The "Economist" and Bilderberger Jew Paul Samuelson -- founder of "Big Government" Jew Scams

[CrackSmokeRepublican]

If you study his writings, this guy was a Marxist Jew Leninist by any other name that helped bankrupt the USA over several decades... always keep in mind that whether the Soviet Union or the USA... BIG GOVERNMENT and CONTROL is always J-Tribe 100%... and... he was a Bilderberger to boot... always beware of "Financial Js"... they are the most dangerous to any Goyim society since they act in accordance with the Protocols despite themselves and their academic pretensions...   --CSR


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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Samuelson

Paul Anthony Samuelson (May 15, 1915 – December 13, 2009) was an American economist, and the first American to win the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences. The Swedish Royal Academies stated, when awarding the prize, that he "has done more than any other contemporary economist to raise the level of scientific analysis in economic theory."[1] Economic historian Randall E. Parker calls him the "Father of Modern Economics",[2] and The New York Times considered him to be the "foremost academic economist of the 20th century."[3]

He was author of the largest-selling economics textbook of all time: Economics: An Introductory Analysis, first published in 1948. It was the second American textbook to explain the principles of Keynesian economics and how to think about economics, and the first one to be successful,[4] and is now in its 19th edition, having sold nearly 4 million copies in 40 languages. James Poterba, former head of MIT's Department of Economics, noted that by his book, Samuelson "leaves an immense legacy, as a researcher and a teacher, as one of the giants on whose shoulders every contemporary economist stands."[1] In 1996, when he was awarded the National Medal of Science, considered America's top science honor, President Bill Clinton commended Samuelson for his "fundamental contributions to economic science" for over 60 years.[1]

He entered the University of Chicago at age 16, during the depths of the Great Depression, and received his PhD in economics from Harvard. After graduating, he became an assistant professor of economics at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) when he was 25 years of age and a full professor at age 32. In 1966, he was named Institute Professor, MIT's highest faculty honor.[1] He spent his career at MIT where he was instrumental in turning its Department of Economics into a world-renowned institution by attracting other noted economists to join the faculty, including Robert M. Solow, Paul Krugman, Franco Modigliani, Robert C. Merton and Joseph E. Stiglitz, all of whom went on to win Nobel Prizes. Samuelson was instrumental in the initial development of Indian Institute of Management Calcutta, the first Indian Institute of Management.[5]

He served as an advisor to Presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson, and was a consultant to the United States Treasury, the Bureau of the Budget and the President's Council of Economic Advisers. Samuelson wrote a weekly column for Newsweek magazine along with Chicago School economist Milton Friedman, where they represented opposing sides: Samuelson took the Keynesian perspective, and Friedman represented the Monetarist perspective.[6] Samuelson died on December 13, 2009, at the age of 94.

Biography

Samuelson was born in Gary, Indiana, on May 15, 1915, to Frank Samuelson, a pharmacist, and the former Ella Lipton. His family, he said, was "made up of upwardly mobile Jewish immigrants from Poland who had prospered considerably in World War I, because Gary was a brand new steel town when my family went there."[3]    In 1923 Samuelson moved to Chicago; he studied at the University of Chicago and received his Bachelor of Arts degree there in 1935. He then completed his Master of Arts degree in 1936, and his Doctor of Philosophy in 1941 at Harvard University. As a graduate student at Harvard, Samuelson studied economics under Joseph Schumpeter, Wassily Leontief, Gottfried Haberler, and the "American Keynes" Alvin Hansen. Samuelson comes from a family of well-known economists, including brother Robert Summers, sister-in-law Anita Summers, and nephew Larry Summers.

During his seven decades as an economist, Samuelson's professional positions included:

    Assistant Professor of Economics at M.I.T, 1940, Associate Professor, 1944.
    Member of the Radiation Laboratory 1944-1945.
    Professor of International Economic Relations (part-time) at the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy in 1945.
    Guggenheim Fellowship from 1948 to 1949
    Professor of Economics at M.I.T. beginning in 1947 and Institute Professor beginning in 1962.
    Vernon F. Taylor Visiting Distinguished Professor at Trinity University (Texas) in Spring 1989.

Death

Samuelson died after a brief illness on December 13, 2009, at the age of 94.[7] His death was announced by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.[3] James M. Poterba, an economics professor at MIT and the president of the National Bureau of Economic Research, commented that Samuelson "leaves an immense legacy, as a researcher and a teacher, as one of the giants on whose shoulders every contemporary economist stands".[7] Susan Hockfield, the president of MIT, said that Samuelson "transformed everything he touched: the theoretical foundations of his field, the way economics was taught around the world, the ethos and stature of his department, the investment practices of MIT, and the lives of his colleagues and students".[8]

Impact

Samuelson is considered to be one of the founders of neo-Keynesian economics and a seminal figure in the development of neoclassical economics. In awarding him the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences the committee stated:

    More than any other contemporary economist, Samuelson has helped to raise the general analytical and methodological level in economic science. He has simply rewritten considerable parts of economic theory. He has also shown the fundamental unity of both the problems and analytical techniques in economics, partly by a systematic application of the methodology of maximization for a broad set of problems. This means that Samuelson's contributions range over a large number of different fields.

He was also essential in creating the Neoclassical synthesis, which incorporated Keynesian and neoclassical principles and still dominates current mainstream economics. In 2003, Samuelson was one of the 10 Nobel Prize winning economists signing the Economists' statement opposing the Bush tax cuts.[9]
[edit] Thermodynamics and economics

Samuelson was one of the first economists to generalize and apply mathematical methods developed for the study of thermodynamics to economics. As a graduate student at Harvard, he was the sole protégé of the polymath Edwin Bidwell Wilson, who had himself been a student of Yale physicist Willard Gibbs.[10] Gibbs, the founder of chemical thermodynamics, was also mentor to American economist Irving Fisher and he influenced them both in their ideas on the equilibrium of economic systems.[11][12]

Samuelson also published one of the first papers on nonlinear dynamics in economic analysis.[13]

Samuelson's 1947 magnum opus Foundations of Economic Analysis, from his doctoral dissertation, is based on the classical thermodynamic methods of American thermodynamicist Willard Gibbs, specifically Gibbs' 1876 paper On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances.[14][15][16]

In 1947, based on the Le Chatelier principle of thermodynamics, a principle taught to Samuelson by Wilson in lecture, he established the method of comparative statics in economics. This method explains the changes in the equilibrium solution of a constrained maximization problem (economic or thermodynamic) when one of the constraints is marginally tightened or relaxed. The Le Chatelier principle was developed by French chemist Henri Louis le Chatelier, who is notable for being one of the first to translate Gibbs' equilibrium papers (in French, 1899). Samuelson's use of the Le Chatelier principle has proven to be a very powerful tool and found widespread use in modern economics.[17] Attempts at neo-classical equilibrium economics analogies with thermodynamics generally, go back to Guillaume and Samuelson.[18]

Publications
Samuelson, 1997

Samuelson's book Foundations of Economic Analysis (1947, Enlarged ed. 1983), is considered his magnum opus. It is derived from his doctoral dissertation at Harvard University, and makes use of the classical thermodynamic methods of American thermodynamicist Willard Gibbs.[14] The book proposes to:

    examine underlying analogies between central features in theoretical and applied economics and
    study how operationally meaningful theorems can be derived with a small number of analogous methods (p. 3),

in order to derive "a general theory of economic theories" (Samuelson, 1983, p. xxvi). The book showed how these goals could be parsimoniously and fruitfully achieved, using the language of the mathematics applied to diverse subfields of economics. The book proposes two general hypotheses as sufficient for its purposes:

    maximizing behavior of agents (including consumers as to utility and business firms as to profit) and
    economic systems (including a market and an economy) in stable equilibrium.

In the course of analysis, comparative statics, (the analysis of changes in equilibrium of the system that result from a parameter change of the system) is formalized and clearly stated.

The chapter on welfare economics "attempt(s) to give a brief but fairly complete survey of the whole field of welfare economics" (Samuelson, 1947, p. 252). It also exposits on and develops what became commonly called the Bergson–Samuelson social welfare function. It shows how to represent (in the maximization calculus) all real-valued economic measures of any belief system that is required to rank consistently different feasible social configurations in an ethical sense as "better than," "worse than," or "indifferent to" each other (p. 221).

There are 388 papers to date in Samuelson's Collected Scientific Papers. Stanley Fischer (1987, p. 234) writes that taken together they are unique in their verve, breadth of economic and general knowledge, mastery of setting, and generosity of allusions to predecessors.

Samuelson is also author (and since 1985 co-author) of an influential principles textbook, Economics, first published in 1948, now in its 19th edition. The book has been translated into forty-one languages and sold over four million copies; it is considered the best-selling economics textbook in history. Written in the shadow of the Great Depression and World War II, it helped to popularize the insights of John Maynard Keynes. A main focus was how to avoid, or at least mitigate, the recurring slumps in economic activity. Samuelson wrote: "It is not too much to say that the widespread creation of dictatorships and the resulting World War II stemmed in no small measure from the world's failure to meet this basic economic problem [the Great Depression] adequately."[19] This reflected the concern of Keynes himself with the economic causes of war and the importance of economic policy in promoting peace.[20] Samuelson's influential textbook has been criticized for including comparative growth rates between the US and Soviet Union that were inconsistent with historical GNP differences.[21] The 1967 edition extrapolates the possibility of Soviet/US real GNP parity between 1977 and 1995. Each subsequent edition extrapolated a date range further in the future until those graphs were dropped from the 1985 edition.[22]

Samuelson is co-editor of Inside the Economist's Mind: Conversations with Eminent Economists (Blackwell Publishing, 2007), along with William A. Barnett, a collection of candid interviews with top economists of the 20th century.

Fields of interest

As professor of economics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Samuelson worked in many fields including:

    Welfare economics, in which he popularised the Lindahl–Bowen–Samuelson conditions (criteria for deciding whether an action will improve welfare) and demonstrated in 1950 the insufficiency of a national-income index to reveal which of two social options was uniformly outside the other's (feasible) possibility function (Collected Scientific Papers, v. 2, ch. 77; Fischer, 1987, p. 236).    (Popularized Jew SNAP Cards and outsourcing...most assuredly...--CSR)

    Public finance theory, in which he is particularly known for his work on determining the optimal allocation of resources in the presence of both public goods and private goods.  
    International economics, where he influenced the development of two important international trade models: the Balassa–Samuelson effect, and the Heckscher–Ohlin model (with the Stolper–Samuelson theorem).  

    Macroeconomics, where he popularized the overlapping generations model as a way to analyze economic agents' behavior across multiple periods of time (Collected Scientific Papers, v. 1, ch. 21).

    Consumer theory, he pioneered the Revealed Preference Theory, which is a method by which it is possible to discern the best possible option, and thus define consumer's utility functions, by observing the consumer behaviour.

Miscellaneous

Stanislaw Ulam once challenged Samuelson to name one theory in all of the social sciences which is both true and nontrivial. Several years later, Samuelson responded with David Ricardo's theory of comparative advantage: That it is logically true need not be argued before a mathematician; that is not trivial is attested by the thousands of important and intelligent men who have never been able to grasp the doctrine for themselves or to believe it after it was explained to them.[23]

For many years, Samuelson wrote a column for Newsweek. One article included Samuelson's most quoted remark, and a favorite economics joke:

    To prove that Wall Street is an early omen of movements still to come in GNP, commentators quote economic studies alleging that market downturns predicted four out of the last five recessions. That is an understatement. Wall Street indexes predicted nine out of the last five recessions! And its mistakes were beauties.[

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Bilderberg and the West

by Peter Thompson
excerpted from the book
Trilateralism

edited Holly Sklar
South End Press, 1980

 
Introduction
Western Europe, the United States and Canada have experienced a considerable degree of coherence in policy and outlook since World War II. Foreign policies, particularly, have been coordinated vis-a-vis both socialist countries and the colonies and the neo-colonies of the Third World. Such cooperation, whatever its limitations, had never before been achieved although these same countries had long been the dominant world powers.
The U. S.-led Western empire of the last four decades has worked through a number of international economic, political, and strategic institutions, some of which claim to be universal: the United Nations, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OCED), the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). But it is the secret gatherings of powerful West Europeans and North Americans known as the Bilderberg meetings which have filled, to some degree, the need to coordinate the transnational system of the West.
Bilderberg's name comes from the group's first meeting place, the Hotel de Bilderberg of Oosterbeek, Holland, in May 1954. Participants in the meetings over the last twenty-five years have included most of the top ruling class actors in the postwar history of Western Europe and North America (unlike the Trilateral Commission, Japanese participants are excluded...

There is certainly room for disagreement about the role of the Bilderberg meetings in the flow of events since its founding in 1954. In my view, Bilderberg is neither a world super-government; nor is it merely a club where incidental shoptalk takes place, as some portray it. Top executives from the world's leading multinational corporations meet with top national political figures at Bilderberg meetings to consider jointly the immediate and long-term problems facing the West. Bilderberg itself is not an executive agency. However, when Bilderberg participants reach a form of consensus about what is to be done, they have at their disposal powerful transnational and national instruments for bringing about what it is they want to come to pass. That their consensus design is not always achieved is a reflection of the strength of competing resisting forces-outside the ruling capitalist class and within it.

Bilderberg is not the only means of Western collective management of the world order; it is part of an increasingly dense system of transnational coordination. The foreign policies of nation-states, particularly economic and monetary policies, have always been a highly elitist matter. Policy options are proposed, reviewed, and executed within the context of a broad bipartisan consensus that is painstakingly managed by very small circles of public and private elites.
Democratic interference in foreign policy is avoided, in so far as possible, throughout the Western capitalist democracies. Where necessary, a consensus is engineered on issues which must get congressional/parliamentary approval, but wherever possible executive agreements between governments are used to avoid the democratic process altogether. Nonetheless, in the long run, orchestration of affirmative public opinion on foreign policy matters is often necessary for the effective pursuit of foreign policy objectives. Failure to cultivate public support can lead to trouble for the policy makers when-as in the case of the Vietnam War-broad sectors of the public democratically challenge ruling class policy. More commonly, though, policies are pursued with impunity.
Bodies like the U.S. Council on Foreign Relations (CFR); the British Royal Institute for International Affairs, commonly known as "Chatham House"; and transnational counterparts like Bilderberg and the Trilateral Commission play a crucial role in formulating policy directions, molding establishment consensus, and even testing for likely opposition. These institutions propagate the resulting policy positions throughout their network of authoritative channels (university publications, public officials, forums, etc.) setting the limits of respectable foreign policy debate. How well or poorly this elite apparatus works can be evaluated by considering postwar U.S. policy toward Europe and by assessing the role of Bilderberg in pushing Western Europe toward closer regional unification and toward deeper alliance with the United States and Canada...
 
The 1960s: Atlantic Economic and Political Problems on the Rise

... Throughout the late sixties and seventies, Bilderbergers discussed internal as well as external security and stability. In 1968, Bilderberg was scheduled to take up the issue of "internationalization of business," but other issues were bearing more heavily on the participants. President Johnson had announced his retirement to coincide with the initiation of Peace Talks on Vietnam (with Harriman as chief U.S. negotiator). The student revolt in France was o bring that country to a halt within a fortnight with worker support...

Having missed the boat in its programming for 1968, Bilderberg attempted to catch up in 1969 by addressing "elements of instability in Western society." At that meeting participants also worked through disagreements in the West over the handling of the 1968 Russian invasion of Czechoslovakia. In 1970, just before the Nixon/Kissinger invasion of Cambodia which toppled neutralist Prince Sihanouk and produced a storm of antiwar protest on and off university campuses, Bilderbergers set themselves to strategically considering the "future function of the university in our society." Numerous Bilderbergers were (and are) involved in education. From the U.S., participants included Paul Samuelson, MIT professor, noted author and government consultant in economics and resource planning; Graham T. Allison, now dean of the Kennedy School at Harvard University; and Andrew Cordier, dean of the School of International Affairs at Columbia University 1962-68, and acting president during the student occupation of 1968 among others.

In April 1971 Bilderbergers extended their preoccupation with "current problems of social instability" into the more creative realm of "the contribution of business in dealing with" these problems. "The possibility of a change of the American role in the world and its consequences" was another issue of importance. In August 1971 Nixon formally broke with central agreements of the postwar economic system so carefully architected by the Bilderbergers and other elite planners...