KALONYMOS, RICCARDI OF LIUCCA,HASIDISM,CHABAD LUBAVITCH

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From the Wide Awake Gentile at NWO Broadcast Corp
KALONYMOS,RICCARDI OF LIUCCA,HASIDISM,CHABAD LUBAVITCH
https://nwobroadcastcorp.wordpress.com/2023/05/16/kalonymosriccardi-of-liuccahasidismchabad-lubavitch/

Kalonymos or Kalonymus is a prominent Jewish family who lived in Italy, mostly in Lucca and in Rome, which, after the settlement at Mainz and Speyer of several of its members, took during many generations a leading part in the development of Jewish learning in Germany. The family is according to many considered the foundation of Hachmei Provence and the Ashkenazi Hasidim.

The origins of the family go back to eighth-century Italy, although the name Kalonymus appears in talmudic literature. The father of Onkelos, the great translator of the Bible, was, according to Avodah Zarah 11a, called Kalonymus, although other sources refer to him by a different name, e.g., Kolonikos (Git. 56b). Two major events stand out in the family's history: the migration of the family from southern Italy to Germany in the ninth century, and their leadership of the Jews in Germany during the Crusades, especially during the massacres of 1096 (the year of the First Crusade) and the subsequent upheaval of the 12th and 13th centuries. The Kalonymus family tree, despite many attempts, has not been accurately described. The family had many branches, with the same names frequently recurring in different cities and different generations, so that it is very easy to confuse them. The best and most complete tradition regarding the history of the family is given in a small polemical work written probably around 1220 by *Eleazar b. Judah (b. Kalonymus) of Worms, the author of the Roke'aḥ.The name Kalonymus appears also among some families in Provence, where several great scholars and writers bear that name, for example the 13th-century writers Kalonymus ha-Nasi of Beaucaire and Kalonymus ben Kalonymus of Arles, author of Even Boḥan. However, it is not known whether the Provençal rabbis of this name were connected with the Italian-German family.

The leading Kalonymos family members carried the title of Nasi

The Kalonymos family were also very probably the founders and leading lights of"Riccardi of Lucca" a medieval merchant society in Lucca, Tuscany (in modern-day Italy). At their greatest extent, they had branches in Rome, Bordeaux, Paris, Flanders, London, York and Dublin.

The Riccardi of Lucca had a long-term banking relationship with King Edward I of England (Edward Longshanks who according to Hollywood treated (((WilliamWallace))) so cruelly) between 1272 and 1307. Prior to 1272, the English kings had occasional dealings with Italian merchants, mainly in purchasing luxury goods for the household and arranging for balance transfers to Rome. The outbreak of war between England and France in 1294 led to a credit crunch in international money markets. When Edward sought financial support from the Riccardi, they were unable to advance him any funds. In response, Edward seized the Riccardi's assets in England, effectively bankrupting them

800 odd years later (((Hollywood))) was to extract talmudic vengeance on Edward via the movie Braveheart

The Riccardi derived significant benefits from their connection to the English monarchy, such as using the King's Exchequer Courts to pursue their debtors and special access to the English wool market. During the period where they were bankers to the English Crown, the Riccardi were involved in around half of all the forward contracts with English wool producers. Forward contract prices were calculated manually using techniques similar to those used in modern-day quantitative finance. When the relationship between the English Crown and Riccardi broke, England was unable to raise finance in international money markets and had to impose heavy levels of domestic taxation. These tax demands had wide repercussions on the 13th-century English economy and were one of the main causes of the constitutional crisis of 1297.

Eleazar of Worms ( a member of the Kalonymos family) stresses the fact that the family received "secrets" orally from the Babylonian scholar, Aaron son of Samuel. Generally, the Jewish communities in southern Italy were under the influence of the center of learning in Palestine, and not in Babylonia. It seems, therefore, that the traditions transmitted from generation to generation within the Babylonian and Palestinian elements of the family were fused together into one

Ḥasidism, also spelled Chasidism, (from Hebrew ḥasid, "pious one"), a 12th- and 13th-century Jewish religious movement in Germany that combined austerity with overtones of mysticism. It sought favour with the common people, who had grown dissatisfied with formalistic ritualism , as reflected in the movement's great work, Sefer Ḥasidim.

The leaders of the movement were Samuel ben Kalonymos, the Ḥasid; Judah ben Samuel, the Ḥasid of Regensburg (his son); and Eleazar ben Judah of Worms. All these men were members of the Kalonymos family that had migrated from Italy

Excessive penitential practices gave the movement a sombreness that was entirely lacking in the far more significant Ḥasidic movement that arose in 18th-century Poland.

There are perhaps a dozen major Hasidic movements today, the largest of which (with perhaps 100,000 followers) is the (Chabad )Lubavitch group headquartered in Brooklyn, NY. Other groups include the Bobov, Bostoner, Belzer, Gerer, Satmar, Vizhnitz, Breslov, Puppa, Bianer, Munkacz, and Rimnitz. In Israel, the major Hasidic groups besides the Lubavitch include: Gor (Gerer), Viznitz and Bealz (Belzer).