper Suriya al-Janubia (Southern Syria), Aref al-Aref, delivered his speech on horseback. The crowd shouted "Independence! Independence!" and "Palestine is our land, the Jews are our dogs!"[3] Arab police joined in applause, and violence started.[9] The Arab mob ransacked the Jewish Quarter of Jerusalem, attacked pedestrians and looted shops and homes. They ripped open their quilts and pillows, sending up clouds of feathers associated by Jews with the European pogroms. The Torath Chaim Yeshiva was raided, and Torah scrolls were torn and thrown on the floor, and the building then set alight.[3] During the next three hours, 160 Jews were wounded.[9]

Khalil al-Sakakini witnessed the eruption of violence in the Old City:

"[A] riot broke out, the people began to run about and stones were thrown at the Jews. The shops were closed and there were screams... I saw a Zionist soldier covered in dust and blood... Afterwards, I saw one Hebronite approach a Jewish shoeshine boy, who hid behind a sack in one of the wall's comers next to Jaffa Gate, and take his box and beat him over the head. He screamed and began to run, his head bleeding and the Hebronite left him and returned to the procession... The riot reached its zenith. All shouted, "Muhammad's religion was born with the sword"... I immediately walked to the municipal garden... my soul is nauseated and depressed by the madness of humankind."[10]

The British response was erratic. After the violence broke out, Ze'ev Jabotinsky met Governor Storrs and suggested deployment of his volunteers, but his request was rejected. Storrs confiscated his pistol and demanded to know the location of his other weapons, mentioning that Jabotinsky should be arrested for possessing a firearm. Later, Storrs changed his mind and asked for 200 volunteers to report to the police headquarters to be sworn in as deputies. After they arrived and the administering of the oath had begun, orders came to cease and he sent them away. Arab volunteers had also been invited, and were likewise sent away. The army imposed night curfew on Sunday night and arrested several dozen rioters, but on Monday morning they were allowed to attend morning prayers and were then released. Arabs continued to attack Jews and break into their homes, especially in Arab-majority mixed buildings.[3]

On Monday, as disturbances grew worse, the Old City was sealed off by the army and no one was allowed to exit the area. Martial law was declared, but looting, burglary, rape, and murder continued. Several homes were set on fire, and tombstones were shattered. British soldiers found that the majority of illicit weapons were concealed on the bodies of Arab women.[3]

On Monday evening, the soldiers were evacuated from the Old City, a step that was later declared "an error of judgment" by a court inquiry. The Old City's Jews had no training or weapons, and Jabotinsky's men had been concentrated outside the walled-city.[3]

Two of his volunteers entered the Old City's Jewish Quarter disguised as medical personnel to organize self-defense of its residents; they prepared rocks and boiling water, and managed to smuggle some out. One of the volunteers was Nehemia Rabin (Rubitzov), the future father of Yitzhak Rabin.[3]

Several British soldiers were sent to search Jews for arms at the demand of the Palestinian Arab leadership; the British searched the offices and apartments of the Zionist leadership, including Weizmann's and Jabotinsky's homes. At Jabotinsky's house, they found three rifles, two pistols, and 250 rounds of ammunition. Nineteen men were arrested, but not Jabotinsky, who went to the jail of his own volition to insist on his arrest. A military judge released him because he had not been home when the guns were discovered, but he was again arrested a few hours later. Storrs personally ensured that Jabotinsky received clothing from home, a mattress, and food from an adjacent hotel. It took the British authorities four days to put down the riots.[3]

Aftermath
Ze'ev Jabotinsky

Four Arabs and five Jews were killed, while wounded were 216 Jews, 18 critically; 23 Arabs, one critically. The majority of the victims were members of the old Yishuv, non-Zionist or anti-Zionist Orthodox Jews. About 300 Jews from the Old City were evacuated.[3]

The Jewish casualties are identified by the Israeli Government[11] as:

Meyer Gani (21), clerk in the Mandatory government
    Matityahu Michal Gross (age unknown), scholar
    Abraham Samuel Haramati Schwartz (35), judge
    Shmuel Eliezer Silberman (69), carpenter
    Yossef Hamedi (age unknown), scholar

Meinertzhagen claimed, to the Foreign Secretary, Lord Curzon, that a number of anti-Semitic and anti-Zionist officers in the military administration had initiated the riots to prove the Jewish national home policy had no chance of success.

In particular, Meinertzhagen asserted that Allenby's chief of staff, Colonel Bertie Harry Waters-Taylor, had given explicit instructions to Mohammad Amin al-Husayni on how to demonstrate to the world that Palestinian Arabs would not tolerate Jewish rule. However, Meinertzhagen had his own reason for blaming the riots on his colleagues as only four days before them he had written to the Foreign Office that all was quiet and that no trouble was anticipated. According to Tom Segev, "In his diary Meinertzhagen sounds like something of a lunatic and is therefore a doubtful source for such a serious charge. But his accusations did represent a general feeling". Allenby subsequently protested to Curzon and Meinertzhagen was ordered out of Palestine.[3]

The Zionist Commission supported Meinertzhagen's claims, noting that Arab milkmen demanded their customers in Meah Shearim pay them on the spot, explaining that they would no longer be serving the Jewish neighbourhood. Christian storekeepers had marked their shops in advance with the sign of the cross so that they would not be mistakenly looted. A previous commission report also accused Storrs of inciting the Arabs, blaming him for sabotaging attempts to purchase the Western Wall as well. A petition circulated among American citizens and presented to their consul protested that the British had prevented Jews from defending themselves.[3]

After the riots, Storrs visited Menachem Ussishkin, the chairman of the Zionist Commission, to express "regrets for the tragedy that has befallen us",

-Ussishkin asked, "What tragedy?"
    -"I mean the unfortunate events that have occurred here in the recent days", Storrs said.
    -"His excellency means the pogrom", suggested Ussishkin.
    When Storrs hesitated to categorize the events as such, Ussishkin replied,
    -"You Colonel, are an expert on matters of management and I am an expert on the rules of pogroms."[3]

British security forces searching Jewish civilians, April 1920.

Jabotinsky was convicted of possessing the pistol that he had handed over to Storrs on the riot's first day, among other things. The primary witness was none other than Ronald Storrs, who said he "did not remember" being told about the self-defence organisation. He was sentenced to 15 years' imprisonment and sent to Egypt, though the next day he was returned to Acre. His trial and sentencing created an uproar, and were protested by London press including The Times and questioned in the British Parliament. Even before the editorials appeared, the commander of British forces in Palestine and Egypt, General Congreve, wrote Field Marshal Wilson that Jews were sentenced far more severely than Arabs who had committed worse offences. He reduced Jabotinsky's sentence to a year, and that of the 19 to six months. Over 200 were put on trial, including 39 Jews.[3]

The Palin Commission (or Palin Court of Inquiry), a committee of inquiry sent to the region in May 1920 by the British authorities, examined the reasons for this trouble. According to A Survey of Palestine, Volume 1[12][citation needed]:

    Savage attacks were made by Arab rioters in Jerusalem on Jewish lives and property. Five Jews were killed and 211 injured. Order was restored by the intervention of British troops; four Arabs were killed and 21 injured. It was reported by a military commission of inquiry that the reasons for this trouble were:--

        (a) Arab disappointment at the non-fulfilment of the promises of independence which they claimed had been given to them during the war.
        (b) Arab belief that the Balfour Declaration implied a denial of the right of self-determination and their fear that the establishment of a National Home would mean a great increase in Jewish immigration and would lead to their economic and political subjection to the Jews.
        (c) The aggravation of these sentiments on the one hand by propaganda from outside Palestine associated with the proclamation of the Emir Feisal as King of a re-united Syria and with the growth of Pan-Arab and Pan-Moslem ideas, and on the other hand by the activities of the Zionist Commission supported by the resources and influence of Jews throughout the world.

The court placed the blame for the riots on the Zionists, 'whose impatience to achieve their ultimate goal and indiscretion are largely responsible for this unhappy state of feeling'[13] and singled out Amin al-Husayni and Ze'ev Jabotinsky in particular. The latter, however, was not, as the Court believed, an exponent of 'Bolshevism', which it thought 'flowed in Zionism's inner heart', but rather fiercely anti-Socialist. They had confused his politics with that of the Socialist-aligned Poalei Zion ('Zionist Workers') party, which it called 'a definite Bolshevist institution.' The document was never published. It was not even signed until July 1920, after the San Remo conference and replacement of the military administration with a civilian government under Sir Herbert Samuel.[3]

Some rioters were punished. Musa Kazim al-Husayni was replaced as mayor by the head of the rival Nashashibi clan. Hajj Amin al-Husayni and Aref al-Aref were each sentenced to 10 years in absentia, since by then both had fled to Syria.

One of the most important results of the riot was that legal Jewish immigration to Palestine was halted by the British, a major demand of the Palestinian Arab community. Also, feeling that the British were unwilling to defend them from continuous Arab violence, Palestinian Jews decided to set up an underground self-defense militia, the Haganah ("defense"). Furthermore, the riots prompted the Arab leadership in Palestine to view themselves less as southern Syrian Arabs and more as a unique Palestinian Arab community.[3]

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WHERE ARE THE RUINS OF KING SOLOMON'S TEMPLE?

Lecture, presented at America Lodge No.475, F. & A.M. by Leslie L. Szepesi

 

Freemasonry has to be divided into two periods: The Prehistoric and Historic. The first is tradi- tional or symbolical; the second is based on facts or evidences. Many of the prehistoric Masonic legends are really founded, as we shall endeavor to shown on a his- torical basis. For example: the legend of King Solomon's Temple. The belief, that Freemasonry as it now exist, was organized at the Temple of Solomon. Although al-most everywhere is accepted by Freemasons, who have not made the subject a historical study. Casting aside the old theory of Freemasonry, having an origin at the Temple of King Solomon and seeking in the records of the past, we can find a closer and more probable connecting link in the chain of evidence.

The oldest Masonic document is the Halliwell Manuscript - which was written in 1,390 AD. - it didn't give any references to Masonry before the Flood. It begins with the foundation of Masonry in Babylon. The fact however remains that in this Manuscript the Temple is directly and definitely referred to as a place, where Masons met in great numbers. One more reference to the Temple is in the first Charge, which is: "That you shall be a true man to God and the Holy Church". There is no mention of King Solomon's Temple. The Cook Manuscript -which was written in 1,490 AD.- puts the origin of Masonry at the time of the building of the Tower in Babylon. Nimrod was the first Grand Master, who made a first Charge; frames the first Constitution, that Freemasons ever had. Originally Nimrod was a Sumerian in Babylon, around 3,000 BC. His name was Nib-úr (Nib = panther; úr = hero). The discovery of the original inscriptions of great significance to prove, that Nimrod had actually been a historical personage. He was described as the founder of all the king- doms of Mesopotamia: Uruk, Akkad, Babylon and Assyria, and the royal city of Kish.

In 2,800 BC. Sargon I. the Akkadian took over the power in Babylon and the Akkadian language was used. Akkadian is the different dialect of the agglutinative Sumerian language. Nib-úr became "Nimrú" in the Akkadian language. The Hebrews borrowed the name, when they were in "captivity" at Babylon and changed it to "Nimrod" to make it phonetically suitable in their own language. The description of Nimrod in the Bible is: "A mighty hunter before the Lord". The Babylonians and Hebrews called the "Orion" star constellation "Nimrú." Orion is the only star constellation that looks like "a hunter with an arrow."

One, who carefully reads the Halliwell and Cook Manuscripts finds unmistakable evidence, that Nimrod organized the first Craft of Masonry. From Babylon Masonry was carried into Persia, Chaldea, Egypt and thence were carried into Greece and Rome. In Egypt, the pyramid-builder's priestly elite called each other "Brother Mason". Their god was "Ptah" and they called Him "Great Architect of the Universe". Their symbols and rituals were passed on to Freemasons by the Tem-plars and Jesuits, without any knowledge of natural science and architecture. The early Freemasons were a secret society. They were the inheritors of an ancient and pre-Chris- tian tradition handed down from ancient times.

Their object was magic in the kabalistic sense. This object of Freemasonry was represented under the form of a true Church - as mentioned in the first Charge,- whose cornerstone is Christ. Those early Freemasons have adopted, that Christ is the Grand Master and was put to death while laying the foundation of the mystical Temple of human nature. At that time Masonry was not it became later: It was neither a political institution nor a social club, but a true secret organization.The Jews were excluded from the original lodges of Freemasons as being great enemies of the Grand Master, Jesus. (See Appendix #1)

The mentioned facts were the general belief of the Fraternity until about the 17th or the beginning of the 18th century. At this time, members of the Society of Jesus (the Jesuits) and the emancipated Jews moved into the Masonic Lodges, where there sought to get control over Masonic Institutions, schools, churches and even businesses. A very powerful Masonic lodge, the Illuminati -which were founded by a young Jew, Adam Weishaupt- influenced many Masonic lodges in Europe. They accepted the revolutionary ideals of liberty, universal brotherhood, love and the political aims of equality. They became "politi- cal Masonic lodges". The political philosophy of this lodges mapped out the ground plan of the French Revolution and all the leftist revolutions. The original leaders of the French revolution were Masons: Jacques Danton, Maximilien Robespierre and Jean Paul Marat. Likewise, most leaders of the communist revolutions in the world were Masons. (See Appendix #2) The Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite was a brainchild of Jesuit Chevalier Ramsay, under instruc- tions of the Jesuit College of Clermont at Paris. His Oration was delivered at the Masonic Lodge of St.Thomas in Paris on March 21, 1737. "Our ancestors, the Crusaders and Knights Templars gath- ered together from all parts of Christendom in the Holy Land, wished to reunite into one sole Fra- ternity embracing the individuals of all nations". In 1743, the "Kadosh" degree was invented by Jesuit Ramsay, and "it represents the revenge of the Templars."

The origin of Freemasonry began to be cast aside, and another one in denial of the old Manuscripts was put in its place. Freemasonry was no longer believed to have begun at the Tower of Babylon. From the Old Testament King Solomon's Temple was accepted, as the place of its birth; and Solomon, not Nimrod or Christ was called the first "Grand Master." (See Appendix #3) We must analyze the Hebrew/Jewish and Judeo-Christian religious backgrounds to understand the dramatic changes in the Masonic tradition. In 538 BC. when the Hebrews returned from the Babylonian captivity to their homeland Judea, Nehemiah a Babylonian Hebrew had knowledge of the Sumer-Babylonian religion and made moral and liturgical reforms in rededicating the Hebrews to "Yahweh" (Jehovah). He completely adopted the Sumer-Babylonian religious laws and scriptures, but made necessary changes by substituting all the Sumer-Akkad names by Hebrew ones. For example: let's compare Moses birth as told in the Bible with that of Sargon I, whose birth story is exactly the same, but Sargon I. lived more than 1,500 years before Moses. The original stone-tablet of the story of Sargon's birth was found in Kouyunjik Iraq, and translated by George Smith and published in the "Assyrian Antiquities" book. Nehemiah's reform was carried through systematically by Ezra. The first theological books were written in 100 BC. the "Torah", which contains the oral and written laws, customs and ceremonies; the "Talmud", which contains the scriptural laws and the Hebrew traditions.

Rabbi Kaufmann wrote in "The Biblical Era" book, that "The foundations of the Hebrew/Jewish religion such as myth of the Creation, devotional exercise, order of the clergy, prophecies, psalms, code of laws and morals are inherited from the traditions of the Middle East.(See Appendix #4) The New Testament was written in the 4th century AD. in Greek language and translated to Latin in the 6th century AD. They were the "Codex Sinaiticus" and the "Codex Vaticanus". In order to lega- lize the "new religion" and establish the priesthood and church hierarchy, bishop Eusebius of Cae- sarea (260 to 340 AD.), a Church historian made an appropriate selection of parts of the Hebrew Canon of scriptures, known as the "Old Testament" and integrated them into a carefully revised collection of Christian writings, known as the "New Testament". The early Church Fathers accepted them in 325 AD. at the first Council of Nicea (in Turkey - modern name is Iznik) and the combined books became the "Holy Book" of all the Christian Churches. (See Appendix #5) The legend of the King Solomon's Temple is in the adopted Hebrew scriptures, called the "Old Testa- ment". We have to look back into history if we want to find out the truth. Solomon was the son of David, but since David himself was a mythological hero, with no historical proof to the contrary, we are under no obligation to believe he had a son named Solomon. Accord- ing to Chronicles 9:23 "all kings of the earth sought his presence."...If this be so, it is strange none of them mention him. His time, allegedly was just prior to Homer and Hesiod, yet they do not men- tion King Solomon. Herodotus who traveled through-out the entire Middle East does not mention him, or even the Hebrews.

The Temple of Jerusalem, which all archeologist have shown to be a structure with nothing like the pretended antiquity of its erection, and incorrectly called after a fictitious monarch, whose name proves his mystical character. (See Appendix #6) The name of Solomon is made up of the three ancient Sun names: The Roman SOL, the Hindu OM, and the Chaldeo-Egyptian ON. The architecture and the inside arrangements of the allegorical Solomon Temple were undoubtedly borrowed from the Egyptians and described it in the Hebrew scriptural book. His "Holy Temple" has gone down in history as one of the greatest of all buildings, yet according to specifications it was small indeed, only about 40 x 120 feet. Compared to other ancient Temples, this one was insignificant. Consider Nagkon-Wat in Cambodia, for instance. It is 769 x 588 x 250 feet, elaborately carved and columned. In the stonework there are approximately 100,000 figures, one picture occupying 240 feet. King Solomon's Temple was a poor imitation of the Great Sandstone Temple of "Horus", near Edfu in Upper Egypt.

According to the Old Testament, Solomon's Temple was surrounded with spacious courts. In the court of the priests was an altar. From this court 12 steps ascended to the Temple, which was divid- ed into three parts: the Porch; the Sanctuary and the Holy of Holies. The Temple of Edfu has the same arrangement. King Solomon's Temple was 120 ft. long and 40 ft. wide and it was completed in 957 BC.(?) Temple of Edfu is 450 ft. long and 150 ft. wide and it was built around 1,300 BC. It has two tall obelisks at the Porch. King Solomon's Temple had two pillars at the Porch. The right pillar was "Jachin", which means: "to establish" and the left one was "Boaz", which means: "in strength". The Hypostyle Hall of the Temple of "Osiris" in Abydos, Upper Egypt has two pillars at the en- trance. The right pillar is "Tattu", which means: "to establish", and the left one is "Tat", which means: "in strength". The Temple and the Hall were built around 2,500 BC. The Ark of the Covenant in King Solomon's Temple had exactly the same dimensions as the baptis- mal font in the King's chamber of Khufu or Cheops pyramid at Gizeh, near Cairo. The pyramid was built between 3,733 and 3,700 BC. (See Appendix #7) According to the Old Testament, King Solomon's Temple originally was built on very hard rock on Mt. Moriah. Its foundation were laid very deep. The Temple was destroyed by Nebuchadnezzar II. of Babylonia in 586 BC. The archeologist dug out cities and ruins of the ancient civilizations, but they didn't find the ruins of King Solomon's Temple in spite of fact, that they knew that the Temple loca- tion was on Mt. Moriah, and that it was built on very hard rock, and that the foundations were very deep in the ground.

The historical facts are:

1.) The founders of Jerusalem were the Turanian Hurrians. The Bible calls them Jebusites. Manetho the Egyptian priest (300 BC.) called them Royal Shepherds, he also called them Royal Scythians and Phoenices (See Appendix #8). The city which they founded was called Solyma. Alexander the Great put the world "Iero" or "Hiero" (Holy) in front of the city's name and pronounced it "Hiero-solyma". The city was called Solyma or Hierosolyma for many years. Josephus Flavius the Hebrew historian (37-100 AD.) in his writings always uses the name Solyma instead of Jerusalem. In 70 AD. when the Roman Titus destroyed the Temple and demolishing the city, the soldiers were shouting "Hierosolyma est perdita!" meaning "Hierosolyma (Jerusalem) is destroyed!" This name:"Templum Hiero-Solyma" carved onto the "Triple Tau" column of the Knights Templar's shrine at Rosslyn, Scotland. The chapel construction and stone work completed in 1480 AD. The Hebrews written down the name of Solyma like this: SLM (no vowels). We can pronounce it S(o)L(y)M(a), or S(a)L(e)M. Later the city called "Uru-Salem". The word "Iero" or "Hiero in front of the city's name remained and pronounced it "Iero Uru-Salem", "Ierusalem", finally "Jerusalem."

2.) In 1,015 BC. the alleged David purchased a small part of the city of Uru-Salem from Urukhi or Uriah, king of the Jebusites. The Bible says: "and the children of Benjamin did not drive out the Jebusites that inhabited Jerusalem; but the Jebusites dwell with the children of Benjamin in Jerusalem unto this day" (Judges 1:21). So, the Jebusites still dwelled Jerusalem in the 7th century AD. in the period when the Masoretic Bible was constructed. The Jebusites shared their Sun-God Temple with the Hebrews, who were worshipped Tammuz Moloch and other gods.This Temple was built on Mt .Moriah to the Jebusites' Sun-God "Nib-Utu" (Shamash). It was built by the pattern of the Egyptian Temples of Osiris and the Egyptian sacred number "3" governed the exterior proportion of the building (width x 3 = length), and its interior design (porch, sanctuary and the Holy of Holies). In 1130 AD. the Scotch Templars were excavated a place at Mt. Moriah (Temple Mount) on the spot where the alleged temple of Solomon had stood. During their work they found two stones which were the cornerstones of the Jebusites Temple. In the foundation stones of the Temple had Phoenician cuneiform epigraph and a Crux Gammata (swastika), the symbol of the Sun-God. The Scotch Knights took the stones with them, and used one of the stone as a cornerstone of the first temple at Edinburg. The second stone was preserved at the Rosslyn Chapel at South Scotland. Dome of the Rock at the Temple Mount was built upon the other two cornerstones.

3.) In the early 6th century BC. the Jebusites' city Uru-Salem and the Sun-God Temple were des- stroyed by Nebuchadnezzar II., King of Babylon, and the captivity of the Hebrews began.

4.) In 538 BC. Cyrus II. of Babylonia let the Hebrews return to their homeland. For the adopted new religion and the glory of "Yahweh" (Jehovah), in 515 BC. Nehemiah and his companions built the first Hebrew Temple, over the foundation of the Jebusites' Sun-God Temple on Mt. Moriah. In 333 BC. Alexander the Great destroyed the walls around it, but not the Temple. In 54 BC. this Temple was plundered and destroyed by the Roman Crassus.

5.) The second Hebrew Temple was built by Herod, King of Judea over the remains of Nehemiah's Temple. This Temple was larger than the previous Temples, and to accommodate its expanded foundations and the greatly increased size of the Temple Mount, a massive retaining wall was built on the southwest side of the Temple Mount. Herod was of Edomite descent, though of Hebrew (Judaic) face. In 40 BC. he was appointed as King of Judea and governor of Galilee by the Roman Senate. When the Roman Titus crushed the Hebrew Revolt and destroyed Jerusalem in 70 AD. they razed the temple to the ground. While nothing remains of the temple itself, large portions of the enclosure (re- taining) walls still remains. The most famous remnants are the lower portions of the Western Wall, known as the Wailing Wall. Modern archeological research confirms that the alleged Solomon Temple, as it described in the Old Testament, bears unmistakable resemblance to the actual Temple in Uru-Salem (Jerusalem) built by the Phoenicians for the Jebusites' Sun God.

6.) In 638 AD. the Muslim caliph Omar I. entered Jerusalem and during the period from 685 to 691 the 10th Caliph Abd-el-Malik ibn Marwan built the Dome of the Rock right over the foun- dation of the ancient Jebusites' Temple. Other Islamic shrine on the Temple Mount is the al-Aqsa Mosque (one of Islam's largest and holiest mosques) was built 715 AD. on the southwest side of the Temple Mount. The Great Constantine (306 to 337 AD.) and his mother built a few churches there. A few churches remained intact, also a few ruins can be found there. The present Western Wall or Wailing Wall formed no part any of the previous temples. All that remains of the elaborate structure is part of the retaining wall. Then as now, it was merely a retaining structure for Temple Mount. Where are the ruins of King Solomon's Temple?

APPENDIX.

#1...The early Freemasons:

They accepted the early Christian teachings (Essenes, Gnostic), based on the Great Oriental, Chal-dean Kabalah (not Hebrew) and Magic....This was occult wisdom, transmitted from the beginning of the world and matured by Christ....St.Paul uses the "building" and "laying the foundations" imagery, describes his community as "God's building", and he as the "architect" and Jesus Christ as the "cornerstone". These are the terms used by Jesus and all of the Nazarenes that have been passed down to the early Christians, the Knights Templars, Rosicrucians and Freemasons. God's building of early Freemasonry was represented under the form of the Temple of the Knights Tem- plars...Not King Solomon's Temple, but this mystical Temple which to be built of men, or living stones. Christ was the Grand Master, the Light from the East". It recognizes man as the living Temple of God, that Temple which was built without "sound and hammer, or noise whatever". St.Augustine (founder of the Christian Theology) made this statement: "What is now called the Christian religion, existed among the ancient". Eusebius of Caesarea -the church historian- had this to say: "That the religion by Jesus Christ of all nations is neither new nor strange. The ancient Essenes (Therapeutae) were Christians and their writings are our Gospel and Epistles."

#2...Political Masonic Lodges:

The Illuminati were founded 1776 in Bavaria, Germany. Within a short period of time had lodges all over Germany, Austria, and branches founded in France, Switzerland, Hungary and Italy. The Bavarian mother lodge conducted a secret operation to infiltrate Masonic lodges and established power base within Continental Freemasonry as part of her long-term plan to use the secret soci- eties for political change in Europe. By 1788 nearly every lodge in the Grand Orient had been in- filtrated by supporters of Illuminist. The Comte de Mirabeau confessed that the ground plan for the French Revolution was discussed at the Grand Masonic Congress in 1785 at Wilhemsbad, Germany, which he attended as a delegate of the French Masonic lodges. When the Bastille was stormed (1789), Comte de Mirabeau said: "The idolatry of the monarchy has received a death blow from the sons and daughters of the Order of Knights Templars"...Jacques de Molay (the last Grand Master of the Templars) had been imprisoned in the Bastille. It is said that when the French King was executed a voice cried out from the crowd "de Molay is avanged!" Comte Cagliostro confessed, that the House of Rothschild, the international banking family had supplied founds to finance the French Revolution, and that they were acting as agent for the Masonic-Illuminist. The representatives of the Illuminati had been placed a large sums of money in Holland, Italy, France and England. Cagliostro was a Freemason, Illuminati and the creator of the Egyptian Freemasonry.

After the French Revolution the Masonic-Illuminist didn't alter their purpose for a major political reforms in Europe. They already had overthrown Louis XVI, completely ruined the dynasty of the Bourbon. Their next aim was to destroy the dynasty of Hohenzollerns in Prussia and Germany, the Habsburgs in Austria-Hungary (dual monarchy), and the Romanovs in Russia. In 1794 the Illuminist attempted to overthrow the Habsburgs in Austria. In 1820 was the Carbonari (secret society) revolution in Italy. They had connections with both the

Freemasons and the Illuminati.

In 1825 at St.Petersburg with help of the Illuminist French Freemasonry, the Russian Decembrist rebelled against Czar Nicholas I. The Masonic Convention in 1842 (Strassbourg,France) planted the seeds of the 2nd French Revolu- tion in 1848 which spread like wildfire across many European countries. Behind the assassination attempt against Kaiser Franz Josef von Habsburg in 1882 and the assas- sination of his wife Empress Elizabeth von Habsburg in 1898 were Masonic-Illuminati lodges. The two assassins (William Oberdank and Lucheni) were themselves Masons. Crown Prince Rudolf von Habsburg allegedly shot dead his mistress, baroness Maria Vetsera and then committed suicide in the hunting lodge at Mayerling in 1889. After the tragic deaths rumors have circulated that Freemasons had murdered the Crown Prince. There is no evidence of this accusation, but this raises a legitimate question: why were the two alleged eye-witnesses mur- dered? The two alleged eyewitnesses were the armour-bearer of the Crown Prince, and forester Wolf of Mayerling.

In 1914, Grand Duke Franz Ferdinand and his wife Duchess Sophia were assassinated in Sara- jevo, Bosnia. Their assassins were Cabrinovits, Grabec, major Tankosits and dr.Kasimirovits. The four principal assassins were Freemasons. Before of the Grand Duke and his wife assassi- nation, the four assassins and several other persons from Serbia had met with members of the French Masonic-Illuminati lodges at the Hotel Jerome in Toulouse France in January 1914. Deed of Sarajevo and its international repercussions were to cause not only the downfall of the Habsburgs and Hohenzollerns, but also that of the Romanov dynasty which was swept away by the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917.

In Russia in November 7, 1917 the Bolsheviks came to power. The leaders of the Revolution were Lenin (Uljanov / Berg), Trotsky (Lev Davidovich Bronstein), Zinovjev (Apfelbaum), Kamenev (Rosenfeld), Sverdloff (Sobelsohn) were all Freemasons, and 40% of the commissars also were Freemasons or belonged to some secret society. It is no secret that the German Freemasons by the German military had aided Lenin and the Bolsheviks in the Russian revolution. In 132 AD. during the Hebrew revolt in Judea, the revolt leader Bar-Kochba and his followers were wearing the self- same insignia (the red five-pointed star) on their hat, which 1800 years later Trotsky's terror gangs were wearing in Russia. On April, 1917 armed with an American passport (authorized by President Wilson, who was a Freemason), Leon Trotsky left the United States with $40 million funds, pro-vided by Wall Street bankers ( Schiffs, Warburgs, Kuhn & Loeb Co., Rothschilds, Rockefellers, Morgans, and Harrimans) to help Lenin overthrow the Provisional Government in Russia (Congres- sional Records of September 2, 1919).

The French Grand Orient was behind the 1918 socialist revolution in Austria, the communist upris- ing in defeated Germany and the communist terror in dismembered Hungary. In 1918 after the World War I the representatives of nations who participated in the formation of the League of Nations were Freemasons. The delegates of the 1919-1920 peace conference in Paris were under pressure of the Freemasons majority: President Wilson (USA), M.Clemenceau (France), Lloyd George (Britain), Signor Orlan- do (Italy). Behind the curtains were Masaryk and Benes (Czeh-Bohemian). The Austro-Hungarian Empire was broken up altogether. A little Austria was left, and clipped, and a mutilated Hungary. Germany was crippled. France (represented by the Grand Lodge of France) declared itself the win- ner, and sole arbiter of a new Europe. The French fury (Clemenceau), unjust treaties, and punitive treatment of Paris-Versailles-Trianon were the motive of the World War II. British foreign secretary Lord George Nathaniel Curzon, another delegate, said he felt the treaty only set the stage for more war and even predicted the date. "This is no piece; this is only a truce for twenty years," he stated at the 1919 Versailles conference. Word War II. indeed began in 1939, exactly twenty years later. In 1920 a new Illuminist's front organization arose from the Paris meeting. In Britain this organi- zation was called the Institute for International Affairs (IIA), while in New York it operated as the Council for Foreign Relations (CFR). The finances for the group came from wealthy international bankers.

In the 1920s Nesta Webster exposing the so-called Masonic-Illuminist world domination plan. She claimed that the international banking system working through the Masonic lodges, and they were behind the revolutionary movements of the 18th and 19th centuries. Webster's theories were widely accepted all over Europe, and by the British politicians, including Sir Winston Churchill. In 1945, after the 2nd World War, the United Nations Organization was founded by Masonic-Illumi- nist (President Franklin Roosevelt), UK (Round Table-Illuminist) and the Bolsheviks of the Soviet Union. At the UN the policy making body was staffed by CFR, IIA and Bolshevik agents. In 1947 another Illuminist front organization was created, called the United World Feder- alists (UWF).

In 1954 the Bilderberg Group was founded, and in 1970 the Tri-lateral Commission. Both power groups associated with the CFR and the international bankers. All these Illuminist organizations act as a shadow government, promoting internationalist policies and world government. They are the followers of Adam Weishaupt and his Illuminist doctrine.

#3...Changes of the Rituals:

Mayer Amschel Rothschild, founder of the major banking family, and supporter of Freemasons and the French Revolution was Jewish. The Blue Lodge and Scottish Rite degrees used in the lodges were Christian in nature. This created problems for all the leading bankers, including the Rothschilds, and the other emancipated Jews who may have wanted to participate. To solve the dilemma, effort were made to change the rituals in order to make Freemasonry acceptable to Jews. From the Old Testament King Solomon's Temple was accepted as the birthplace of Free- masonry. The accepted change created three Grand Masters, based upon a literal interpretation of an allegory, which is central to the initiation ritual of a Master Mason. The three Grand Masters of the Masonic Order: the mythical King Solomon, Hiram, King of Tyre, and a mythical Hiram, called "Hiram Abiff." This changes created two more problems; 1./ In Masonic ritual the master builder, Hiram Abiff is murdered and the Temple of Solomon is never finished, while the biblical account says that the temple was indeed finished and Hiram the metalworker went home, alive and well. 2./ In the ritual, Hiram Abiff murdered because he didn't divulge the "Master's World" (secret of the Master Mason) to the three Fellow Crafts. In the Blue Lodge, where the Master representing King Solomon, agrees with King Hiram (Senior Warden) that "Mah-Hah-Bone" shall be used as a substitute for the "lost Master's World" until wiser ages shall discover the true one. Freemasons has never possessed the "lost world". The adepts of various countries, a limited num- ber among the chiefs of the Templars, some Rosicrucians and Arabian alchemist could really had possession of the Secret World. The substitute for the "lost world" is a modern invention. "Maha" in Sanskrit signifies "great", what the mysterious Eastern Brothers used in their initiation and ceremonies. "Bone" came from the French "bon" (good). The two words had combined together; it is meaningless!

Hiram Abiff was a symbolic representative of Osiris, the Egyptian god of death and rebirth. The Mysteries of Osiris formed the third degree or summit of the Egyptian Initiation. In the third de- gree of Freemasonry the candidate impersonates Hiram Abiff. A very limited knowledge of the history is necessery to enable any person to recognize in the Grand Master Hiram Abiff, the Osi- ris of the Egyptians, the Mithras of the Persians, the Christ of the Greeks, the Dionysus of the Fraternity of the Artificers and the Atys of the Phrygians. Hiram Abiff was the son of the priest King of Astarte/Adonis - Hiram, king of Tyre. Abiff means "of" or "from" my Father. He was a member of the Dionysian Architects, who first appeared around 1,000 BC. when the Jebusites' Temple at Uru Salem was being erected. Not King Solomon's Temple! He was a wor- shipper of the Goddess Astarte and was responsible for designing her Temples in Tyre, Phoenicia. The Roman architect and master builder Vitrivius (1st century AD.) was the last initiated member of the Dionysian Architects. Hiram, King of Tyre have been a priest king of the cult of Astarte. He was the Grand Master of the Dionysian Architects. The name Hiram was understood by the early Freemasons as an anagram. It meant: Homo Iesus Redemptor AnimaruM (Jesus a man, redeemer of souls). Others explained the name: Homo Iesus Rex Altissimus Mundi (Jesus a man, king of the highest world)

#4...The Adopted Religion (Old Testament):

The Bible's creators were plagiarists and they got their knowledge from older races. The religion of the Masters -Egyptians and Babylonians- was transferred almost bodily into the re- vealed scriptures of the Hebrews and from there into Christianity. The source of the Biblical myths are Phoenician, Chaldean and mostly Indian, and the original of it may be found in the Mahâbhârata .Most of the Biblical myths borrowed from the Vedic-Brahman- ical literature, latter borrowed from the Chaldeans and Persians, shaped them into a history of the Hebrew nation, in which their spirit of philosophy was buried beyond the recognition. The first, second, third, fourth and fifth chapters of Genesis taken word for word from the secret Book of Numbers of the Great Oriental (Chaldean) Kabalah. Many texts of Old Canaanite mythology discovered at Ugarit. These texts not only constitute a liter- ature of high standing and great originality, but also have an important bearing on Old Testament studies. It is now evident that the patriarchal stories in the Old Testament were based on written documents of Canaanite origin.

There is no real history in the Old Testament, and the little historical information one can glean is only found in the indiscreet revelations of the prophets. The book as a whole, must have been written at various times, or rather invented as an authorization of some subsequent worship. Out of the 149 Biblical Psalms (the 14th is identical with the 53rd), 47 were copied from Yasna, the second part of the Persian Zend Avesta. Authors of the Bible were borrowed 15 more Psalms from Yasna, but they put their own ideas into them also. They composed 87 new Psalms. Pure Psalms which are borrowed from the Zend Avesta: the 35th, 36th, 37th, 38th, and the 119th. The 104th Psalm is a prayer. It has written by Pharaoh Amenhotep (Akhenaton) to the Egyptian Sun-God Aton. The "Ecclesiastes" is an imitation of the Persian Holy Writ. "Song of Solomon" is very similar to the love poems of the Sumerian King Shu-sin, which are in the museum of Istanbul (Turkey) under the number 2461.

"The book of Job" was written by a Persian priest in dialogue and it is a narration of the moral pre- cepts of the Zend religion. The contents of the "Proverbs" reveals where it was written; the condi- tions of the state, social life and the country's climate lead us back to the Zend Avesta and Persia. The Psalms are poetry, but strip them of poetry and what is left? Flattery, selfishness, greed and cow- ardice. They are cry for help, a bargaining with God. This is not a "heroic faith"; it is spiritual deg- radation and ignorance.

#5...The New Testament:

The New Testament was of the same nature, age and race as the Old. We should therefore expect to find in it the same theology, methodology and formula. The New is not different from the Old. Moses is the Savior of the Old Testament, and such is Jesus of the New. The New Testament in many places a greatly altered version of the original accounts on which it is based. In addition, probably 5% of all that Jesus and his original followers taught is found in the Bible. In 125 AD. St. Irenaeus said, "There was a multitude of Gospels" in his day. Those that came down to us are but the ones the priesthood needed for its purpose, the rest is destroyed. Many of the changes and deletions to the New Testament were made by special church councils. The editing process began as early as 325 AD. (First Council of Nicea), and continued well into the 12th century. Many passages were originally written using code words whose meanings were lost over time, causing misinterpretations. In other instance there was just plain tampering to advance some then current dogma or political agenda. The Bible scholars agreed; that "One of the most important purposes of this tampering was to support the aims of those who sought to make Christianity more attractive to potential Hebrew/ Jewish converts by proving that the events of Jesus' life fulfill prophecy from the Old Testament". Mythic methodology used throughout the entire Bible.

# 6...The Temple of Jerusalem:

Contradictions of the Biblical narrator prove, that King Solomon did not build a Temple in Jerusalem. According to Kings 1 chapter 5:1-6, Solomon ask help and support from "Hiram, King of Tyre", to build a Temple. He agreed to support Solomon and in addition he sent him a brassmaker, whose name was "Hiram" too (7:13-14). However, the Chronicles 2 chapter 2:3,11 said, that "Huram, King of Tyre" and "Huram", the Brassmaker, so, the Chronicles 2 called them "Huram" instead of "Hiram". The Kings 1 chapter 5:13 stated: "and King Solomon raised a levy out of Israel; and the levy was 30,000 men". In chapter 5:15 the Biblical narrator raised this number, saying "the hewers in the mountains were 80,000 men" and those who "bare burdens were 70,000 men". In Chronicles 2. Chapter 2:17 said "Solomon numbered all the men and they were found 150,000"; therefore not 30,000 men......In Kings 1. chapter 5:16 mentioned 3,300 overseers, which is 3,600 in the Chronicles 2. chapter 2:18. From the perplexing descriptions we understand as much, that altogether 150,000 men cut down trees in the mountains and carried them to the construction side of the Temple. If anybody analyses this given numbers logically, would find out that these numbers are irrational. In Biblical times, in Palestine there could have not lived so many able-bodied men. For the construction of a 40'-0" x 120'-0" (12.19 meter x 36,50 meter) based temple it was not necessary to employ 150,000 workmen and the duration of 7 years. But those 150,000 could have cleared the jungle of Brazil, and could have built up a city which would have had more than several millions inhabitants. According to Kings 1. chapter 6:2,"the Temple height thereof 30 cubits" (45'-0" - 13.71 meter) and in chapter 7:15, "the 2-pillars of brass of 18 cubits high apiece" (27'-0" - 8.23 meter). However in the Chronicles 2. chapter 3:4, "and the height of the Temple was 120 cubits" (180'-0" - 54.86 meter), and in chapter 3:13, "the 2-pillars of 35 cubits high" (52'-6" - 16.00 meter).

#7...Ark of the Covenant:

The Hebrew Ark of the Covenant was an adaptation of the Egyptian Ark and bears a close resem- blance to the sacred Ark of the Egyptians, even to the kneeling figures upon its lid. The relief on the Temple of Philae shows Egyptian priests carrying their Ark upon their shoulders. The Tabernacle of the Hebrews was merely a temple patterned after the Temples of Egypt, and transportable to meet the needs of that roving disposition for which the Hebrews were famous. Every ancient race had its Ark. The Ark represents the Holy of Holies and it was one of the most im- portant symbols in the religious ceremonies of the ancients. The Covenants were not rare in the Near Eastern religions. Similar to Abraham's covenant the Hittite king Hattusilis III made such a cove- nant with Ishtar.

#8...Founders of Jerusalem:

Manetho the Egyptian priest says in his Sacred Books: "The nation called Hyksos (Shepherds) were Pâli shepherds of the Indus Valley, who emigrated from India and conquered Egypt. After 200 years of ruling they were driven out of Egypt. They journeyed through the wilderness and built a city in Judea, which they called Solyma" (Jerusalem). The founders of Solyma called their city of Scythian's holy Sólyom -gyrfalcon or the Solyma(sz)- falconer. Manetho called them Royal Shepherds. He also called them Royal Scythians and Phoenices. Marcus Julianus Justinus the Roman historian (3rd century AD.) states in his book (Historiae Philippiace et totius mundi origines et terrae situs) that the Phoenicians were Shepherds (Hyksos), who came from the east and settled down first near the north side of the Assyrian Lake, which is the Persian Gulf. Later migrated north west from this land and built a city on the shore of the Mediterranean Sea, which they called Túr. In 332 BC. Alexander the Great conquered this city and changed it's name to Tyre.

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