The Seeds that brake the Concrete

Started by ada, March 31, 2012, 12:50:26 PM

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ada

Braveheart Ryan Dawson on the holocaust
"The holocaust is used for the total war mentality"
[vimeo]http://vimeo.com/29866086[/vimeo]
http://vimeo.com/29866086


ada

[youtube:1899i2d4]http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mO6-P9RfztA[/youtube]1899i2d4]

    150 000 Jews in Hitler's Army        
       
          
                            
             This bit of              history was hidden from us              until researcher Bryan Mark              Rigg (a Jew!) recently uncovered             Hitler's Jewish              Army             
                             "Not every victim was a                 Jew but every Jew was a victim." -Elie                 Wiesel speaking of World War II.
                "If there were Jews in                 (Hitler's) armed forces...who served knowing what was going                 on and made no attempt to save (lives), well then that is                 unacceptable and dishonorable." -Rabbi                 Marvin Hier, director of the Simon Wiesenthal Institute.
                          
 
             Thousands of men of Jewish descent              and hundreds of what the Nazis called 'full Jews' served in the              German military with Adolf Hitler's knowledge and approval.
             
 
             Cambridge University researcher Bryan Rigg has traced the              Jewish ancestry of more than 1,200 of Hitler's soldiers,              including
             
                          Two field marshals, (God              knows how many Jews they killed)
 

                          Fifteen generals, (God              knows how many Jews they killed)
                          Two full generals, (God              knows how many Jews they killed)
                          Eight lieutenant generals,              (God knows how many Jews they killed)
             Five              major generals,             "commanding up to 100,000 troops. (God only knows how              many Jews they killed) "
             
                             
 
                In approximately 20 cases,                 Jewish soldiers in the Nazi army were awarded                Germany's highest                 military honor, the Knight's Cross.
                One of these Jewish veterans is                 today an 82 year old resident of northern Germany, an                 observant Jew who served                 as a captain and practiced his religion within the Wehrmacht                 throughout the war.
                One of the Jewish field                 marshals was Erhard Milch, deputy to Luftwaffe Chief Hermann                 Goering. Rumors of Milch's Jewish identity circulated widely                 in Germany in the 1930s.
                In one of the famous anecdotes                 of the time, Goering falsified Milch's birth record and when                 met with protests about having a Jew in the Nazi high                 command, Goering replied, ``I decide who is a Jew and who is                 an Aryan.''
 

                                       
 
                          DID THE JEWS IN HITLER'S ARMY              CAUSE THE 'HOLOCAUST'?
             
             Rigg's research also shed light on stories surrounding the              rescue by German soldiers of the Lubavitcher grand rabbi of that              time, who was in Warsaw when the war broke out in 1939.
             Joseph Isaac Schneerson was spirited to safety after an              appeal to Germany from the United States. Schneerson was              assisted by a German officer Rigg has identified as the highly              decorated Maj. Ernst Bloch, whose father was a Jew.
             Jews also served in the Nazi police and security forces as              ghetto police (Ordnungdienst) and concentration camp              guards (kapos).
             So what happens to the claim that Hitler sought to              exterminate all Jews, when he allowed some of them to join in              his struggle against Bolshevism and International finance              capitalism?
             
                             "If the Jews were permitted to serve in Hitler's armed                 forces then there could not have been a Holocaust."
              
             During World War II thousands of Jews served in the Wehrmacht,              many awarded the Cross for Bravery. Jews serving in the SS. Were              they also in the Gestapo? As 'Gestapo' is an abbreviation of "Geheime              Stadt Polizei", meaning State Secret Police,
             
 
             Sources:
                             William D. Montalbano, "The                 Jews in Hitler's Military," Los Angeles Times,                 Dec. 24, 1996.
                Tom Tugend, "Grad student                 uncovers Jews who fought for Adolf Hitler," Jewish                 Telegraph Agency, Dec. 26, 1996.
                Lenni Brenner, Zionism                 in the Age of the Dictators.
                          
             Hitler's Jewish Soldiers             The Untold Story of Nazi Racial Laws and Men of Jewish              Descent in the German Military             Bryan Mark Rigg             
                             
               Military service book of "half-Jew" Hermann Aub
               
               
               
 
               
                             
                             Soldiers taking the oath of allegiance to Hitler
               
               
 
                             
                   
                                                                  "Half-Jew" Horst Geitner was awarded both the Iron                       Cross Second Class and the Silver Wound Badge.

                                                                  This photo of "half-Jew" Werner Goldberg, who was                       blond and blue-eyed, was used by a Nazi propaganda                       newspaper for its title page. Its caption: "The                       Ideal German Soldier."

                   
                   
                                            
                                           "Half-Jew" Commander Paul Ascher, Admiral Lütjens's                       first staff officer on the battleship Bismarck;                       Ascher received Hitler's                      Deutschblütigkeitserklärung. (Military awards:                       EKI, EKII, and War Service Cross Second Class.)

                      
                                           "Quarter-Jew" Admiral Bernhard Rogge wearing the                       Ritterkreuz; he received Hitler's                      Deutschblütigkeitserklärung. (Military awards:                       oak leaves to Ritterkreuz, Ritterkreuz, samurai                       sword from the emperor of Japan, EKI, and EKII.)                      

                   
                   
                                                                  "Half-Jew" Johannes Zukertort (last rank general)                       received Hitler's Deutschblütigkeitserklärung.                      

                      
                                           "Half-Jew" Colonel Walter H. Hollaender, decorated                       with the Ritterkreuz and German-Cross in Gold; he                       received Hitler's Deutschblütigkeitserklärung.                       (Military awards: Ritterkreuz, German-Cross in Gold,                       EKI, EKII, and Close Combat Badge.)

                   
                
             
                             
               
                             "Half-Jew" and later Luftwaffe General Helmut Wilberg;                 Hitler declared him Aryan in 1935. (Military awards:                 Hohenzollern's Knight's Cross with Swords, EKI, EKII.)
               
               
 
                             
               
                             "Half-Jew" and field-marshal Erhard Milch (left) with                 General Wolfram von Richthofen. Hitler declared Milch Aryan.                 He was awarded the Ritterkreuz for his performance during                 the campaign in Norway in 1940.
               
               
 
                             
               
                             General Gotthard Heinrici, who was married to a "half-Jew,"                 meeting Hitler in 1937.
               
               
 
               
               
               
                             Contrary to conventional views, Rigg reveals that a                 startlingly large number of German military men were                 classified by the Nazis as Jews or "partial-Jews" (Mischlinge),                 in the wake of racial laws first enacted in the mid-1930s.                 Rigg demonstrates that the actual number was much higher                 than previously thought--perhaps as many as 150,000 men,                 including decorated veterans and high-ranking officers, even                 generals and admirals.
               
 As Rigg fully documents for the first time, a great many of these men                 did not even consider themselves Jewish and had embraced the                 military as a way of life and as devoted patriots eager to                 serve a revived German nation. In turn, they had been                 embraced by the Wehrmacht, which prior to Hitler had given                 little thought to the "race" of these men but which was now                 forced to look deeply into the ancestry of its soldiers.
 
                The process of investigation and removal, however, was                 marred by a highly inconsistent application of Nazi law.                 Numerous "exemptions" were made in order to allow a soldier                 to stay within the ranks or to spare a soldier's parent,                 spouse, or other relative from incarceration or far worse.                 (Hitler's own signature can be found on many of these                 "exemption" orders.) But as the war dragged on, Nazi                 politics came to trump military logic, even in the face of                 the Wehrmacht's growing manpower needs, closing legal                 loopholes and making it virtually impossible for these                 soldiers to escape the fate of millions of other victims of                 the Third Reich.
                
 
                Based on a deep and wide-ranging research in archival and                 secondary sources, as well as extensive interviews with more                 than four hundred Mischlinge and their relatives, Rigg's                 study breaks truly new ground in a crowded field and shows                 from yet another angle the extremely flawed, dishonest,                 demeaning, and tragic essence of Hitler's rule.
                
 
                                   
                  Side and front photographs of "half-Jew" Anton Mayer,                    similar to those that often accompanied a Mischling's                    application for exemption.
                  
                  Hitler's Jewish Soldiers
                  
                  
Clip of one-hour documentary and Israel TV                    interview with the director Larry Price. Full video                    available at Amazon.com
                  
 
             
                                             As Many As 150,000 Jews
               Served In Hitler's Military
               
                    (Reuters) -- As many as 150,000 men of Jewish descent                    served in the German military under Adolf Hitler, some                    with the Nazi leader's explicit consent, according to a                    U.S. historian who has interviewed hundreds of former                    soldiers.
                  
                  Bryan Mark Rigg, history professor at the American                    Military University in Virginia, told Reuters on                    Thursday that the issue of soldiers of partial Jewish                    descent was long a somewhat taboo subject, overlooked by                    most academics as it threw up thorny questions.
                  
                  "Not everybody who wore a uniform was a Nazi and not                    every person of Jewish descent was persecuted," he said.                    "Where do they belong? They served in the military but                    lost mum at Auschwitz."
                  
                  According to the Nuremberg Laws of 1935, Jews or those                    of partial Jewish descent were unfit for military                    service, but Rigg tracked down and interviewed more than                    400 former soldiers of partial Jewish descent --                    labelled "Mischlinge" ("half-caste") by the Nazis.
                  
                  He estimates there were about 60,000 soldiers with one                    Jewish parent and 90,000 with a Jewish grandparent in                    the Wehrmacht, the regular army as distinct from the                    Nazi SS.
                  
                  "They thought 'if I serve well they're not going to hurt                    me and not going to hurt my family'," he said.
                  
                  However, on returning home from the campaign in Poland                    at the start of the war to find persecution of their                    families worsening, many soldiers classified as                    half-Jewish started to complain, prompting Hitler to                    order their dismissal in 1940.
                  
                  But many of these so-called half-Jewish soldiers                    continued to serve, sometimes due to delays in the                    discharge order reaching the front, because they                    concealed their background or because they applied and                    won clemency for good service.
                  
                  Many senior officers with Jewish ancestry won special                    permission to serve from Hitler himself.
                  
                  "History is not so black and white. History about                    Mischlinge shows how bankrupt the Nazi racial laws                    were," said Rigg.
                  
                  SENSITIVE SUBJECT
                  
                  While Germany has long been aware of men serving as                    soldiers who Nazi race laws should have classified as                    Jewish, most notably former Chancellor Helmut Schmidt                    and Luftwaffe Field Marshal Erhard Milch, Rigg's large                    estimate has surprised many.
                  
                  Die Welt daily called Rigg's book "Hitler's Jewish                    Soldiers" "one of the most important Holocaust studies                    of recent years". The author was in Berlin to launch the                    German language version.
                  
                       "The Mischlinge suffered the same fate in academic                       life as they did in real life. There was nobody to                       speak for them," Rigg said. "People thought it could                       be misinterpreted, it would be like saying: 'look                       they did it to themselves'."                   
                  
                  Rigg, who has served in the U.S. Marines and as a                    volunteer in the Israeli army, was moved to research the                    subject after he discovered his own Jewish ancestry                    while probing his family tree and after a chance meeting                    with a Jewish Wehrmacht veteran.
                  
                  Many of his subjects were telling their story for the                    first time and in some cases their families knew nothing                    of their Jewish heritage. "They would talk their hearts                    out, telling me all about this schizophrenic story they                    went through," he said.
                  
                  He is convinced that most of the soldiers of Jewish                    decent were not aware of the Nazis' systematic murder of                    Jews, noting that most half-Jews reported to deportation                    stations in 1944.
                  
                       "Most say they do not feel guilty about serving in                       the military, they feel guilty about what they                       didn't do to save their relatives," he said.                   
                  
                  
 PETER EPHROSS
                  Jewish Telegraphic Agency                                                      
                      
                                                  
                                                 "Half-Jew" and field-marshal Erhard Milch, left,                          stands with Gen. Wolfam von Richthofen. Hitler                          declared Milch an Aryan.                                                      Photo courtesy of University of Kansas
 

                         
                      
                   
                   In the summer of 1992, Bryan Mark Rigg, then a student                    at Yale, was in Germany researching his family history                    when he attended a screening of "Europa, Europa."
                  
                  Since his German wasn't so good, he asked an elderly man                    sitting next to him to translate the film, which tells                    the story of Shlomo Perel, a Jew who survived the                    Holocaust by falsifying his identity - and who served in                    the German army for part of World War II.
                  
                  After the movie, the man told Rigg that his story was                    similar to Perel's. Over a drink, the man told Rigg                    about his experiences as a "quarter-Jew" who had served                    for Germany on the Russian front.
                  
                  The conversation fascinated Rigg and spurred him to                    investigate whether there were more soldiers of Jewish                    descent in the Nazi army.
                  
                  He began checking - and sure enough, there were.
                  
                  What's more, little scholarly work had been done on                    these mischlinge, as the Nazis called Germans with                    Jewish roots.
                  
                  "They suffered the same fate in academic life that they                    did in the Third Reich. Nobody wanted them. Nobody                    claimed them. So nobody knows about them," Rigg, 31,                    told JTA recently.
                  
                  The encounter launched a 10-year odyssey for Rigg that                    culminated in "Hitler's Jewish Soldiers," which is                    making waves in both the media and academia.
                  
                  The Chronicle of Higher Education printed a lengthy                    article on Rigg and his book, and he appeared on a                    segment on NBC's "Dateline" last month, titled "Hiding                    in Plain Sight."
                  
                  In the book, Rigg tells the strange-but-true story of                    these wartime German soldiers with Jewish roots.
                  
                  Based on interviews with more than 400 of these former                    soldiers, along with some statistical extrapolation,                    Rigg concluded that more than 100,000 such soldiers -                    who were considered Jewish, according to Nazi racial                    laws - served in the German military.
                  
                  Many researchers consider this number an exaggeration                    and dismiss Rigg, who teaches at the online American                    Military University, as publicity-hungry.
                       
                     "This is not a bombshell," Raul Hilberg, one of the                       deans of Holocaust scholarship, recently told The                       Chronicle of Higher Education. "We have known that                       there were thousands" of men with Jewish roots "in                       the German army."                   
                  
                  Some also have taken aim at the book's title. After all,                    Rigg himself says that only 60 percent of the                    "half-Jews" and only 30 percent of the "quarter-Jews"                    who served as soldiers were Jewish according to Jewish                    law.
                  
                  Many didn't even know they were Jewish because their                    families had assimilated.
                  
                  But many scholars support Rigg in his contention that                    his book, based on his doctoral dissertation at                    Cambridge University in England, casts new light on Nazi                    policy and the Holocaust.
                  
                  Rigg's "diligent" and "sustained" research calls into                    question some previous assumptions about Nazi policy                    during the Holocaust, Holocaust scholar Michael                    Berenbaum told JTA. Rigg's book "shows that there was a                    greater degree of flexibility in the anti-Jewish policy                    than previously realized," says Berenbaum, author of                    "The World Must Know: The History of the Holocaust."
                  
                  Berenbaum highlights the importance of Rigg's evidence                    showing that, as late as 1943, Hitler was spending his                    time pondering the fate of individual soldiers with                    Jewish roots.
                  
                  While the German war machine was focused on battling                    allied forces, Hitler was "deciding whether this guy's                    face is Jewish. It's unbelievable," Berenbaum says.
                  
                  Rigg admits that it's a bit unbelievable that he became                    a Holocaust scholar.
                  
                  "Ten years ago, if you had asked me that this was going                    to happen, that we'd be sitting here talking about this,                    I'd be like, 'No way.' "
                  
                  Tall, fit and square-jawed - and prone to use the words                    "honored" and "gentlemanly" in conversation - Rigg looks                    more like a former football player and Marine from Texas                    - which, in fact, he is.
                  
                  As a teen-ager, Rigg attended the Fort Worth Christian                    Academy and spent time on Protestant missions.
                  
                  While researching his family history that summer in                    1992, Rigg found some records indicating that many of                    his mother's ancestors were Jewish.
                  
                  "I have some ancestors who were running around in skirts                    in Northern Scotland hacking up each other. That's part                    of my tradition as well. I also have some tradition                    going to the Temple Mount," he says.
                  
                  But it wasn't just his Christian upbringing that made                    him an unlikely candidate for research into the                    Holocaust. Throughout his research, he spoke to many                    scholars who dissuaded him from his work.
                  
                  He was told that the subject matter was either too                    tangential or would cause problems for Jews, Rigg                    recalls, but he turned the criticism into a challenge.
                  
                  It wasn't his first academic obstacle: As a young child,                    he failed first grade twice. Only when he was placed                    into a university-affiliated school did he begin to                    flourish.
                  
                  After high school, he was rejected from the Ivy League                    schools he had dreamed of attending. So he spent a fifth                    year of high school studying and playing football at an                    East Coast private school, and then was accepted at                    Yale.
                  
                  Even today, Rigg appears to be motivated by the                    discouragement he says he received from some scholars.
                  
                  At a lecture last month at the Leo Baeck Institute in                    New York, Rigg says some scholars "exuded an air of                    academic arrogance that irritated me." In an interview                    with JTA, he discussed his time spent in "the bowels of                    the academic establishment."
                  
                  Armed with this motivation, as well as some                    encouragement from his family and from scholars such as                    Jonathan Steinberg, his doctoral adviser at Cambridge,                    Rigg persevered.
                  
                  After spending time with some of the soldiers, Rigg felt                    he owed something to them - and to what he calls truth,                    which he uses without an ounce of irony.
                  
                  Rigg himself contributed to "personal truth" - "outing"                    some of these soldiers' Jewish roots to their own                    families.
                  
                  Some of the soldiers Rigg learned about became                    interested in their Judaism after the war, but others                    died without telling anyone - and Rigg was the one to                    inform their families.
                  
                  Even if many of his subjects didn't consider themselves                    Jewish, their experiences during the war highlight a                    gray spot in the world of the Holocaust, Rigg says.
                  
                       "Are they perpetrators or are they victims? Do they                       share the guilt or do they share the victimhood?" he                       asks. "They're between two stools all the time."                   
                  
                  So is Rigg, in many ways. Raised a fundamentalist                    Protestant, he studied at the Ohr Sameach Yeshiva in                    Jerusalem while conducting his research, and says he now                    professes that he believes in no specific religion                    beyond general "tolerance."
                  
                  His time at a yeshiva was just one of the turns Rigg's                    life has taken during the last decade. He also spent                    time in a program the Israeli Army runs for volunteers                    from abroad, and even did a stint in the U.S. Marine                    Corps from 1999 to 2001.
                  
                  But, he says, he made a commitment to his subjects to                    tell their story. He has done that both through his book                    and through an archive in the German city of Freiburg                    that he has filled with the fruits of his research.
                  
                  "Now I've honored that commitment and I can walk away                    after all this is done, and be happy,'' he says.
                  [url="http]http://www.jewishaz.com/jewishnews/020705/army.shtml[/url]
 

      Hitler's Jewish Soldiers - Perhaps        150,000 Jews Fought Valiantly
      
      The Untold Story of Nazi Racial Laws and Men of Jewish Descent in the        German Military
      
      By Bryan Mark Rigg
      2-17-02
      
      May 2002 496 pages,
      
      95 photographs,
      
      6 x 9 Modern War Studies Cloth ISBN 0-7006-1178-9, $29.95
      
      To be featured on NBC-TV's Dateline in June 2002
      
      On the murderous road to "racial purity" Hitler encountered unexpected        detours, largely due to his own crazed views and inconsistent policies        regarding Jewish identity. After centuries of Jewish assimilation and        intermarriage in German society, he discovered that eliminating Jews        from the rest of the population was more difficult than he'd        anticipated. As Bryan Mark Rigg shows in this provocative new study,        nowhere was that heinous process more fraught with contradiction and        confusion than in the German military. Contrary to conventional views,        Rigg reveals that a startlingly large number of German military men were        classified by the Nazis as Jews or "partial-Jews" (Mischlinge), in the        wake of racial laws first enacted in the mid-1930s. Rigg demonstrates        that the actual number was much higher than previously thought--perhaps        as many as 150,000 men, including decorated veterans and high-ranking        officers, even generals and admirals.
      
      As Rigg fully documents for the first time, a great many of these men        did not even consider themselves Jewish and had embraced the military as        a way of life and as devoted patriots eager to serve a revived German        nation. In turn, they had been embraced by the Wehrmacht, which prior to        Hitler had given little thought to the "race" of these men but which was        now forced to look deeply into the ancestry of its soldiers. The process        of investigation and removal, however, was marred by a highly        inconsistent application of Nazi law. Numerous "exemptions" were made in        order to allow a soldier to stay within the ranks or to spare a        soldier's parent, spouse, or other relative from incarceration or far        worse. (Hitler's own signature can be found on many of these "exemption"        orders.) But as the war dragged on, Nazi politics came to trump military        logic, even in the face of the Wehrmacht's growing manpower needs,        closing legal loopholes and making it virtually impossible for these        soldiers to escape the fate of millions of other victims of the Third        Reich. Based on a deep and wide-ranging research in archival and        secondary sources, as well as extensive interviews with more than four        hundred Mischlinge and their relatives, Rigg's study breaks truly new        ground in a crowded field and shows from yet another angle the extremely        flawed, dishonest, demeaning, and tragic essence of Hitler's rule.
      
      Side and front photographs of "half-Jew" Anton Mayer, similar to those        that often accompanied a Mischling's application for exemption. To see        more photographs from the book, click here "Through videotaped        interviews, painstaking attention to personnel files, and banal        documents not normally consulted by historians, and spurred by a keen        sense of personal mission, Rigg has turned up an unexplored and        confounding chapter in the history of the Holocaust.
      
      The extent of his findings has surprised scholars."--Warren Hoge, New        York Times "The revelation that Germans of Jewish blood, knowing the        Nazi regime for what it was, served Hitler as uniformed members of his        armed forces must come as a profound shock. It will surprise even        professional historians of the Nazi years." --John Keegan, author of The        Face of Battle and The Second World War "Startling and unexpected,        Rigg's study conclusively demonstrates the degree of flexibility in        German policy toward the Mischlinge, the extent of Hitler's involvement,        and, most importantly, that not all who served in the armed forces were        anti-Semitic, even as their service aided the killing process."--Michael        Berenbaum, author of The World Must Know: The History of the Holocaust "Rigg's        extensive knowledge and the preliminary conclusions drawn from his        research impressed me greatly. I firmly believe that his in-depth        treatment of the subject of German soldiers of Jewish descent in the        Wehrmacht will lead to new perspectives on this portion of 20th century        German military history."--Helmut Schmidt, Former Chancellor of Germany        "An impressively researched work with important implications for hotly        debated questions. Rigg tells some exquisitely poignant stories of        individual human experiences that complicate our picture of state and        society in the Third Reich."--Nathan A. Stoltzfus, Florida State        University, author of Resistance of the Heart: Intermarriage and the        Rosenstrasse Protest in Nazi Germany "An impressive work filled with        interesting stories. . . .
      
      By helping us better understand Nazi racial policy at the margins--i.e.,        its impact on certain members of the German military--Rigg's study        clarifies the central problems of Nazi Jewish policies overall."--Norman        Naimark, Stanford University, author of Fires of Hatred: Ethnic        Cleansing in Twentieth-Century Europe "An illuminating and provocative        study that merits a wide readership and is sure to be much        discussed."--Dennis E. Showalter, Colorado College, author of Tannenberg:        Clash of Empires "An outstanding job of research and analysis. Rigg's        book will add a great deal to our understanding of the German military,        of the place of Jews and people of Jewish descent in the Nazi state, and        of the Holocaust. It forces us to deal with the full, complex range of        possible actions and reactions by individuals caught up in the Nazi        system."--Geoffrey P. Megargee, author of Inside Hitler's High Command        "With the skill of a master detective, Bryan Rigg reveals the surprising        and largely unknown story of Germans of Jewish origins in the Nazi        military. His work contributes to our understanding of the complexity of        faith and identity in the Third Reich."--Paula E. Hyman, Yale        University, author of Gender and Assimilation in Modern Jewish History        and The Jews of Modern France "A major piece of scholarship which traces        the peculiar twists and turns of Nazi racial policy toward men in the        Wehrmacht, often in the highest ranks, who had partly Jewish        backgrounds. Rigg has uncovered personal stories and private archives        which literally nobody knew existed.
      
      His book will be an important contribution to German history."--Jonathan        Steinberg, University of Pennsylvania, author of All or Nothing: The        Axis and the Holocaust 1941-1943 "An original, groundbreaking, and        significant contribution to the history of the Wehrmacht and Nazi        Germany."--James S. Corum, School of Advanced Air Power Studies, author        of The Roots of Blitzkrieg and The Luftwaffe "Rigg's work has discovered        new academic territory."--Manfred Messerschmidt, Freiburg University,        author of Die Wehrmacht im NS-Staat (The Wehrmacht in the Nazi State)        BRYAN MARK RIGG received his B.A. with honors in history from Yale        University in 1996. Yale awarded him the Henry Fellowship for graduate        study at Cambridge University, where he received his M.A. in 1997 and        Ph.D. in 2002. Currently Professor of History at American Military        University, he has served as a volunteer in the Israeli Army and as an        officer in the U.S. Marine Corps. His research for this book has been        featured in the New York Times, Los Angeles Times, and London Daily        Telegraph. The thousands of pages of documents and oral testimonies (8mm        and VHS video) the author collected for this study have been purchased        by the National Military Archive of Germany. The Bryan Mark Rigg        Collection is housed in the Bundesarchiv-Militrarchiv in Freiburg,        Germany.

 

 

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