Being Savage # 48 -Research notes and stuff - the 13th tribe

[Anonymous]

Dunlap's Khazars - The book AK based 13th tribe on - only partial

Another sourced used by AK from 1907 but this one paints a very strange picture indeed pg 402

The Many hand signals of Arthur Koestler the initiated

Cossacks write a letter

http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.anc ... ssacks.htm

While researching the Sokol family, I came across the written notes of my father-in-law, John explaining how his ancestors had been members of the Zaporozhian (he wrote the name as Zazaporian Kazak) Cossack "tribe". Further research brought me to sites with wonderful information on this rich and historic part of the Ukranian history.

"Cossack" means "free man" - that is man who cannot find his place in the present society and decides to live in a place, where there are no rules "from above". From the 15th century "Cossack" is referred to free Ukrainians, emigrated to the "steppe", who lived on commerce, fishing and hunting, meat breeding and salt collecting.

Book of civilization
page 40
     No less strange are those sacred edifices of Western Europe which still
preserve the architectural features of the 13th — 14th centuries – like the
baptisteria of Florence and Pisa. These are actually roofed pools divided
into sections and designed for mass baptism. These are functional
structures, not monuments, built in those times when there was a real need
in mass baptism, not individual, like now.
     It means that in Western Europe Christianity became the religion of the
masses not in the 4th century but after the 14th century. In Old Pisa, for
example, besides its defensive walls, there are only four ancient monuments:
the most ancient is the baptisterium mentioned above, the famous falling
bell-tower, the cathedral of St. John and... the Hebrew cemetery functioning
till the present time, made, after the Byzantine fashion, to the left of the
gates outside the city-walls. But ancient Jews performing Byzantine rites
were called Khazars in Russian. As there are no Christian burials in Old
Pisa, it means the city had been actually founded by those same Khazars.
The Khazar creed was in many ways different from orthodox Judaism – it
was rather Judeo-Christian creed. It sounds strange for our religiously
separated world. But it was not strange for the Byzantine Empire, one of its
principle foundations being religious tolerance.
     The loss of tolerance was cased by the real, not legendary, institution of
the Papal seat in Rome, which took place only in 1376. The activities of the
Catholic Church enforcing Latin liturgy and trying to concentrate in its hands
both secular and spiritual authority brought forth a total war in Europe.
Among the episodes of this war were the Battle of Kulikovo (1380), the
Battle of Kossovo (1389), Italian «ciompi»(1378) and W. Tyler (1381)
insurrections, enforced conversion of Lithuania to Catholicism and so on.


   So the word «Rus» was used to indicate farmers, cattle breeders,
handicraftsmen, monks and mounted (Cossack) troops living beyond the
urban boundary, whereas the present-day word «Russian», which has no
nationalistic sense is a synonym of the old word «Russky» (= «rustic» men
= countrymen).
   Rich medieval towns hired guards from «Rus», preferably from another
region, without connections with relatives in Rus, i.e. non-urban population:
the Varangians, whom the villagians, i.e. Rus, naturally called their enemies,
also Janissaries = German Junkers, Poles, Khazars = hussars, (i.e.
Hungarians) etc.

Medieval empire of the israelites
page 332
     But for the time being let us say that Lhey became even sacrosanct
Jesus, having passed a place of the collection of taxes, saw a publican
named Levy, the son of Alpheus, sitting at the seat of custom.
     "Follow Me", He said to him.
     There is everything in this episode: both the seat of custom - a
place for collection of duty, and the calling of a publican hated by
everyone to the assembly of apostles. Christ evidently followed
the example of the strong of the world.
     Spain, England, Venice, Florence. Khazaria, Rus ... Commercial
and usurious houses, the Genoan and Venetian fleet, the Hanse
and Lombard alliance, all belonged to the Judais. In Turkey and
Bukhara, Samarqand and Teheran, pagan Khazaria and the Uigur
Kaganate - they, the Judais. were at the head of commercial and
financial organizations everywhere. They received a papal bull
conveying to them the exclusive monopoly over financial activities
in Europe. In Russia the royal monopoly for Spaza shops and
taverns belonged to them. The orders of the Knights Templar,
Hospitaller and Teutons protect, cared for and coddled them.
     It is not important that they speak in different languages:
Yiddish, Ladino, Spharadit, Polish, Farsi, - it isn't important that
they sing different songs and even have a different color of skin.
They are the servants of the state. Everyone needs them when it
is necessary to borrow money at interest, and they are hated by
everyone when it is necessary to pay it back.

page 165
     As soon as the generally accepted chronology is accepted, lapses
appear instantly - "nomadic epochs" exactly like the "dark ages" in
Europe. If the Scythian-Sarmatian epoch (the reference model) is
viewed as having been filled with corresponding monuments rather
evenly, then, beginning with the end of the 4th century A.D.
numerous burials of nomads in the Black Sea area suddenly
disappear. Later on, from approximately the turn of the 9th-10th
centuries. they just as suddenly appear again - and in considerable
numbers. They continue to exist in multitudes all the way up to
the middle of the 14th century. After this they disappear again.
Forever.
     Thus. with the formal spread across the "reference" of nomadic
antiquities according to the generally accepted chronological
scheme, two large temporal breaks are formed.
     One of them, the 5-9th centuries inclusive, correlates with the
epoch of the Great Migration of Peoples. It is thoroughly
highlighted in the written sources. Up until then the impression
is created that the steppe was overcrowded with nomadic hordes.

If one is to believe the "ancient" authors, who were writing much
about the tribes of the Black Sea area, the Cimmerians, Scythians,
Agathirs, Gelons, Meots, lssedones, Uzy, Huns, Khazars, Tavrs,
Scythian Tavrs, Hyperboreans, Galats, Cumans, Vlach, Ros, Daci,
Getae, Arimaspi, Issedi and others all settled the expanses of the
steppe at the same time. A complete and utter Babylon.
     But, at the same time again, "no classification contrivances allow
us to single out convincingly the burials of the Huns, Avars, nomadic
Bolgars or Hungarians and the like. Nothing results. It is a fact:
there are no such monuments for the area northwest of the Black Sea",
Andrei Dobrolyubsky declares decisively. And, most characteristically,
none of the adherent specialists of the traditional historiography will
argue with him. There is nothing to argue about: There really are no
monuments. Therefore, they avoid his conclusions with silence.

pg189
     But here is bad luck: the allusions are frequent in the documents
to the fact that the "Mongol" khans were married to Byzantine
princesses. And that the Byzantine emperors willingly took as
wives the daughters of the eastern Chagan rulers. For example,
Justinian II married a Chagan's daughter who received at baptism
the name Theodora. Tiberius 11 also marries a Chagan daughter
and returns from Khazaria to Constantinople in 708 with a Khazar
retinue. The daughter of another Chagan was the wife of
Constantine V (741-775), her Christian name being Irina.
     In the 9th century, the Byzantine Emperors created a Khazar
guard at the court. Many of the Khazar military rose to high rank
in the Emperor's army and administration.
     We are not here again belaboring the dates involved, already
cited within the framework of discussing the Scaligerian
chronology. As already said, the archaeological remains do not
support the existence of huge tribal (and what is more, state)
formations on the territory of the Black Sea area in the 8th -10th
centuries. So there was (at least officially!) nowhere from which
Constantine could have taken the "daughter of a Chagan" as a wife
in the middle of the 8th century. We also will not touch on the
terminology within the framework of which the Slavic tribes of
that time are called Russians. Right now, another matter is more
important: the strong kindred ties of the leaders of Byzantium
and "Tatar-Mongolia".
     But what then evolved?
     The delicate Byzantine princesses were resettled from their
own luxurious palaces to yurts· the tents of the savage nomads,
tended sheep, milked mares, froze and chewed the tough horse·
f1esb with difficulty. Some did not know how to write, at that
time, like the others· yet they composed poems and historical
works. Some drank koumiss, wrapping themselves up in dirty hides,
the others - choice wines, while lying on soft beds.
     A fantastic picture that has nothing in common with reality.
The frequent mutual marriages, as Anatoly Fomenko emphasizes,
deliberately refer to the commonality of religion and the intimacy
of the culture. So, all these "Khazars" and "Mongols" were not
savage nomads.
They manifested touching concern not only for the spiritual
health of a subjugated Russia, but for Christianity as a whole.
For example, the Russian system of communication, which existed
before the end of the 9th century, was also introduced by the
"Mongols," including the coachmen wei] known to everyone.
And even the name yamshchik (coachman) is of Turkic origin.
(Gleb Nosovskiy, Anatoliy Fomenko "Reconstruction of World
History". "Rome and Rus").
     An analysis of the manuscri pts of that period testifies to the fact
that there are no panicky notes in them in connection with an invasion
of Mongols. They recount the most commonplace events: which
churches were built, who married whom, and so forth. And they
absolutely did not note that at this time foreigners supposedly are
conquering them, creating on their lands a huge alien empire, means
of communication new and unusual to them, bridges and the like.
     The conclusions of Anatoly Fomenko and his followers, adherents
of the new chronology, in our view, are beyond any question correct:
the so-called Tatar-Mongolian yoke was simply a period of military
rule in the Russian state. No foreigners captured it.
     The supreme ruler was a military leader - the Khan. He was
the king. His deputies - princes - stayed in the cities. They
collected the notorious "tribute to the Tatars" - a state tax for the
maintenance of the troops.
     They collected too the well known "tribute of blood": they
conscripted every tenth man into the army - not temporarily, but
from childhood itself and for life. By the way, such an enlistment
was operative in Russia for several more centuries, even after the
"defeat of the Tatar-Mongol". It could be asked why this custom
endured for so long a time in Rus, when it was supposedly established
by the hated foreigners? It is usually the other way: when foreign
dominion is cast off, its heritage is destroyed and damned.
      "Tatar incursions" also are well-known, terrible in their
consequences. But it is correct to call them flat incursions, but
punitive expeditions against those areas that for some reason refused
to pay tribute or had risen up against the central authority.
     Common Slavonic was the state language in the empire. There
are no documents maintained in the archives in the Turkic
languages. But there were at least two spoken languages - Slavonic
and Tatar. In which connection, not only did the Tatars know
Russian, as today, but the Russians also knew Tatar.
     Turkic titles were in wide fashion, that very "Chagan", which is
mentioned in medieval European documents. Addressing Grand
Dukc Vladimir, Metropolitan llIarion praises him: "To our Volodimir
Chagan." And the head of the church of that time says this!
     Lev Gumilcv states:
     "The rulers of the Avar, Bulgars, Magyars and even the Rus
were the Khans: Saint Vladimir, Yaroslav the Wise and, finally, his
grandson - Oleg Svyatoslavich - bore this title.
     The Dagestanni scientist and writer Murad Adji did some
very interesting research. In the book, "Polov Field Wormwood"
he realistically maintains:
      "The Kipchak were not savage, with slanted eyes, as it is
usual to represent us in Russian history. We are typically a blue-
eyed, light·haired, stocky people... At first the community of the
Steppe people was divided into three classes. The aristocrats were
called "Uzden", the simple people "Cossacks", and the serfs "Kul".
These social differences were emphasized by clothing: The Uzden
wore Astrakhan caps, the Cossacks, sheepskin hats. The wearing of
a sheepskin hat was forbidden to the Kul".

Regarding history one of the most profound Bulgarian historians, Dr. Gancho Tzenov, prof. at the University of Berlin in the beginning of 20th century, believed that: (1) history is a positive, inductive science, which is based only on facts, systematized facts and never on assumptions, opinions and speculations. Consequently one must not believe in histories written by victors; (2) large sections of the officially accepted at his time European history of the past 2000 years or so, and particularly that of Eastern Europe, is based on assumptions, opinions and speculations and has nothing in common with the real history of the continent and its human inhabitants. The situation has not changed as of today.

[Anonymous]

http://www.cyberussr.com/rus/repin-cos.html

[Anonymous]

T-S 12.122
Letter from the Jewish community of Kiev accrediting Jacob b. Hanukkah to raise funds for his redemption; Kiev; 10th century(?); Hebrew; vellum

This tenth century Hebrew document, written by the Jews of Kiev, provides proof of the existence of a Jewish community in Kiev in the Middle Ages. There are eleven signatories, and amongst their names are many of Hebrew origin, most of them the names of biblical characters. From the evidence contained in this letter, as well as other Hebrew sources, it seems probable that the Jewish community in Kiev was, at least partly, made up of Khazar converts.

http://www.lib.cam.ac.uk/cgi-bin/GOLD/t ... T-S_12.122

T-S Misc.35.38
Copy of a letter to Hisdai Ibn Shaprut from a Khazar Jew describing the conversion of the Khazars to Judaism; Spain; 10th-11th century; Hebrew; paper

The story of the conversion of the people of Khazaria, a sovereign state in east Europe between the seventh and tenth centuries, was told by Judah Halevi in his book, the Kuzari. This letter reports that when the rulers of Khazaria considered converting to Judaism they received messages from the kings of Macedon and Arabia denigrating Israel and inquiring why the Khazars would want to adopt the faith of the Jews who were subject to the domination of all other peoples. In spite of this, having heard theological representations from the Christians, the Muslims and the Jews, they decided to commit themselves to Judaism.

http://www.lib.cam.ac.uk/cgi-bin/GOLD/t ... Misc.35.38


3 letters quoted as proof

[Anonymous]

http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/khazars1.html

1: THE LETTER OF RABBI HASDAI, SON OF ISAAC IBN SHAPRUT, TO THE KING OF THE KHAZARS, about 960

I, Hasdai, son of Isaac, son of Ezra, belonging to the exiled Jews of Jerusalem in Spain, a servant of my lord the King, bow to the earth before him and prostrate myself towards the abode of your Majesty from a distant land. I rejoice in your tranquillity and magnificence and stretch forth my hands to God in heaven that He may prolong your reign in Israel....

Praise be to the beneficent God for His mercy towards me! Kings of the earth, to whom his [Abd-al-Rahman's] magnificence and power are known, bring gifts to him, conciliating his favor by costly presents, such as the King of the Franks, the King of the Gebalim, who are Germans, the King of Constantinople, and others. All their gifts pass through my hands, and I am charged with making gifts in return. [Ibn Shaprut, who knew several languages, received these embassies.] Let my lips express praise to the God of heaven, who so far extends His lovingkindness towards me, without any merit of my own, but in the fullness of His mercies!

I always ask the ambassadors of these monarchs who bring gifts about our brethren the Israelites, the remnant of the captivity, whether they have heard anything concerning the deliverance of those who have languished in bondage and have found no rest. [He was anxious to know if the "lost ten tribes" existed as an independent Jewish state anywhere.]

At length mercantile emissaries of Khorasan [a land southeast of the Caspian Sea] told me that there is a kingdom of Jews which is called Al-Chazar. But I did not believe these words for I thought that they told me such things to procure my goodwill and favor. I was therefore wondering, till the ambassadors of Constantinople came [between 944 and 949] with presents and a letter from their king to our king, and I interrogated them concerning this matter,

They answered me: "It is quite true, and the name of that kingdom is Al-Chazar. It is a fifteen days' journey by sea from Constantinople, but by land many nations intervene between us; the name of the king now reigning is Joseph; ships sometimes come from their country to ours bringing fish, skins, and wares of every kind [The Khazars, great traders, got their wares from the Russians to the north.] The men are our confederates and are honored by us; there is communication between us by embassies and mutual gifts; they are very powerful; they maintain numerous armies with which they occasionally engage in expeditions." When I heard this report I was encouraged, my hands were strengthened, and my hope was confirmed. Thereupon I bowed down and adored the God of heaven. [Hasdai was happy: Christians could no longer say the Jews were without a country as a punishment for their rejection of Jesus.]....

I pray for the health of my lord the King, of his family, and of his house, and that his throne may be established for ever. Let his days and his sons' days be prolonged in the midst of Israel!

[Anonymous]

II. THE LETTER OF JOSEPH THE KING, SON OF AARON THE KING, THE TURK-MAY HIS CREATOR PRESERVE HIM TO THE HEAD OF THE ASSEMBLY, HASDAI, THE SON OF ISAAC, SON OF EZRA-about 960

....I wish to inform you that your beautifully phrased letter was given us by Isaac, son of Eliezer, a Jew of the land of Germany [Isaac carried it through Germany, Hungary, and Russia to Khazaria.] You made us happy and we are delighted with your understanding and wisdom.... Let us, therefore, renew the diplomatic relations that once obtained between our fathers, and let us transmit this heritage to our children. [Joseph believed the Khazars had once had diplomatic relations with the Spanish Arabs.]

You ask us also in your epistle: "Of what people, of what family, and of what tribe are you?" Know that we are descended from Japhet, through his son Togarmah. [In Jewish literature Togarmah is the father of all the Turks.] I have found in the genealogical books of my ancestors that Togarmah had ten sons. These are their names: the eldest was Ujur, the second Tauris, the third Avar, the fourth Uauz, the fifth Bizal, the sixth Tarna, the seventh Khazar, the eighth Janur, the ninth Bulgar, the tenth Sawir. [These are the mythical founders of tribes that once lived in the neighborhood of the Black and Caspian Seas.] I am a descendant of Khazar, the seventh son.

I have a record that although our fathers were few in number, the Holy One blessed be He, gave them strength, power, and might so that they were able to carry on war after war with many nations who were more powerful and numerous than they. By the help of God they drove them out and took possession of their country. Upon some of them they have imposed forced labor even to this very day. The land [along the Volga] in which I now live was formerly occupied by the Bulgarians. Our ancestors, the Khazars, came and fought with them, and, although these Bulgarians were as numerous as the sand on the shores of the sea, they could not withstand the Khazars. So they left their country and fled while the Khazars pursued them as far as the Danube River. Up to this very day the Bulgars camp along the Danube and are close to Constantinople. The Khazars have occupied their land up till now. [The Khazars, known since the second century, dominated southern Russia during the early Middle Ages. ]

After this, several generations passed until a certain King arose whose name was Bulan. He was a wise and God-fearing man, trusting in his Creator with all his heart. He expelled the wizards and idolaters from the land and took refuge in the shadow of his wings . . . After this his fame was spread broadcast. [Bulan probably ruled about 740. He was the first Jewish Khazar ruler. ] The king of the Byzantines and the Arabs who had heard of him sent their envoys and ambassadors with great riches and many great presents to the King as well as some of their wise men with the object of converting him to their own religion. [The Byzantines and Arabs hoped to stop the raids of the Khazars by converting them.]

But the King-may his soul be bound up in the bundle of life With the Lord his God-being wise, sent for a learned Israelite. the King searched, inquired, and investigated carefully and brought the sages together that they might argue about their respective religions. Each of them refuted, however, the arguments of his opponent so that they could not agree. When the King saw this he said to them: "Go home, but return to me on the third day..."

On the third day he called all the sages together and said to them. "Speak and argue with one another and make clear to me which is the best religion." They began to dispute with one another without arriving at any results until the King said to the Christian priest "What do you think? Of the religion of the Jews and the Muslims, which is to be preferred?" The priest answered: "The religion of the Israelites is better than that of the Muslims."

The King then asked the kadi [a Muslim judge and scholar]: "What do you say? Is the religion of the Israelites, or that of the Christians preferable?" The kadi answered: "The religion of the Israelites is preferable."

Upon this the King said: "If this is so, you both have admitted with your own mouths that the religion of the Israelites is better Wherefore, trusting in the mercies of God and the power of the Almighty, I choose the religion of Israel, that is, the religion of Abraham. If that God in whom I trust, and in the shadow of whose wings I find refuge, will aid me, He can give me without labor the money, the gold, and the silver which you have promised me. As for you all, go now in peace to your land." [This account of Bulan's conversion is apparently legendary. Another Hebrew source tells us that Judaism was adopted by the Khazars when a Jewish general was made king. Jewish fugitives from Constantinople also made many converts in Khazaria.]

From that time on the Almighty helped Bulan, fortified him, and strengthened him. He circumcised himself, his servants, attendants, and ail his people. [Arabic sources say the royal family and nobility became Jews, but only a part of the people.] Then Bulan sent for and brought from all places wise men of Israel who interpreted the Torah for him and arranged the precepts in order, and up to this very day we have been subject to this religion. May God's name be blessed and may His remembrance be exalted for ever!

Since that day [about 740], when my fathers entered into this religion, the God of Israel has humbled all of their enemies, subjecting every folk and tongue round about them, whether Christian, Muslim, or pagan. No one has been able to stand before them to this day [about 960]. All of them are tributary. [But only about ten years later Joseph was defeated by the Russians, 969.]

After the days of Bulan there arose one of his descendants, a king Obodiah by name, who reorganized the kingdom and established the Jewish religion properly and correctly. He built synagogues and schools, brought in Jewish scholars, and rewarded them with gold and silver. [:The Jewish scholars could have come from Bagdad and Constantinople.] They explained to him the Bible, Mishnah, Talmud and the order of divine services. The King was a man who revered and loved the Torah. He was one of the true servants of God. May the Divine Spirit give him rest!

He was succeeded by Hezekiah, his son; next to him was Manasseh, his son; next to him was Hanukkah, the brother of Obadiah; next Isaac, his son; afterwards, his son Zebulun; then his son Moses; then his son Nissi; then his son Aaron; then his son Menahem; then his son Benjamin; then his son Aaron II; and I, Joseph, the son of Aaron the King, am King, the son of a King, and the descendant of kings. [These kings probably had Turkish names besides their Hebrew ones.] No stranger can occupy the throne of my ancestors: the son succeeds the father. This has been our custom and the custom of our forefathers since they have come into existence. May it be the gracious will of Him who appoints all kings that the throne of my kingdom shall endure to all eternity.

You have also asked me about the affairs of my country and the extent of my empire. I wish to inform you that I dwell by the banks of the river known as the Itil [Volga]. At the mouth of the river lies the Caspian Sea. The headwaters of the river turn eastward, a journey of four months distance.

Alongside the river dwell many tribes in cities and towns, in open as well as fortified places.... Bear in mind that I dwell at the delta of the Itil and, by God's help, I guard the mouth of the river and do not permit the Russians who come in ships to enter into the Caspian so as to get at the Muslims. Nor do I allow any of their [the Muslims'] enemies who come by land to penetrate as far as Derbend [Derbend, an Arab city, was the gate through which the nomads in Russia hoped to rush through and raid the rich towns of Asia Minor.] I have to wage war with them, for if I would give them any chance at all they would lay waste the whole land of the Muslims as far as Baghdad. . .

You have also asked me about the place where I live. I wish to inform you that, by the grace of God, I dwell alongside this river On which there are situated three capital cities. The queen dwells in one of them; it is my birthplace. It is quite large, built round like a Circle, the diameter of which is fifty parasangs. [The King lived in an island in the Volga; there were also towns on both banks. ]

Jews, Christians, and Moslems live in the second city. Besides these there are many slaves of all nations in it. It is of medium size, eight square parasangs in length and breadth.

In the third I reside with my princes, officers, servants, cupbearers and those who are close to me. It is round in shape and its diameter is three parasangs. The river flows within its walls. This is my residence during the winter. From the month of Nisan [March-April] on we leave the city and each one goes forth to his vineyards, fields and to his work....

You mention in your letter that you yearn to see my face. I also would very much like to see your pleasant countenance and the rare beauty of your wisdom and greatness. Would that it were according to your word. If it were granted me to be associated with you and to behold your honored, charming, and pleasant countenance then you would be my father and I your son. According to your command would all my people be ruled, and according to your ord and discreet counsel would I conduct all my affairs. Farewell.

[Anonymous]

the above documents were found at Cairo geniza

Cairo geniza , archive of ancient Jewish manuscripts found in the synagogue of Fostat-Cairo, Egypt (built 882). In the 1890s western scholars visited the synagogue and removed the materials to the Bodleian Library at the Univ. of Oxford, the Jewish Theological Seminary, New York, and other major repositories. The materials are an extremely important resource for the study of biblical writings and translations, ancient Jewish liturgies, communal records, and the relations between Jews and Arabs in medieval Islamic society.

http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Cairo_geniza.aspx

http://www.archive.org/details/cairogeniza012387mbp

[Anonymous]

for german reading

Die Kenntnis der byzantinischen Geschichtsschreiber von der ältesten Geschichte der Ungarn vor der Landnahme (1922)

Schönebaum, Herbert - sources westberg just like Bury

http://www.archive.org/details/diekennt ... y00schuoft

[Anonymous]

as read from these

eastern roman empire - the khazars

Cairo Geniza - The Khazars